Reference List for the Works Cited Dates Before 1500 Dates Between 1550 and 1600 Return to Baltimore Carmel's Home Page"
YEAR 1500
REFERENCES 17.11, 19a521
CARMEL Juan Sanchez, T's paternal grandfather, wins a plieto de hidalguia;8.110 he was a financier as well as a merchant; as a converso, he needed the plieto to be able to handle ecclesiastical finances31.19
CHURCH 1500's saw the beginning of the Angelus as we know it today; the 3 different customs of ringing the Church bells were united
SOCIETY The oligarchy in Ávila is about 200-300 families in 1st half of century; this = about 10-20% of total pop; they lived in the central districts8.15ff
"One of the most striking features of the age was a pride of ancestry which now reached new heights of pride & elaboration." This statement is made about Tudor Eng but applies equally well to Sp
True honor comes to include purity of the blood line which could include no Jewish or Moorish ancestors
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YEAR 1502
REFERENCES
CARMEL Frances Estana & Ofrecina Caldes found the monastery of the Incarnation in Valencia, Aragon; there are 6 choir nuns; they are under the friars; in 1506 the nuns are give the right to elect a confessor and 2 assistants; with the consent of the cmty, the confessor could bestow the black veil to the choir nuns & the habit to the beatas & semifratres; by 1561 there is evidence the cmty is cloistered32.43
CHURCH Dona Maria DÁvila wills her total inheritance including the family estate near Ávila, las Gordillas, to the Poor Clares; she becomes the 1st abbess of this convent & serves until her death in 1511;8.41 as foundress she stipulated that one of her relatives had to be the patron; he was charged with enforcing the terms of her will; one of the stipulations of her will was that 4 masses be said every day for her family members; she also appointed her personal confessor & relative to be chaplain; she had her family shields placed in conspicuous spots in the chapel
In Ávila Bp Carrillo consolidates 3 poor & understaffed Cistercian convents into one larger one at Santa Ana8.38
SOCIETY Antonio Perez proposes a public granary to supply wheat in time of famine;8.61
In his report to the Crown, Perez also notes the resentment that had arisen from the unequal distribution on power in Ávila; in most Spanish cities at that time, the non-noble citizens elected their own representatives to the city council; in Ávila there was only 1 representative for the non-noble citizens & he was chosen by the regidores8.69ff
Many descendants of the Muslims convert to Catholicism; they are known as moriscos; they were < 15% of Ávila's population & lived outside the north wall8.11
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YEAR 1503
REFERENCES
CARMEL The Carmelites of Cologne become confessors at a beguinage founded in Butgasse in 1304;32.59
CHURCH
SOCIETY
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YEAR 1504
REFERENCES
CARMEL 4/8 The first time the carms celebrated the feast of Albert of Jerusalem 33.74
CHURCH
SOCIETY
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YEAR 1505
REFERENCES 12.42
CARMEL T's father marries 1st wife, dona Catalina del Peso y Henao;1a287, 31.27 she is the daughter of Pedro del Peso who helped the Cepeda bros with their lawsuit;8.67 dates this to 1504 she bears him two sons and a daughter, Maria, who was born that year1a287 mentions only 1 son & a daughter
CHURCH Martin Luther joins an Augustinian monastery
SOCIETY Euclid's geometry published in Latin
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YEAR 1506
REFERENCES 25.449
CARMEL or 1508, T's uncle Pedro Cepeda married Dona Catalina del Aguila; her sister Dona Ana was the wife of Francisco de Pajares8.65ff
CHURCH 4/7: b of Francis Xavier
SOCIETY Increase in Ávila's pop => increased disputes over access to common grazing lands; records of lawsuits over this start at this time8.57
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YEAR 1507
REFERENCES
CARMEL b of T's bro Juan1a287
b of T's cousin Vasco1a287
CHURCH The widow Dona Mencia Lopez, her 2 daughters, & a friend start the Augustinian convent in Ávila8.43
SOCIETY
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YEAR 1508
REFERENCES
CARMEL b of T's cousin Francisco1a287
Sr Anna Cambina founds a 3rd monastery of nuns in Florence;32.41
The Const of these 3 monasteries are extant; they are based on the Const of 1462 by Soreth & describe choir, cloister, chapter rights, manual labor in a common workroom to the accompaniment of either spiritual reading or hymn singing; in Parma the meditation was done in common; the Mantuan legislation gave the nuns the right to representation at gen'l chapters of the Congregation32.41
At the directive of the provincial, Maria Ana de San Sebastian becomes head of a beaterio in Granada; it was under the bishop; the community soon numbered 50 women32.42
CHURCH
SOCIETY
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YEAR 1509
REFERENCES 13.4
CARMEL Second marriage of T's father, age 30, to her mother, dona Beatriz de Ahumada, age 14
CHURCH
SOCIETY Construction of the city hall in Ávila; municipal records date from this time8.25
Santa Escolastica, Ávila's 1st hospital for the poor founded; it didn't accept contagious, incurable, or venereal cases; by midcentury there were at least 12 hospitals8.59ff
Henry VIII becomes king; marries Catherine of Aragon
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YEAR 1510
REFERENCES 25.352
CARMEL b of T's bro Hernando1a287
CHURCH 10/28 b of Francis Borgia; he is great grandson of Pope Alexander VI & grandson of King Ferdinand
About this time Cardinal Cisneros founds the Univ of Alcala de Henares; it becomes the center of Erasmian thought & humanistic studies in Sp.8.81
SOCIETY Beginning of 40 years of economic growth & urban expansion in Ávila
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YEAR 1511
REFERENCES
CARMEL 3/29 b of T's bro Rodrigo1a287
CHURCH
SOCIETY
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YEAR 1512
REFERENCES 13.42
CARMEL Incarnation had been started by a group of 14 beatas--Carmelite tertiaries; now they join the order and lead a monastic life; their monastery was built on the site of a former Jewish cemetery
CHURCH
SOCIETY Henry re-opens dynastic quarrels with France asserting his right to the throne;
Ferdinand conquered Navarre to unite/control all of the modern day Spanish states;
F & I acquired right to nominate all higher clergy; they appoint men of high character & unquestioned orthodoxy
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YEAR 1513
REFERENCES
CARMEL b of T's cousin Diego1a287
Beatrix Guiera prioress of Incarnation32.43
Bernardo Robles leaves 800K maravedis to Incarnation for construction of the main chapel & for other needs; he stipulates in great detail how & where he was to be buried and that one nun must kneel continuously before the Blessed Sacrament with a candle in her hand praying (vocally) for his soul; he left his heirs in charge of his $ with the orders to withhold payment if the nuns did not meet their obligations; the nuns had to take 1 hr shifts day & night; they only did this a few months before appealing to the pope for a dispensation from the night vigils on the grounds that this violated the great silence8.50ff
Since the prayers that benefactors specified were vocal, it was easy for them to determine whether or not the religious were fulfilling their obligations8.51
Dona Agnes Farfan founds & enters the convent of the Incar-
nation in Seville; it was under the friars32.42
CHURCH
SOCIETY Henry takes army to Calais attempting to emulate Henry V;
1513-1529 Cardinal Wolsey essentially runs the govt. of England
c1513 Machiavelli writes "The Prince";
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YEAR 1514
REFERENCES 11.46
CARMEL Fndatn of the Desert of Monte Oliveto, Genoa, observing the unmitigated Rule
CHURCH
SOCIETY
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YEAR 1515
REFERENCES
CARMEL T born 3/28; baptized 4/4;1c83 her godmother was Dona Maria del Aguila; Dona Maria was the daughter of Francisco de Pajares8.66
4/4 "inauguration" (new bldg) of Incarnation; Dona Elvira reserved the right to appoint the house's patrons as well as her successor; her son Pedro & her grandson were the 1st two patrons; her daughter Catalina followed her as abbess8.45
OCarm Monastery at Sutri founded; it was under Mantua; St Paul of the Cross gave them retreats; he is the founder of the Passionists32.59
CHURCH Wolsey made Cardinal in Eng; he was Henry VIII's chief adviser/Lord Chancellor;
Luther, who had been agonizing over how anyone could be sure that they were chosen to be saved or that their works were good enough to merit salvation, received an insight from Romans: "The just shall live by faith," i.e. anyone who receives the gift of faith is saved by that faith alone.
SOCIETY Population of Ávila = 4-6K; a period of sustained economic growth was beginning; inhabitants lived in neighborhoods according to occupation, class, & ethnic background; wool production was the backbone of Ávila & Castile's economy; in the early 1500s 1/5 of Ávila's pop was involved in the textile industry; by 1580 1/3 of the pop was thus employed,8.4ff but by the end of the decade, foreign competition dealt a crushing blow to the Castilian wool trade8.155
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YEAR 1516
REFERENCES 11.46, 16.146
CARMEL 8/2 Leo X sanctions the Monte Oliveto Desert Fndatn
CHURCH Erasmus 1st to publish NT in original Gk;
Peter of Alcantara enters the Franciscans
SOCIETY Accession of Charles V;
Henry gives up fighting and tries to become the peace-maker of Europe;
Thos More's "Utopia";
Francis I, king of France, secures the right to nominate all higher clergy
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YEAR 1517
REFERENCES 10a35, 25.241
CARMEL The pinzocchere of Florence known as the Nunziatina form a cloistered community; it survives until 178632.28
Maria Ruiz & Lucy Alvarez found the Dominican convent of the Incarnation in Antequera, Sp; in 1520 they transfer to the Carmelites & are instructed by the nuns from Ecija32.42
CHURCH Luther tacks 95 theses to church door.
St Angela Merici forms Company of St Ursula;
Ignatius Loyola enters service of Duke of Najera
SOCIETY Full impact of printing press & gunpowder weapons being felt in Europe by now
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YEAR 1518
REFERENCES 19h.59
CARMEL b of T's bro Lorenzo31.27
CHURCH
SOCIETY 1518-19 the pestilence of Valladolid spreads to Ávila & necessitates emergency measures8.53ff
b of Tintoretto
3/22 Chas I agrees to equip Magellan's ships for the circumnavigation attempt
Cortez starts brutal conquest of Mexico31.27
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YEAR 1519
REFERENCES 19h.59
CARMEL Aug: the 4 Cepeda bros, Alonso, Pedro, Ruy, & Francisco file a plieto de hidalguia at the Royal Chancellory of Valladolid; this type of legal procedure enabled converso to estb the status of lesser nobility; they probably filed the suit in this way because it put the suit in the jurisdiction of Francisco de Pajares;8.64ff
11/16 Cristobal de Salcedo testifies that the Cepedas lived in the style of hidalgos; 4 other witnesses who originally had testified against the family abruptly changed their minds when de Pajares paid each of them the 300 Maravedis necessary for travel & other expenses; in all there were 12 witnesses who then testified in favor of the Cepedas8.66ff
T's bro Lorenzo born1a287
CHURCH Luther breaks with Rome
SOCIETY Don Pedro DÁvila sits on Ávila's city council8.19
Emperor Maximilian I dies; he is grandfather of Chas V so Chas inherits Hapsburg lands; imperial elections; Henry VIII makes effort to be elected emperor; Frederick the Wise agrees to support Chas V for emperor if he will delay Luther's trial;
Cortez conquers Aztecs in Mexico;
9/20 Magellan starts circumnavigation
d of da Vinci
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YEAR 1520
REFERENCES 11.47, 26.29, 85
CARMEL B of T's bro Antonio1a287
T grows up in a period in which "new men" challenge the exclusive power of the city's hereditary oligarchy; it is to these "new men" that T will turn to seek support for her reform8.53
CHURCH About this time Juan de Ávila attends the Univ of Alcala de Henares & encounters the writings of Erasmus8.81
St Jerome's letters trans by de Molina & published in Valencia;
Don Alfonso, Archbp of Zaragoza, dies; his consort, Dona Ana de Guerrea con't to live in the Archbp's palace controlling domestic arrangements & finance;
Francis Borgia, age 10, makes his first communion;
Don Juan de Carbona becomes auxiliary bishop of Barcelona; he becomes Archbp. in 1531; he is ordained in 1541, & dies in 1546; he celebrated mass only once;
SOCIETY 1520-40 Ávila's population growth => urban development; the dirt roads were paved with cobblestones; new bridges were built; the city council had to regulate the price & supply of building materials; construction related work employed 10% of population; another 6-10% were employed as domestic servants; disputes over boundaries & land use increased 8.53ff
Uprising of Comuneros' of Ávila & virtually all the cities of Castile; it amounted to a civil war against the fiscal & administrative policies of Chas V; many of Ávila's 'new men' were directly involved in it; it was an angry reaction to loss of traditional powers & prerogatives of townspeople to Chas; the citizens of Ávila cooperated closely with the citizens of other nearby towns;8.70
One writer says the driving force behind this uprising was the hatred of foreign people/way/ideas; Ref 8 traces the immediate cause to the spring meeting of the cortes; the purpose of this meeting was to impose new taxes on Castile in order to pay for Chas' enormous expenses as Holy Roman Emperor;8.71
Ávila's economy was already depressed by the effects of the plague & a recession in the wool trade; the price of bread had risen sharply & mob violence had already broken out;8.71
Ávila's city council sent its representatives to the cortes with the mandate to win certain concessions; none of the concessions were granted when the cortes convened at the end of May8.71
Ávila's city council members Diego de Bracamonte, Francisco de Pajares, Gil Suarez, Fernan DÁvila, Suero del Aguila et al elect to repudiate the city's vote at the cortes, to refuse to pay the subsidy, & to begin meeting with Toledo about the problem8.72
The clergy, including the dean of the cathedral chapter, joined in the revolt; the Santa Junta of Castilian Cities met in Ávila's cathedral 7/29/208.72ff
The common people also joined the revolt; in July they sack the houses of the 2 regidores who voted for the new taxes at the cortes8.73ff
A revolutionary junta replaces the city council; it insists that parish reps elect the city's 2 delegates to the cortes: one delegate to represent the nobles & one for the commoners; they also propose that nobles pay taxes like everyone else8.74
Sept: a bloody uprising in Medina del Campo; several regidores are murdered; Suero del Aguila & Fernan DÁvila are captured; they offer to serve as intermediaries between the Crown & the rebels; Ávila's elite begin to abandon the cause8.74ff
In Ávila Bp Ruiz founds Hospital of San Lazaro which specialized in treatment of leprosy8.60
Water shortages were common in Ávila;8.58 Incarnation was in a prolonged legal dispute over access to certain fountains; this dispute lasted into the 1800s; in the '20s the city constructed new fountains, pipes, & wells8.58
Raphael dies
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YEAR 1521
REFERENCES 19h355, 25.241ff
CARMEL Birth of T's bro Pedro1a287, 31.27
The women Carmelites in Florence receive the black veil; this was a sign of their obligation to recite the divine office in choir and of capitular rights. The monastery of St Mary of the Angels was the future home of Mary Magdalen de' Pazzi.32.28
CHURCH Leo X updates Rule for Franciscan Tertiaries; his rule was a proposal & wasn't imposed; he offered solemn vows & optional cloister; he placed the Tertiaries under the jurisdiction of the Friars Minor; because of this latter point, the vast majority of Tertiaries refused the rule;
"The Art of Serving God" by de Madrid published in Seville1a291
5/8 St Peter Canisius born in Nijmegen;
6/15 Excommunication of Luther: he appears before Chas V at the Diet and refuses to recant; he is declared an outlaw; he spends a year of "enforced leisure" in a castle in Wartburg; translates NT into Ger.; Luther rested his argument on the authority of the Bible therefore he needed to make the Bible available to the public; this codifies Ger as a language.
Henry completes his book against Luther, "Defense of the Seven Sacraments. Pope awards Henry VIII title of "Defender of the Faith" for his work.
Leo X approves Constitutions of 3rd Order sisterhoods with simple vows;
5/20 Ignatius Loyola wounded by cannon shot at Pamplona; one leg wounded; other broken; it heals unevenly--he won't look good in hose & boots so has surgeon saw off protruding bone and systematically stretch leg; he is bored during recovery so reads holy books (no others around). 8/21 Our Lady appears to him & he is converted.
SOCIETY Feb: Ávila's active participation in Comuneros' Uprising now ended8.75
May: Definitive defeat of the Comuneros at Villalar; Suero del Aguila, Fernan DÁvila, & Francisco de Pajares returned to Chas' service8.75
June: war breaks out between Chas & the French at Navarre; noble participants in the uprising eagerly support Chas to demonstrate their return to loyalty8.75
Chas V imposes huge fines on or confiscates the property of the Comuneros; some of them were still paying off their fines into the '30s; the city was still paying its fines for nearly 20 yrs8.76
Oct: 11 of Ávila's artisans were executed for their participation in the uprising8.76
Nov: Ávila's city council begins planning for public granary as a way to supply the poor with food in a famine &prevent further civil unrest8.61
Cortez completes conquest of Mexico31.27
Discovery of the Philippines;
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YEAR 1522
REFERENCES 13.10, 25.242, 352
CARMEL T & Rodrigo run away1c83 to be "martyrs"; it should be pointed out that children of this time commonly played "Xtians & Moors" or "Inquision & Accused" much the same way that American children played "Cowboys & Indians"31.66
B of T's bro Jeronimo1a287
Aug: The Cepeda bros win their plieto8.67
CHURCH Adrian VI elected pope1c83
3/25 Ignatius Loyola goes to Our Lady's shrine at Montserrat; following the rites of chivalry he offers himself to her as her knight; next he goes to town of Manresa for 10 months--prayer & hospice work;
Francis Borgia becomes court page
SOCIETY Crop failure in Ávila8.54
Zwingli begins his reform in Zurich1c83
Luther's translation of the NT into German vernacular is published1c83
Rhodes falls to the Turks;
Magellan's crew completes circumnavigation
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YEAR 1523
REFERENCES
CARMEL
CHURCH Clement VII (Medici) elected pope
SOCIETY A plague strikes Ávila8.54
Ávila creates the new job of public defender to assist the poor with their law suits & other public affairs8.76
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YEAR 1524
REFERENCES 11.47, 17.30, 25.243
CARMEL T's oldest brother Juan dies on the fields of Lombardy;
GC at Venice elects Nicholas Audet Gen'l (1524-1562)32.56 & revises Const.
CHURCH Epidemic in Ávila; pop in the very poor San Nicolas district drops by 13.4%; other neighborhoods suffered very little8.59
de Madrid's "Arte de servir a Dios";
Mar: Ig Loyola now in Barcelona studying Latin
SOCIETY Pizarro with Incas
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YEAR 1525
REFERENCES 1b9??, 15.116, 25.449, 26.36
CARMEL The srs from Brescia help found in Albino32.59
CHURCH Edict of Toledo: Inquisition condemns 48 illuminist propositions & the heresies of Luther;31.52
The major voices opposed to affective mental prayer were univ. theologians, esp the OP's of Salamanca; this group is known as the letrados31.52
Ignatius forbidden to preach for 3 years (other sources date this to 1527);
The 1st group of Alumbrados are tried by the Inquisition;
Sept: Francis Xavier starts study at Univ of Paris
SOCIETY Peasants Wars in Ger: uprisings for social/economic justice; the peasants were brutally crushed;
2/24 Emperor Charles captures Francois I of France & imprisons him in Madrid for a year
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YEAR 1526
REFERENCES 25.243
CARMEL Prior gen'l Nicholas Audet authorizes the nuns at the Incarnation to leave the convent in order to seek financial support32.43
CHURCH In Italy Capuchins founded to return to the ideals of St Francis; they held to a medieval rather than a modern spirit;
May: Ig Loyola goes to univ at Alcala de Henares; he starts preaching about the gospel
SOCIETY Lavinia Fontana born; she is the 1st woman painter to achieve a successful career--supported self & family by her work. She is among the 23 woman artists known to have worked professionally in Bologna in 16th & 17th Cents.
Turkish Sultan Suleiman II defeats Hungarian army; Hungarian King Louis II killed in battle; Chas bro Ferdinand elected the new king of Hungary
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YEAR 1527
REFERENCES 13.37, 15.112, 25.244ff, 26.40
CARMEL B of T's bro Agustin1a287
CHURCH After defeat of Moors, Sp began to embrace the works of the European devotional writers & the Italian humanists; Cardinal Cisneros championed their publication; Erasmus was the most influential in promoting the ideals of devotio moderna; his works emphasized a humanist education in the classics, analysis of scripture, an interior religious life, & rejection of mechanically performed rituals; Juan de Ávila was one of his followers8.79ff
Erasmus' "Enchiridion" is published; it is a manual of the Xtian knight; it is examined by the council of Valladolid;
Osuna's "Third Spiritual Alphabet" is published in Madrid8.116; 1a289 says it was (also?) published that year in Toledo
May: Ig Loyola jailed for 42 days by Inquisition while they examined his doctrine; he was untrained & unordained at the time. They found him orthodox, but forbade any further teaching in public; they ordered him to stop wearing pilgrim's garb; July: Ig Loyola goes to Salamanca to study & preach; within 2 weeks Dominicans imprison & question him; he was released after 22 days and told he could teach simple theological concepts to children, but not more complex ones to adults; feeling unwelcome, he left
In the debate between the espirituales and the letrados, the Dominicans figured prominently in the letrados group. They stressed the outward ceremonies & duties of the church; they also emphasized vocal choral prayer as the appropriate form for religious; the Dominicans were firmly in control of the theology faculty at the Univ of Salamanca8.142ff
Pope Clement VII published a decree detaching the 40 Hours devotion from "watching at the grave" after Holy Thursday & estb it as a separate Eucharistic cult.
SOCIETY 5/21 b of Philip II in Valladolid;31.27
Fr & Sp at war in Italy; Chas can't pay his troops so they march on Rome to pillage city for booty/pay;
Henry VIII tells Wolsey to make his 1st move to obtain annulment for Henry, but his wife is aunt of Chas, & pope is now under his power in Rome;
The Cortes of Castile refuses to provide financial support for the war against the pope; Chas mortgages to Portugal Sp interests in the Moluccas to get more $
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YEAR 1528
REFERENCES 13.14, 19h355, 25.244, 26.44ff
CARMEL B of T's sr Juana;
T's mother dies 11/24;1a287 she had named Francisco de Pajares & Francisco's daughter Maria's husband the executors of her will8.66
T's father pledges 2 fanegas of wheat to the municipal granary; the largest contribution was 50 fanegas8.16
CHURCH 2/2 Ig Loyola arrives in Paris to study; stays 7 years; supports himself by begging alms in the summer;
Ref 26 says that in May Francis Borgia's travel group is delayed in Alcala de Henares by the Inquisition which was in the process of arresting Ignatius Loyola, a university student; it is the 1st meeting of the 2 saints. Borgia was en route to Valladolid to enter Emperor's service
SOCIETY Several yrs of bad harvests => famine in Castile; price of wheat doubles; at the urging of Fray Juan de Victoria, Ávila finally starts a public granary; this had been under discussion since 1502; until then the city relieved food shortages by distributing bread at subsidized prices on an ad hoc basis; Fray Juan directed his plea to the "gentlemen & rich people of this city" => recognition of a new social reality of rich, but non-noble citizens8.61ff
Henry begins to claim, as king, responsibility for the spiritual welfare of his people;
Albrecht Durer dies;
Cortez lands in Mexico at Palos & meets Pizarro; he had just returned from Spain where he had been received by Emperor Chas at Toledo; Cortez had brought conquered Aztec & Tlascalan chiefs with him to Toledo; Cortez was in high favor with Emperor & appeared with him on all public occasions
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YEAR 1529
REFERENCES 25.244, 352, 26.53
CARMEL
CHURCH c1529 John of Ávila/Maestro Ávila begins his apostolate traveling thru Andalusia; redefines character & function of clergy: active apostolate of preaching, confessing, ministering to the poor, & educating the young; theological training for priests; de-emphasizes benefices;8.81ff
Inquisition arrests Francisca Hernandez, an alumbrada in Valladolid1a8
July: Francis Borgia marries; he is made a marquis & given royal favors;
Ig Loyola joins 2 roommates: Peter Faber & Francis Xavier
SOCIETY Beginning of Henry VIII's divorce case; the case was remanded to Rome; caught in the cross fire of the case between Charles and Henry, Rome delays;
Fall of Wosley; Sir Thos. More made Lord Chancellor; Reformation Parliament convened;
Turks lay siege to Vienna but are driven back;
At Chas direction Ger Diet passes a law denying Ger princes rt to choose official religion for their districts; the princes protested;
Fr & Sp sign peace Treaty of Cambrai
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YEAR 1530
REFERENCES 6b431, 26.59
CARMEL 1530s After her parents die, Mari Diaz moves to Ávila "because she heard it said that there were sermons in Ávila";8.97ff she settles in the las Vacas neighborhood; it was outside the city wall; this barrio is inhabited by "people of the most humble condition"; one of her neighbors is Julian de Ávila's father; he worked as a weaver8.6
CHURCH 1530s & '40s Gaspar Daza gains fame as a preacher in Ávila; he also hears confessions, lodges students in his home, & personally tends the poor & sick8.85
Renewal of measures against the Alumbrados;
Angela Merici, age 56, settles in Brescia, It; she was a Franciscan Tertiary who had gone on pilgrimage to Jerusalem & Rome; she gathers around her 12 women to begin her project;
Borgia's 1st child is born; Borgia, his wife & son associate with Dominicans at Ávila
SOCIETY Pop of Ávila = 7K8.54
Pizarro in Madrid looking for money for conquest of Peru; Intellectual Spain beginning to feel division between Erasmites and anti-Erasmites;
Henry begins to deny that Rome has jurisdiction in his divorce case;
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YEAR 1531
REFERENCES 13.18, 22-23, 30
CARMEL Jan: T's sisterMaria marries Don Martin Barrientos & moves to Castellanos de la Canada; it is about 1 day's journey to the NW;1a288, 1c83
T & Rodrigo write "The Knights of Ávila";
7/13 T sent to our Lady of Grace, Augustinian, where she is befriended by the nun Dona Maria de Briceno y Contreras1a288, 1c83
Fernando joins Pizarro in Peru
CHURCH Juan de Ávila arrested by the Inquisition; he was denounced for his opposition to donations for capellanias and vocal prayers; he preached that alms should be given to the poor instead; he also proclaimed that the rich could not find salvation; he condemned the selection of priest candidates based simply on their family line; he was acquitted in 15338.82ff
SOCIETY Zwingli dies;1c83
Calvin begins reform activities in Paris;31.27
Pizarro begins conquest of Peru;1c83
May, Empress Isabella & Philip II in Ávila for ceremonies;
Ger princes form the Catholic League & the Protestant League of Smalkalden for protection
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YEAR 1532
REFERENCES 26.56
CARMEL In autumn T returns home ill1c83
The Augustinian convent of Nuestra Senora de Gracia, where T studied, was one of the smallest & strictest in Ávila; it had only 14 professed nuns8.112
CHURCH Chas concludes peace treaty with Pope Clement VII at Bologna
SOCIETY Pizarro crosses Andes & takes Atahualpa prisoner;
Convocation of the English Clergy cedes to Henry their independence =>Henry becomes head of the Church of Eng; More resigns; 1532-40 Cromwell essentially runs the govt of England;
Turks advance on Austria again; Chas drops his plans to crush Protestantism in order to join Ferdinand in stopping the Turks
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YEAR 1533
REFERENCES 26.56
CARMEL T convalesces at her uncle's home in Hortigosa & her sister's in Castellanos1c83
T reads "Letters of Jerome" with Don Pedro
By now the nuns at the Incarnation had stopped their night vigils for Robles soul; his family found out about it & threatened to stop payments on the will; the nuns had to re-start their night vigils8.51
CHURCH
SOCIETY Don Pedro DÁvila named 1st marquis of las Navas by Chas V;
Eng Parliament passes act in restraint of appeals declaring "imperial" status of realm; Convocation of Clergy declares Henry's marriage null; Henry marries Anne Boleyn; birth of Montaigne; 4/22 Emperor Chas returns to Barcelona, Spain after a 4 yr absence
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YEAR 1534
REFERENCES 13.38, 17.128, 19h355, 25.245, 26.62
CARMEL Hernando leaves for Peru1c83
Holy Cross of Lucca, a monastery of nuns, founded in Naples; it was founded by Ippolito Giunta, a member of Carmine Maggiore, and financed by Andrew Sbarra & his wife Cremona Spinelli32.60
CHURCH Pope Clement VII dies; Paul III elected;1c83 he makes some of the most distinguished reform-minded men cardinals; he orders a study of the abuses of the curia; the report showed so many abuses that it was suppressed;
Easter Ig Loyola earns MA at Univ/Paris; 8/15 Ig et al take vows at Monmartre; it is the beginnings of the SJ's; Ig models his program of clerical reform on the one developed by John of Ávila; Ig had often corresponded with Juan de Ávila; SJ's stressed bonds of obedience & commitment over those of birth & privilege; SJ's stressed mental prayer over choral prayer in service to benefice; stressed service to wider community over economic dependence on & service to particular family; in his Constitutions Ig wrote, "The extrinsic gifts of nobility, wealth, reputation and the like are not necessary when the others (moral virtues) are present, just as they do not suffice if those others are lacking."8.88
Louis of Grenada publishes Prayer & Meditation (in our library);
B of Balthazar Alvarez in Cervera;
Borgia travels from Valladolid to Toledo to Ávila & back to Valladolid
SOCIETY Chas V goes to Ávila in spring;
Act of Supremacy passed by Eng. Parliament; this formalizes 1532 Submission of the Clergy; Succession Acts: the realm now "imperial" as sovereign national state; monarch now head of Church of England reclaiming spiritual authority given by God, but usurped by popes.
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YEAR 1535
REFERENCES 6b431-32, 11.47, 12.44, 25.245, 26.63ff, 196
CARMEL T's bro Rodrigo joins the expedition to Rio de la Plata1a287, 1c83 with Pedro de Mendoza;
11/2 T enters Incarnation1c83 with help of her bro Antonio; there are 180 nuns already there;31.34 T had a good friend here as well as several acquaintances & relatives; the nuns here upheld the distinctions of social rank & lineage; lower born sisters slept in dormitories; the wealthy lived in their own quarters sometimes with servants or slaves;8.42, 112ff their cells could be bought & sold31.34-35 ; the 1432 mitigation of the Rule did not require renunciation of possessions & some nuns received considerable revenues from property; these nuns lived in a style very similar to their lives at home;8.114 daughters of every leading family in Ávila are members;31.34 even as a nun T at first wears velvet
CHURCH Henry VIII decrees Act of Supremacy proclaiming himself head of the Church of England1c83
Thos More & John Fisher martyred;
8/8 the bishop of Brescia approves Primitive Rule of St Angela; it was the 1st in Western Church to be written by a woman for women;
11/25 Angela & 27 other women form their "Company" under the patronage of St Ursula by receiving communion together at mass & signing name in special book. They took a private vow of chastity which was not made to the bishop, lived at home, had no habit but modest dress; obedience; desire for profound interior life nourished by prayer; her rule gave no specific work, but "apostolic in character"; they taught in homes; Merici wrote, "If according to time & needs you should be obliged to make fresh rules & change certain things, do it with prudence & on good advice; let your 1st refuge ever be at the feet of Jesus Christ."
Dec: Ig Loyola arrives in Venice; he studies theology, preaches, & works in hospital;
SOCIETY Luther translates OT into German;
Aug: Emperor Chas captures Tunis;
8/30 Henry VIII excommunicated
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YEAR 1536
REFERENCES 6b 432, 12.44, 19e.508, 26.65ff
CARMEL 11/2 T received the habit;1c83 T's dowry: 25 fanegas of grain or 200 gold ducats/yr; her father paid the cost of entrance & profession; a bed, mattress, bedspread, blankets, sheets, pillows, cushions, a rug, habits, mantles, & cloaks of choicest wool; T had a bi-level apartment with facilities for cooking & eating, a space for entertaining guests, an oratory, & a view of the valley; her youngest sister, Juana, & several other relatives lived with her there; it was here that returning to the primitive rule was 1st discussed8.114ff
There was no enclosure at Incarnation & as many as 50 nuns at a time could be away when resources were scant
T's bro Rodrigo (?)helps found Buenos Aires, but T was mistakenly informed of his death;
T's bro Antonio applied to the Dominicans but was rejected for lack of parental consent; he then joined the Jeronimites but left for health reasons
1536-39, monasteries suppressed in Eng;
Evidence of a monastery of nuns in Aracena, Sp; they were enclosed & under the Bp32.42ff
CHURCH 7/12 Erasmus dies;1c34
8/8 the bishop of Brescia approves Primitive Rule of St Angela
SOCIETY Ávila app'ts a special investigator to inspect the working condition of the city's water fountains8.58
Calvin takes up Zwinglis's work1c34 & begins to organize reformed churches: equality of all ministers; ea congregation organized as a separate unit choosing its own minister from those duly ordained; only later was a natl. org formed = ministers/elders from ea. cong; this was the seed for Amer democracy; Calvin's Institutes of the Xtian Religion pub1c34
Peru conquered;
Apr: Francis of France invades Piedmont=>war against Emperor; Borgia, Geo de Mello, & Ruy Gomez de Silva (later Prince of Eboli) join forces to support the Emp.
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YEAR 1537
REFERENCES 25.246, 450
CARMEL 11/3 T takes vows1c34
Thru the efforts of the friars of Escacena, the srs from Seville found a convent in Paterna del Campo32.43
The Augustinian monastery of St Lucy in Ferrara takes the Carmelite rule under the Mantuan Congregation32.59ff
CHURCH 6/14 (or 6/24) Ig Loyola, Francis Xavier, et al ordained
SOCIETY
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YEAR 1538
REFERENCES 11.47, 13.53, 26.74
CARMEL T leaves Incarnation for medical treatment at Becedas; she is accompanied by Juana; 1a288 she is away from the Incarnation about 18 mos;37.43 she goes to Maria's at Castellanos; reads Osuna's "Third Spiritual Alphabet" at Don Pedro's in Hortigosa;1c84 conversion of her confessor;
1538-39, the 38 Carmelite houses in England are dissolved
CHURCH Henry VIII excommunicated,(but Ref 11 dates this in 1535);
The 8th & last child born to the Borgias
SOCIETY
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YEAR 1539
REFERENCES 11.47, 19h355, 25.247, 352, 26.71ff, 83, 117ff
CARMEL Apr: T starts a 3 month treatment by healer in Becedas;1c84, 37.4
July: T returns to father's house seriously ill;1c84
8/15-19 T lapses into coma;1a289 returns to Incarnation paralyzed; paralysis lasts until 4/42;1c84 ref 37 says paralysis lasts until the summer of 42 and then she experience intermittent bouts of paralysis for 12 more yrs.37.4
1539-41 most of the Carmelite houses in Ireland (about 25) are suppressed, tho the men remained active in the country;
English Carmelite houses now all closed;
CHURCH 5/1 sudden death of Empress Isabella => conversion of Francis Borgia: He needs to verify the death by identifying the body; it is a seething mass of corruption; this act is a turning point of conversion in his life; he sets his feet on path of sanctity. Bl John of Ávila preaches at mass the following Sunday; Borgia turns to him for guidance
6/24 Ig Loyola gives Pope Paul a summary description of his proposed order; in Sept the pope gives his oral approval; Araoz is 1st SJ to visit Spain;
8/24 F. Borgia becomes Viceroy of Catalonia; his family is billeted in a house belonging to the bishop, Don Juan de Carbona
SOCIETY 5/1 Empress Isabella dies in childbirth;
Mercator's map of the world;
Francis I of Fr transferred jurisdiction over the great majority of cases from the ecclesiastical courts to the royal courts. This power over the church & its wealth & the powers over appts gained in 1516 gave Francis enough control that he didn't want/need to break with Rome.
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YEAR 1540
REFERENCES 11.47, 12.44, 16.146, 25.247, 450
CARMEL 11/5: T's bros Lorenzo, Jerome, & Peter embark from Seville with Vaca de Castro for Peru;1c84 there is some evidence that Peter later joined de Soto in the conquest of Florida;
Sometime in the '40's the nuns at Incarnation start negotiations with their Robles' benefactors to stop having all night vigils for the repose of Bernardo Robles' soul8.51
Const. of Congregation of Mantua are printed
CHURCH 3/15 Francis Xavier leaves Rome to go to India via Lisbon; he is 1st SJ missionary
9/24 official approval of SJ const;
Following John de Ávila, Gaspar Daza begins to gather around him the core of a 'reform party': Francis Salcedo; Gonzalo de Aranda; Francis de Guzman; Julian of Ávila, who became T's biographer; Hernando Alvarez; Mari Diaz; Pedro de las Cuevas, who was related to T's mother;8.85ff
In the late '40s Julian de Ávila spent several yrs in Grenada & Seville; it was there that he probably came into contact with Juan de Ávila's doctrine; he then returned to Ávila & joined Daza; they worked as a team doing missions according to Maestro Ávila's methods: while Gaza preached Julian heard confessions
These people were involved in virtually every religious reform of the day in Ávila;
Juan de Ávila & possibly G. Daza had converso roots8.85
By mid-century, the religious reform movements begin to articulate a different kind of piety: personal conversion, penitence, concern for the poor. Traditional monastic piety => endowments for continuous vocal prayers on behalf of benefactors8.78
Peter of Alcantara begins Franciscan reform; he is a friar from Extremadura; he eventually writes Book of Prayer and Meditation; he follows the teachings of Juan de Ávila8.124
SOCIETY
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YEAR 1541
REFERENCES
CARMEL Nuns from Castile found in Beja, Port; the land was donated by Dona Colaca; she may have been a beata; in 1558 these nuns found in Lagos; in 1571 they found in Tentugal32.54ff
completion of Irish Carmelite suppression
CHURCH
SOCIETY Philip invested with govt. of all Spain;
Pedro DÁvila builds a magnificent palace in Ávila
Birth of El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulos); he worked at 1st in Crete
Valdivia estb's Santiago in Chile;1c84
Calvin begins his reform in Geneva;1c84
Knox starts reform in Scotland1c84
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YEAR 1542
REFERENCES 12.41, 44, 25.337, 26.118, 27.15
CARMEL Apr: T cured thru intercession of St Joseph;1a289, 1c84
T gives up prayer;1c84
In Peru T's bros Lorenzo & Jerome align themselves with Don Blasco; he was a native of Ávila; his brother Francisco was T's godfather
St John of the Cross (6/24/42-1591) born in Fontiveros1c84
A group of convertite join the order as cloistered nuns under the Congregation in Ferrara32.60
CHURCH Council of Trent convoked;1c84 Holy Office organized on the model of the Sp Inquisition;
Robert Bellarmine (10/4/42-1621)
Araoz, SJ makes 2nd visit to Spain; Eleanor Borgia listens to his sermons in Barcelona & in impressed; on 7/18 F Borgia writes I Loyola trying to keep Araoz in Spain, but Pope sends him elsewhere
SOCIETY Copernicus writes "De Revolutionibus";
Chas V named Don Blasco, who was from Ávila, the Viceroy of Peru; his task was to subject the rebellious Sp conquistadors & protect the Indians; Blasco was imprudent & violent;
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YEAR 1543
REFERENCES 12.43, 13.72, 25.117
CARMEL T cares for sick father & assists him in his death:1c84 12/26/43 he dies1a290 in great debt
Within the year all 7 of T's bros are in the Americas; (however #31 says Augustin sails for America in 1546)
T goes to confession to Vincent Barron; she never gives up prayer again
CHURCH Another unsuccessful attempt to move San Segundo's remains to Ávila's cathedral8.174
de la Vega's "Eglogas";
5/8 St Peter Canisius joins SJ's;
SOCIETY Hans Holbein the Younger dies;
Vesalius' "On the Construction of the Human Body" based on human dissection
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YEAR 1544
REFERENCES 6b433, 13.89, 25.253, 26.143
CARMEL T returns to prayer at advice of Vincente Barron, OP, the family confessor1c84
CHURCH public confession of M de la Cruz;
6/9 pope approves A. Merici's Rule as one for a "company" & not an order;
July: Peter Faber goes to Portugal to estb the SJ's there;
F Borgia asks Araoz, SJ, to start a school at Gandia
SOCIETY Henry re-opens war with France
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YEAR 1545
REFERENCES 11.47, 25.353, 451
CARMEL
CHURCH Sept: Francis X leaves India for Malaya;
Nov: Francis Borgia founds & funds an SJ college in Gandia;
Dec 13: Council of Trent opens; most of the council fathers were Spaniards
SOCIETY Cordano's "The Great Art" advanced the knowledge of algebra greatly; he adds the concept of negative & imaginary numbers
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YEAR 1546
REFERENCES 6b434, 12.44, 25.352ff, 26.137ff
CARMEL 1/18, Gonzalo Pizarro leads uprising against the Viceroy of Peru at Inaquito; 4 of T's bros involved:1c84 Hernando was a lieutenant & royal standard bearer; Lorenzo was one of Don Blasco's aides; 1/3 of the army was killed or wounded; Hernando was severely wounded; Lorenzo kept the royal seal upon the death of Blasco; loyalists eventually regained control & T's bros were well rewarded; 1/20 Antonio dies from his wounds;1c84
T's bro Augustin leaves for America with Pedro de la Gasca1c84
CHURCH The bishops of Brescia demand distinctive garb for Merici's Company;
Suitability of translating Bible into vernacular debated at Trent; no decision reached; Spain on its own includes vernacular editions of Bible on its Index of forbidden books;1b208 it was permissible to provide translations of scriptural passages in spiritual books; this was done at great length
Arrest & trial of M de la Cruz, a Poor Clare alumbrada who confessed to devil worship;
3/27 Francis Borgia's wife Eleanor dies as the Passion is read to her; 5/2-4 Peter Faber visits Francis at Gandia; Faber goes to Trent to become Papal Theologian; 6/2 Borgia vows to become an SJ as soon as he can arrange temporal affairs for their 8 children
SOCIETY 2/18 Martin Luther dies;1c84
Chas opens war on League of Schmalkalden, vanquishes the princes of the League & suppresses Protestantism in their states, but it is too late;
Birth of Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe; Between 1565 and 1570 (or 1572?) he traveled widely throughout Europe, studying at Wittenberg, Rostock, Basel, and Augsburg and acquiring mathematical and astronomical instruments, including a huge quadrant. Inheriting the estates of his father and of his uncle Jřrgen, Tycho then settled in Scania in 1571(?) and constructed a small observatory on property owned by a relative. Here occurred the third and most important astronomical event in Brahe's life. On November 11, 1572, he suddenly saw a "new star," brighter than Venus and where no star was supposed to be, in the constellation Cassiopeia. He carefully observed the new star and showed that it lay beyond the Moon and therefore was in the realm of the fixed stars. To the world at the time, this was a disquieting discovery, because the intellectual community protected itself against the uncertainties of the future by confidence in the Aristotelian doctrine of inner and continuous harmony of the whole world. This harmony was ruled by the stars, which were regarded as perfect and unchanging. The news that a star could change as dramatically as that described by Tycho, together with the reports of the Copernican theory that the Sun, not the Earth, was the centre of the universe, shook confidence in the immutable laws of antiquity and suggested that the chaos and imperfections of Earth were reflected in the heavens. Tycho's discovery of the new star in Cassiopeia in 1572 and his publication of his observations of it in De nova stella in 1573 marked his transformation from a Danish dilettante to an astronomer with a European reputation. [This quote taken from www.encyclopediabritannica.com]
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YEAR 1547
REFERENCES 25.117
CARMEL
CHURCH Another unsuccessful attempt to move the remains of San Segundo to Ávila's cathedral8.174
H Alvarez endows the Children of Xtian Doctrine at San Millan; Alvarez is related by marriage to several of the men in Daza's circle; this school follows the methodology of Julian de Ávila: poor boys were given food, lodging, & education; it was hoped that some of them would be inspired with Xtian purpose & go on to be priests; this school => some of Ávila's earliest SJ's; they studied further at the Sem of San Millan8.86ff
Trent uses image of Church as Mother; it passes into common contemporary usage;
Feb, Peter Canisius becomes theological consultant at Council of Trent;
SJ province est'b in Spain; Araoz apptd. provincial; there are 41 SJ's in 7 houses; 11 SJ's are in Gandia26.150
SOCIETY Henry VIII dies; Edward VI becomes king;
Birth of Cervantes;
Chas signs peace treaty with Turks recognizing their possession of the greater part of Hungary;
Chas defeats Protestant princes in Germany at battle of Muhlberg26.157
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YEAR 1548
REFERENCES 25.353
CARMEL T makes pilgrimage for her bros. in America1c84
CHURCH "Spiritual Exercises" 1st published in Rome;
2/1 Francis Borgia secretly takes 1st vows as SJ
SOCIETY
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YEAR 1549
REFERENCES 25.118, 154ff, 451, 26.157
CARMEL Lorenzo, Jeronimo, & Agustin fight in the battle of Xaquixaguana with de Gasca against Pizarro;1c85
B of Blessed Anne of St Bart
Prior Caspar Doroler of Cologne composes a rule for the beguines at Butgasse32.59
CHURCH May, Anthony Criminali, SJ martyred in India; he is 1st SJ martyr;
7/15 F Borgia at service of Emperor Philip to help him raise $ in Spain;
8/15 F Xavier arrives in Japan;
11/13 Peter Canisius arrives in Germany to restore Catholicism thru education & preaching
11/20 Pope Paul III dies;1c85
SOCIETY Charles V separates Low Countries from rest of empire;
1st Book of Common Prayer issued
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