Important Dates in Carmel 1550-1600

YEAR 1550

REFERENCES 26.172

CARMEL Miguel de Torres, SJ, while traveling thru Ávila was called upon to mediate a dispute between richer & poorer nuns at Incarnation; it was Ávila's 1st contact with the SJs^8.90

CHURCH 2/7 Julius III elected pope^1c85

H Alvarez becomes an SJ; he applies for papal permission to use his benefices to estb an SJ college in Ávila (San Gil)

SJ constitutions approved: defense of RC faith, absolute obedience to superiors, efficiency, educate the young, spiritual direction, missionary work, influence internat'l affairs by serving in royal courts;

F Borgia in Rome

SOCIETY Pop of Ávila > 10K

The madrigal now popular as a form of music

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1551

REFERENCES 25.353, 452, 26.184ff

CARMEL

CHURCH Valdes publishes first Index;^1b208 most spiritual works written in Spanish placed on it;

April: Francis Borgia, SJ, begins his apostolate in Spain; he eventually will found some 20 colleges there;

Dec: Francis Xavier arrives in China for brief stay

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1552

REFERENCES 17.122, 25.453, 26.209

CARMEL Holy Cross of Lucca founds a monastery for nuns in Putignano^32.60

CHURCH 12/3 Francis Xavier dies;

F Borgia on mission at SJ house in San Gil, Burgos

Protestant prince of League of Schmalkalden rebel again & ultimately Chas gives up trying to crush Lutheranism in Ger; peace treaty will be signed in 1555;

c1552 Dona Guiomar de Ulloa becomes a widow at age 25; she was famous for her beauty & frivolity; she had a sister & 2 daughters at the Incarnation^32.47

SOCIETY B of Edmund Spenser

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1553

REFERENCES 17.113, 26.233ff

CARMEL T's sister Juana marries Juan de Ovalle in Alba de Tormes;^1c85 Alvarez' de Aguila's (see below) cousin Catalina = wife of T's uncle Pedro;^8.94 his cousin Ana = wife of Francisco de Pajares, the regidor; he was a friend of T's uncle Alonso; their daughter Maria = T's godmother; his sister Mencia = wife of F. Salcedo;^8.94ff she is the daughter of T's uncle Ruy;^8.67 (The refs do not state this, but is Alvarez Ruy's son & T's cousin?)

CHURCH SJ's, Juan de Pradavos, Luis de Medina & Hernando Alvarez found College of San Gil in Ávila; shared desire for an educated clergy being expressed at Trent;^8.90

F Salcedo made the administrative arrangements for its founding & promised it 50 fanegas of grain/yr^8.95

Medina's uncle, Juan Vazquez de Medina, was one of its most generous backers; Juan Vazquez was dean of the cathedral chapter

Alvarez receives papal permission to apply his benefices to this cause^8.94

Bp Alava had offered them the parish church for the college^8.94

Julian de Ávila supports these efforts^8.95

The cathedral chapter supports this cause too; F. Salcedo's brother Vincente, Medina's 2 relatives, & Gaspar Daza are all members of this chapter;^8.95

This independence from benefactors would last 70 yrs; then economic uncertainty would force the SJ's to accept the dynastic terms of a rich benefactor^8.163

M Diaz moves to Ávila; she is directed by SJ's at San Gil; they (esp. B Alvarez) urge her to work as a domestic servant at Dona Guiomar's palace which was across the way; she stayed 6 yrs; she met Peter of Alcantara & ToA there^8.99ff

Borgia founds his 1st SJ house in Cordova; he would found 19 more by '61 including Ávila, Seville, Granada, Zaragoza, Medina del Campo, Toledo, and Segovia

SOCIETY Edward VI dies; Mary Tudor becomes queen

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1554

REFERENCES 13.78ff, 17.112, 25.156, 26.226

CARMEL In Lent T has profound conversion experience in front of an Ecce Homo;^1c85

T consults F Salcedo & G Daza;^8.119 Salcedo had studied at the Dominican Univ of St Thomas in Ávila; he sees evidence of a bad spirit in T;^8.143 T reads Laredo's Ascent to Mt Sion & is consoled; T sends book to Salcedo & Daza; they conclude T is a victim of the devil & refer her to the SJ's^8.119

Diego de Centina^1c85 is 23 & from the College of San Gil; he reassures her about her prayer; he is her 1st SJ confessor & introduces T to the SJ program of systematic mortification^8.119ff

T hears the Lord speak for the 1st time

CHURCH England reconciled to Holy See;

Valdes issues second Index^1b208

Granada's "Book of Prayer & Meditation" was published in Salamanca; it was on list of books T recommended for each monastery library^1b466

Confessions of St Augustine trans by Toscano & published in Salamanca^1a290

c1554 Magdalen of the Cross, a nun of the order of St Clare in Cordoba has many mystical experiences that were later discovered to be diabolical in origin;

SJ's estb mission=>Sao Paulo, Brazil; SJ's divide Sp into 4 provinces; F Borgia, who had not yet taken 1st vows becomes Commissary General, a position superior to the Provincials; this led to difficulties & the position was abolished in '65

SOCIETY Philip II marries Mary Tudor

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1555

REFERENCES 13.82ff, 15.117, 17.116ff, 26.226, 234ff

CARMEL c1555 T meets Dona Guiomar de Ulloa^31.83 at church of San Gil; T stays with her for 3 years; they are introduced to one another by B Alvarez

de Ulloa had a sister & 2 daughters at the Incarnation^31.83

B Alvarez (Ref 31 says Pradanos) was concerned that T spent too much time with unedifying personal acquaintances & he suggests that T bring this to prayer; she spends the day in prayer and then prays the Veni Creator; she experiences her 1st rapture in which God tells T: "I do not want you to converse any longer with humans, but only with angels."

Juan de Pradanos, SJ, becomes T's confessor;^1c85 he was de Ulloa's confessor & T began going to him while she stayed at de Ulloa's palace. He was assigned to the College of San Gil^31.84

CHURCH Mar: Pope Julius III dies^1c85

May: Pope Marcellus dies; Paul IV elected pope;^1c85 he hated Sp & everything Spanish; SJ's in Rome reduced to dire poverty by papal enmity;

Balthazar Alvarez enters SJ's;

F. Borgia opens 1st SJ novitiate in Sp at Simancas. There were 12 novices; horarium, written by Borgia, included 2 hrs daily prayer;

Fall: Borgia at Alcala de Henares

SOCIETY Treaty of Augsburg allows rulers of German states to choose the religion of their territories^1c85

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1556

REFERENCES 25.248, 26.238, 260

CARMEL May, T's spiritual betrothal^1c85

B Alvarez becomes T's spiritual director^1c85

CHURCH 7/31 Ignatius dies in Rome;^1c85

Borgia at Valladolid;

There are 1000 SJ's in 76 houses in 12 provinces that include Brazil, Japan, & India;

De Granada's "Guide for Sinners";

Campaign against SJ's begins in Seville & Granada

SOCIETY In the face of defeat in Ger. Chas decides to abdicate; he couldn't persuade electors to accept his son Philip as new emperor so he is forced to split his inheritance: Ger Hapsburg lands go to his bro Ferdinand who had ruled them since 1521. The Spanish & Burgundian lands go to Philip. Chas retires to a Sp monastery

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1557

REFERENCES 26.196, 253, 259

CARMEL Rodrigo crosses Andes & dies in Chile^1c85

T's confessor Pradanos falls ill; T & de Ulloa move in with him & nurse him in his illness causing scandal; he ultimately leaves Ávila^31.94

T consults with Francis Borgia^1c85--writes a gen'l confession for him;

T rcd 1st locution & rapture

CHURCH The Dominican Michele Ghisleri made Inquisitor-Gen'l of Roman Church;

Borgia founds SJ house in Toledo; Archbp. is hostile; Melchior Cano, OP, denounces SJ's from pulpit

SOCIETY Spanish war with France; Aug. Philip defeats French in Battle of San Quentin

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1558

REFERENCES 15.117, 26.260

CARMEL Peter of Alcantara visits Ávila frequently in the '50's;^8.124 he founded a reformed friary on Dona Guiomar's property; in '58 or '59 he stays at Dona G's & she arranges for T to meet him;^{1a299, 8.124ff} T describes him "to be made of nothing but roots & trees;"^32.49 she writes a gen'l confession for him; Peter had visions and raptures himself and thus immediately recognized a kindred spirit; he offers to talk with B Alvarez & Daza-Aranda on her behalf; later he also intercedes with Bp Mendoza; over the next few years he writes to T several times insisting that she found her convent in complete poverty with no fixed income;^8.125

Alvarez becomes T's confessor from '58-64;^1a299-300

CHURCH B Alvarez in Ávila from '58-67;^8.92

The SJ's distinguish themselves by their willingness to direct women;^8.92

B. Alvarez directs Dona Guiomar de Ulloa, Mari Diaz, Ana Reyes, & ToA^8.92

A group of Protestants discovered in Castile;^31.53 Archbp. of Toledo tried by Inquisition;

B Alvarez, SJ ordained;

5/58 Lutherans discovered in Valladolid; Chas writes to Philip urging him to crush them ruthlessly; there was an auto-da-fe in '59

SOCIETY Chas V dies;

Mary Tudor dies;

Eliz I becomes queen;

Spanish Protestantism severely weakened

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1559

REFERENCES 15.117-20, 26.260ff

CARMEL T's intellectual visions of Christ begin^1c85

c. this time T writes gen'l confessions for P de Salazar & Juan de Ávila

CHURCH Pius IV elected pope^1c85

Valdes publishes third Index for Spain; he prohibits the writing of spiritual books in the vernacular^{1b: 24, 208, 468}

2 auto-da-fes held in Valladolid; F. Borgia & Magdalena de Ulloa watch the one on 10/25 from the grand stand;

Chas V app'ts Bartolome de Carranza Archbp. of Toledo; Valdez had wanted this post; he arrests Carranza on 8/20 and condemns his "Catechism" Carranza appeals to Borgia for help; 9/8 the Inquisitors, including Melchior Cano, respond by putting a book called "Christian Works" by Borgia on the Index; Borgia denied he wrote it; Borgia had written a popular book called "The Practice of Christian Works"; a bookseller in Medina del Campo pirated this & inserted Lutheran heresies into it; Valdez refused to change the Index; Carranza spent 7 yrs in jail; Ruy Gomez, Borgia's cousin, did nothing to help him;

"Lutherans" discovered in both Seville & Valladolid; Dr. Agustin Cazalla et al, members of the Valladolid group, visit Dona Guiomar, but gain no adherents; this discovery sets off a wave of panic^8.141

1559-66: at age 26 Alvarez becomes minister of the SJ cmty in Ávila & T's 3rd confessor; self-abnegation was central to his spirituality; he treated his directees with harshness & severity; his theology emphasized the sacred humanity of X; he accused T of frivolity, denied her frequent communion, took away her books, and detached her from "particular friendships"; he tones down when he has his own mystical experience in 1567

SOCIETY Spaniards forbidden to study in foreign univs; Spain virtually closed

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1560

REFERENCES 11.47, 15.117

CARMEL T's imaginative visions of the risen X begin; she is ordered to mock the visions by showing the fig^1c85

6/29 transpiercing of T's heart while she is a guest at Dona Guiomar's house^1c85

Frightening visions of hell^1c85

1st discussions about a new foundation^1c85--with Ana & Inez de Tapia (T's cousins), Juana Suarez, Leonora & Maria de Ocampo, and Dona Guiomar;

T writes gen'l confession for Ibanez, OP; they are extant^1c85

Holy Cross of Lucca founds a monastery for nuns in Castellamare^32.60

1560-83 suppression of Order in Scotland;

June, T rcd 1st intellectual vision

CHURCH Alvaro de Mendoza Bp of Ávila until 1577^8.168

Inquisition set up in Toledo & Seville; 9/16 Robert Bellarmine joins SJ's in Rome

SOCIETY Philip II marries Eliz of Valois, moves court to Madrid

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1561

REFERENCES 18.36, 25.72

CARMEL 1/25 T's vision of sacred humanity of X;

8/12 St Clare promises help^1c86

8/15 Mary & Jos clothe T in white robe of sinlessness^1a302

Aug: T arranges for her blood sister, Juana, to purchase a house for her;

Aug: T brings nephew back to life^1c86

12/24 or 12/25^37.8: the provincial orders T to go to Toledo to stay with Dona Luisa de la Cerda^31.113; she is the daughter of the Duke of Medinaceli^37.8 and the widow of Arias Pardo^1c86 (Pardon ^31.113); T feared her absence would ruin the fndatn of San Jose,^31.113 but she goes anyway & stays 6 mos

In Bologna a group of convertite join the Order as nuns^32.60

CHURCH A household survey counts several beatas living in Ávila^8.98

Granada's "Memorial de la vida christiana"; 3/15 Gonsalvo Silveira, SJ martyred in Zimbabwe

SOCIETY Birth of poet Gongara & Francis Bacon

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1562

REFERENCES 11.47, 13.126ff, 135ff, 25.119, 26.276ff

CARMEL Jan-June: T resides in Toledo at Dona L's^1c86

2/7 Pius IV writes patent for foundation of San Jose; it is addressed to Dona Guiomar and her mother; they are authorized to hold property for the reform^37.8-9

3/62: T meets Maria de Jesus Yepes,^31.113 a Carmelite beata, & learns about poverty & primitive rule;^1c86 T starts a campaign against San Jose having an income. Ibanez writes her a 2 page refutation of her ideas; Dona Guiomar was sympathetic; Peter of Alcantara supports her enthusiastically; so did a vision from the Lord^37.9

T reconnects with Garcia de Toledo, OP;^31.29 in the mid '50s he had been subprior at St Thos in Ávila & had been her confessor

6/62: T finishes her 1st 2 Spiritual Testimonies & presents them to Garcia de Toledo; they are extant;^1a18 she then finishes 1st redaction of Life, it isn't extant; T returns to Ávila^1c86

In the Life T writes, "I should like the five of us who at present love each other in Christ...to gather together some time to free each other from illusion...." Scholars speculate that these four who met with her were Garcia de Toledo, Francisco de Salcedo, dona Guiomar de Ulloa, & Gaspar Daza => a mixed group, a theologian & friar, an espiritual & cleric, a married man, & a widow^31.121

7/62: Dona Guiomar's request for permission for T to found is answered positively by Pius V; (T had been forbidden to do this directly; Dona Guiomar was commissioned to approach the provincial of Castile, Fray Angel de Salazar; Dona G proposes it as her own idea; initially Salazar agrees, but withdraws his support in the face of opposition; Dona G then proposes "her" project directly to the Holy See); Pius' letter is dated 2/7^1c86

Peers says that T returns to Ávila in July by order of Angel de Salazar, the newly elected provincial^37.8

8/24 San Jose founded;^1c86 it was in the center of the commercial district; G Daza, Julian of Ávila, Gonzalo de Aranda & F Salcedo present; Ref 32 also has Alvaro de Mendoza present to receive the vows; G. Daza represents the Bp;^32.50 S gives economic support to San Jose; the Poor Clares at las Gordillas also give alms; the fndation is T and 4 novices;^1c86 all 4 had connections to the "reform party": Antonia del Espiritu Santo was a penitent of Peter of Alcantara; Ursula de los Santos was recommended by G Daza; Maria de la Cruz worked for Dona Guiomar; Maria de San Jose was the sister of Julian de Ávila; none brought a dowry, but Antonia did give a donation;^8.137 T is called back to the Incarnation;^1c86 Ana of the Angels becomes San Jose's 1st prioress^1a291

8/29 city lawsuit against San Jose;^1c86 the fndatn threatened the aristocracy by its poverty and autonomy; the devotional program of mental prayer upset the letrados; there was also a question about whether the nuns would enclose a public fountain within their garden;^8.137-8 T called back to Incarnation;

8/30 a special junta meets to discuss fate of San Jose; the junta was comprised of the city's regidores & leading letrados; only the passionate plea of Banez stopped them from dissolving the convent that very day; the regidores will bring the case to the Royal Council in Madrid; the corregidor also attempted to close the monastery; the few people who supported T belonged to the "reform party"^8.144ff

Peers describes it this way: the Mayor held a meeting attended by selected regidores and members of the Cathedral Chapter; this group summoned two members from each of the religious orders. The religious demanded that the fndation be dissolved immediately; delegates were sent to Madrid to report to the Royal Council. Gonzalo de Aranda goes to Madrid on T's behalf; Daza supports T as well. The Council agreed to let the fndation stand if it acquired an endowment. T was on the verge of capitulating when she got another Divine locution warning her against this; there is then an outpouring of public generosity that allays the fears of the Council and the case is settled out of court^37.9

It was Alcantara & Daza who got the support of the Bp; Daza was one of his closest advisors; when hey managed to gain his support, this swung the balance in favor of T; the Bp let Daza take care of the details; the Bp gave T financial aid & was buried at the main altar at San Jose; his sister, Dona Maria de Mendoza sponsored the fndatn at Valladolid in 1568^{8.148, 168}

10/19 Peter of Alcantara dies^1c86

12/62: T returns to San Jose bringing 4 nuns with her; she changes her name to Teresa of Jesus^1c86

12/5 Rescript issued granting permission for San Jose to live on public alms ^37.10

Banez becomes T's confessor, '62-68^1b458

CHURCH 1562-98 The War of Religion between RC's & Huguenots in France;^1c86 many religious houses destroyed

May, Peter Canisius again goes to Trent as theological consultant; Salmeron & Lainez, SJ, were both sent as Papal Theologians to 4th & last session of Council of Trent;

10/19 death of Peter of Alcantara;

Borgia becomes Vicar Gen'l; Pope & his nephew, Chas Borromeo, the Archbp. of Milan, both are special friends of Borgia

SOCIETY Birth of Lope de Vega

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1563

REFERENCES 6.270-71, 11.47, 17.188, 26.278

CARMEL 1/63 Rubeo/Rossi R/R named Vicar-General^37.11

3/63 Ana DÁvila & T permitted to return to San Jose;^{1c86, 37.10}

7/63 Provincial gives T verbal permission to make a formal transfer to San Jose^37.10

8/22 Provincial gives T & 3 other nuns a written document to make the transfer formal; this is later confirmed by a Brief of Pope Pius IV^37.10

T succeeds her as prioress of San Jose;^1c86 she is prioress until 1/68;

T writes Constitutions for San Jose; they are approved by Bp Mendoza^1c86

The lawsuit against San Jose is dropped; the city council claims lack of funds, but the influence of the Mendoza family in Philip II's court may have been decisive^8.149ff

CHURCH 25th & last session of Council of Trent; decree on religious & nuns; regs on endowments, enclosure, episcopal licenses for foundations, minimum age for joining; Trent renewed "Periculoso" with some modification; "Any legitimate cause approved by the Bishop" was legitimate cause for egress. So on the one hand, all nuns without exception who made profession were held to cloister, it still greatly mitigated the rules for egress.

12/4 Trent closes^1c86

Borromeo ordained; stays with SJ's

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1564

REFERENCES 25.40ff

CARMEL 64-65: T writes 2nd redaction of Life^1a18

5/21: R/R elected prior gen'l (1564-78);^{1c86, 32.56} the chapter directs him to make an extensive visit to Sp within the next 2 yrs to enforce the Tridentine decrees there; such a visit to Spain had only happened 2x before in Catalonia-Aragon 1321 & 1354^37.11

8/21 Alessandro Cribelli, the Nuncio, confirms & extends indefinitely T's transfer to San Jose^37.10

10/21: 1st profession of novices at San Jose^1c86

CHURCH c1564: M Diaz moves to a small chamber in front of the main altar at the Church of San Millan; even though cloistered, she taught the city's poor children their basic prayers, she had spiritual conversations with the seminarians, & she gathered around herself a group of young women who came to her for their moral education; she lead a life of self-denial & prayer & stayed enclosed here until her death in 1572^8.100ff

Paul Miki (1564-2/5/97)

Spain divided into 4 SJ provinces;

SOCIETY Calvin dies in Geneva;^31.29 Michelangelo dies^1c86

birth of Galileo, Shakespeare, & Christopher Marlowe^1c86

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1565

REFERENCES 25.354, 26.300

CARMEL Jan: Hernando dies in Colombia^1c86

7/17: Pius IV approves T's Constitutions for San Jose=>approves the practice of poverty & its submission to Bp^1c86

T finishes 2nd redaction of Life^1b458

St Anne's, the 2nd O Carm monastery of nuns, opens in Valencia^32.54

Rossi accepts the beguines at Butgasse into the order as OCarm tertiaries regular; the evolved into cloister nuns a century later.^32.59

Rossi and the other gen'ls of the mendicant orders oppose introducing cloister for religious women where it had not been^32.56ff

CHURCH 2/2: Pedro Ibanez dies^1a302

7/2: Francis Borgia becomes 3rd Fr Gen'l of SJ's; under him College of St Omer is opened in Belgium

F. Salcedo's nephew Melchor de la Serna enters San Gil^8.95

SOCIETY Birth of Mme Acarie;

Beginning of active protest against Sp rule in the Netherlands

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1566

REFERENCES 6a272-3, 6b434, 8.90, 146, 10b16, 11.47, 18.87

CARMEL 1st redaction of Way;^{1b17, 1c87} it will be kept at Escorial; 2nd redaction kept at Valladolid;

T writes 1st redaction of Meditation on Song of Songs;^1c87 2nd redaction written between '72 & '75;

Antonio Maldonado, OSF missionary to Mexico, visits T at San Jose;^1c87 he tells her about the millions of souls perishing in the New World for lack of missionaries. This impresses T very much and she goes to the Lord who says, "Wait a little, daughter, and thou shalt see great things."

T refuses to consider blood lineage as an entrance requirement for her monasteries; therefore there was a high percentage of judeoconversa women among the earliest members of T's reform; by now the calced Carmelites have a reputation for lax admission standards & accepting conversos; some friars complain to R/R, & so the Const of the Calced prohibit the descendants of Moors & Jews from entering; ^31.155

4/2 baptism of (Catherine) Mary Magdalen de' Pazzi in Florence^32.63

4/27 & 5/16 R/R visits Andalusia;^37.12 at the time of their visitation, the nuns in Ecija, Seville & Antequera were cloistered; at Piedrahita they were not & R/R does not insist on it; after his visitation to the Incarnation, he forbids the acceptance of more nuns; he did this to alleviate their poverty^32.53ff

Peers says that R/R took drastic steps during his visitation in Andalusia: he searched the friar's cells & confiscated any contraband; he compelled any who held property to renounce it immediately before a notary.^37.12

R/R goes on to Lisbon at the end of the year^37.13

CHURCH Jan: Michele Ghisleri, who had been Grand Inquisitor, becomes Pope Pius V;^1c87 he purged curia & reformed public life; 5/29 papal bull "Circa Pastoralis" enforcing rigid enclosure on all religious women abrogating both their own rules^5.42 & Leo X's Const for Tertiaries; many loopholes closed in Trent doc; all professed nuns were to take solemn vows; those who wouldn't weren't allowed to receive novices; tertiaries who lived alone or at home were exempt from CP; CP was extended by custom to any group of women living in community even if they were not technically tertiaries; CP did not explicitly address itself to this situation; CP did allow non-professed lay srs to beg; para 5 also allowed professed srs to do so when there were no lay srs to beg^32.57

Borromeo invites Ursulines to Milan but is dismayed that they have no cloister

Juan de Ávila invites SJ's to make a new foundation; Borgia turns him down

Juan Vazquez de Medina dies & leaves a substantial sum of money to San Gil for upkeep & scholarships; he does not ask for any capellanas^8.90

SOCIETY Reports of the French Calvinists' activities circulate widely in Spain^31.29

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1567

REFERENCES 11.47, 15.120, 17.207, 218, 18.88, 95, 25.166

CARMEL The friars in Andalusia appeal to King Philip; he endorses their request to the pope to be placed under the ordinary;^37.13

2/16, 17, or 18 Rubeo/Rossi comes to Ávila for a visitation;^{1c87, 32.51} he stays about a month after holding a Chapter there for the province of Castile; he met T while there & she invites him to San Jose. They were both aristocrats who got on well; he approved of T's reform and called T 'his own daughter'; He assures her that she had not ceased to be a Carmelite; he regularizes the nuns professions; they would be done in his name from then on (& not in the Bp's);^32.52 T shows R/R draft of her const; he approves of them; this text isn't extant;^1c87

R/R forbids the acceptance of new novices at Incarnation lest the nuns should starve^37.19

4/16: Pius V issues a brief intructing all Sp ordinaries to reform the Carmelites, Trinitarians, & Mercedarians; the ordinaries were to have the help of 2 Dominicans in this task; they are Apostolic Visitators totally independent of the Gen'l; R/R apparently does not learn of this for more than a year;^37.13

4/27 R/R gives T patents for more fndatns of nuns in Castile; ^{1c87, 32.52, 37.12}

5/16 R/R clarifies--no fndat'ns in Adalusia.^{1c87, 37.12}

8/16, R/R writing from Barcelona gives permission for 2 reformed houses for men;^37.11-12

T tends to found her monasteries in commercial centers; it tends to be a bourgeois, urban movement; over time when she founds in poor rural places she will reluctantly allow the monasteries to accept rentas, capellanias, & family chapels, but she never allows limpieza de sangre to required of entrants; this gives conversos an opportunity to place there daughters in convents; this opportunity was denied them by most other orders^8.146ff

8/15 T's 1st fndatn at Medina del Campo;on journey to it, T runs into Banez at Arevalo. She arranges to meet him at Alcala de Henares in Nov;^1c87

SJs have a house at Medina; Alvarez, SJ, is now provincial, so he could help; Juan de Ávila, who is the chaplain at San Jose, & Antonio de Heredia also help; Heredia says the 1st mass.^{1c87, 37.14}

T & 6 other nuns make the fndatn; 2 are from the Incarnation & 2 are from San Jose^37.14-15

Heredia had chosen the house for the fndatn; it was too run down so T temporarily moved the nuns to a private house while they looked for a new place^37.14-15

Heredia decides to join the reform at this time; it was also then that she met JoC & convinced him to join her;^{1c87, 37.15}

8/16 R/R, now in Barcelona, gives T a license for 2 fndatns of friars in Castile.^{1c.87 (double check 32.52) 37,12}

8/28 R/R names Jeronimo Tostado, the provincial of Catalonia, Portugal the "Reformer" of Catalonia; Tostado's mandate was to bring Catalonia into accord with the reforms of Trent;^37.37

Oct: T; Dona Maria de Mendoza, sr of the bp of Avila; & her br Don Bernadino, travel together; the other 2 are going to Ubeda; T is going to Madrid; on the trip Don Bernadino offers her a house in Valladolid; he dies before the end of the yr^37.15-16

T spends 2 weeks in Madrid w Dona Leonar de Mascarnha (or Mascareńas); L was the patron of Maria de Jesus' cmty & had asked T to help them.^37.15 While T is in Madrid, she meets & impresses Philip's court.

11/21 T in Alcala de Henares. She stays at Alcala until 2/68 when she leaves for Toledo^37.15

There are now 144 professed choir nuns at the Incarnation; its capacity was only 60^31.34

The monastery in Milan is suppressed for its refusal to accept cloister^32.61

CHURCH Nobrega & Anchieta, SJ's, found settlement which => Rio de Janeiro; Anchieta writes dramas for his students to perform & is considered the father of Brazilian national lit

Mar, Alvarez receives grace of infused contemplation; tolerance becomes his guide

St Francis de Sales (1567-1622)

SOCIETY The town of Medina del C had population of 16K; it was the site of mercantile fairs; there were 18 convents & 9 hospitals

10K Sp troops sent to the Netherlands under Duke of Alba: reign of terror;

Birth of Monteverdi one of the last madrigalists and founder of the opera

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1568

REFERENCES 11.47, 17.252, 18.95, 25.190, 26.286

CARMEL Jan: T leaves Medina for Alcala to visit new monastery of Maria de Jesus^1c87

Mar: T goes to Toledo to visit Luisa de la Cerda; la Cerda convinces her to make 3rd fndatn at Malagon.^1c87 Peers puts this in Feb ^37.15 La Cerda owns most of the town; Malagon is near Ciudad Real^37.15

4/11: fndatn at Malagon; the town was so small that she had to accept an income from la Cerda^{1c87, 37.15}

5/19: T leaves Malagon for Valladolid; she stops in Toledo, Escalona, Ávila, Duruelo, & Medina^1c87

End of June: T visits Duruelo to see a house that her relative Rafael Mejia had offered her.^37.15

8/15: fndatn in Valladolid; T teaches JoC about her way of life here; he goes to Duruelo to prepare for 1st fndatn of men to be made on 11/28;^1c87 John Narducci, an artist, joins the friars.

10/31 T receives letter from Juan de Ávila approving what she wrote in her Life^1c87 Earlier in the year she had sent him a copy to evaluate.^31.29

11/28 Fndatn in Duruelo: Antonio de Jesus Heredia, JoC, and Jose de Cristo who was a deacon. The provincial, Alonso Gonzalez said the 1st mass and rcd their vows;^37.15

R/R revokes all permissions for the nuns in Spain to leave the enclosure^32.58

CHURCH G Daza, Julian of Ávila, M Diaz proposed to the Bp that the Seminary of San Millan be started; it was Ávila's 1st Tridentine sem; the Bp agrees & allocates $ for it; he lets Gaza handle the details; within a few yrs the school has a rector & 6 poor boys^{8.105ff, 168}

Aloysius Gonzaga (3/9/68-6/21/91)

6/26 Borgia et al lay cornerstone of the Gesu in Rome

SOCIETY Moorish uprisings in Grenada^1c87

Mary Queen of Scots queened in Eng & held prisoner to her death;

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1569

REFERENCES 12.46, 18.101ff, 26.322

CARMEL 1/8 R/R writes of T: "She is more profitable to the Order than all the Carmelite friars in Spain."^37.12

2/3 The nuns in Vallodolid move to another location; the original house proved to be too damp; Dona Maria de Mendoza takes it back & gives them another;^37.16

2/21 T leaves Valladolid for Toledo via Medina, Duruelo, Ávila, and Madrid;^{1c88, 37.16}

While in Madrid T is invited for her 1st interview with King Philip, but she had already left before the King sent his invitation; T had notified Philip about a vision she had concerning him^37.16

3/24 T arrives in Toledo to make a fndatn, but a suitable house isn't found until 5/14^{1c88, 37.16}

Shortly before Lent: the provincial, Alonso Gonzalez visits Duruelo; he appts Heredia the prior & JoC sub-prior & novice master; Jose de Cristo probably had died because nothing more is heard of him; Lucas de Celis, calced, joined this cmty early in its history, but returned to the calced;^37.15

Either in '68 or '69 R/R asks for a repeal of the brief placing the order under the ordinary;^37.13

5/15: R/R begins his countermeasures to the papal brief; he appts Alonso Gonzalez, the Castilian provincial, to be the "Commisary & Rector" of the discalced nuns; he is to "govern, rule, & direct them" according to the Primitive Rule & Const. He also sends instructions to all the calced & discalced houses about how to handle the visitator: 1) demand to see his letter of authority; 2) find out what powers had been given him; 3) resist him if he "went beyond them" [tried to get in?]; & 4) protest if he tried to impose new const or give any orders contrary to current const. He appts Nicolas Escriba, calced, to be his vicar in Sp; he appts 19 others to join him in defending the "liberties of the order"^37.14

5/28: T receives a peremptory summons from the Princess of Eboli who owns most of Pastrana; she is the wife of Ruy Gomez de Silva, a favorite of Philip; Pastrana is in southern Guadalajara; the PoE had talked with T about a fndatn in Pastrana when they were both in Madrid; T was reluctant to leave her new fndatn in Toledo this soon, however with the guidance of the Lord and her confessor she agrees to go;^37.16

5/30: T leaves Toledo for Pastrana; on the way she spends 8 days at Las Descalzas Reales, the OFM convent in Madrid; this convent was endowed by Leonor de Mascareńas, T's wealthy Port. friend;^37.16 She meets the hermit Mariano Azaro there; he joins the reform in July as Ambrosio Mariano de San Benito [MSB] Azaro; it was suggested she make a fndatn in Madrid; she rejects the idea;^{37.16, 112} ? also meets Frey Peter there

6/23 fndatn for nuns in Pastrana;^1c88 Peers dates this 6/28^37.26

7/9 Ambrosio MSB Azaro is impatient to take the habit; Heredia in Duruelo is the only superior; in the meantime Fray Baltasar de Jesus Nieto had arrived to join the reform; so Ambrosio, Baltasar, and Juan de la Miseria Narduch are all given the habit in the oratory at PoE's palace; Narduch was a hermit-companion of Ambrosio; the official chronicle says that Baltasar gave the habit to himself & then the others; others say that Fray Pedro Muriel had been sent by the provincial's orders; Heredia arrived 'shortly' after the ceremony;^37.16-17

7/13: friars move into their new house in Pastrana^1c88

7/21 PoE lends T a coach to take her to Toledo;^37.17 T stays in this warm climate until August '70 [Peers says July '70^37.17]; probably writes Soliloquies there;^1c88 T sends Isabel de Santo Domingo, the prioress at Toledo, to be the prioress at Pastrana^37.17

8/26 Philip II appoints PedroFernandez, OP & Francisco de Vargas, OP as visitators;^1c88 Peers dates this to 8/20; Fernandez was Prior at Atocha in Madrid & was visitator for Castile; Vargas was prior at St Paul's in Córdoba & was visitator for Andalusia; it was a 4 yr term; ^37.13-14

T's bro Lorenzo plans to return from Peru; he does so in 1575.

CHURCH 7/31 SJ's transfer Ignatius' body to the new Gesu; they had already lost Peter Faber's body, so it wasn't transferred

d of Juan de Ávila; in his lifetime he estb 15 schools for young men & several other schools specifically for education of priests;^8.81ff the concentration of New Christians in these schools aroused ecclesiastical suspicions; he put the educational theories of the humanists into practice in these schools & developed a pedagogy that was later adapted by the SJ's & other 17th Cent teaching orders; he wrote a Q&A type catechism, "la Doctrina Christiana"; it was pub'd in It at suggestion of Ig Loyola

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1570

REFERENCES 6a278ff, 11.47, 13.214, 25.214

CARMEL 1/31 At the request of R/R Pius issues Counter-Brief returning all carmels in Sp to the authority of the Order; however Fernandez & Vargas' appt's as visitators apparently stood^37.13-14

6/11 Duruelo monastery moves to bigger quarters at Mancera de Abajo, some 4 mi away; the cmty numbers about 17; JoC cont as novice master^37.16,20

July: ?JoC goes to Pastrana to organize the novitiate; he returns to Mancera in about a month; Peers gives 3 possible dates for this trip: a "few weeks" after the move to Mancera,^37.20 in Oct,^37.21 or 2/71^37.21

7/10 T attends the 1st profession to be made by discalced friars; the ceremony was in Pastrana; 2 men take vows: Ambrosio MSB Azaro & Juan de la Miseria Narduch^{1c88, 37.17}

Aug-Oct T in Ávila^37.17

Fndatn in Toledo causes T much grief; this was the city where her own grandfather had to do public penance for judaizing; some of her relatives would be founding members of this cmty; her principal backers are exclusively converso; the very large Martin Ramirez inheritance had been promised her; previously T had been criticized for founding monasteries that were unendowed; now she was being refused permission to start a fully endowed one; it seems the old nobility was offended that the newly wealthy Ramirez family should attempt to endow a monastery in one of the best neighborhoods; T was being criticized and told that she shouldn't give a burying place to anybody who didn't belong to the nobility; the Lord says to her, "You will grow very foolish, daughter, if you look to the world's laws. Fix your eyes on me, poor and despised by the world. Will the great ones of the world, perhaps, be great before me? Or, are you to be esteemed for lineage or for virtue?"^{8.130, 31.156ff}

10/8 Profession of Juan Bautista Sanchez at Mancera; he is the 1st man to enter the reform 'from the world'^37.16

Oct: ? JoC in Pastrana to organize the novitiate [see July above];^37.21

11/1 fndatn in Salamanca;^1c88 T makes this fndatn at the suggestion of Martin Gutierrez, the sj rector there; T makes fndatn with only 1 other sr, Maria del Sacramento, the prioress from Malagon; within 2 weeks 6 other nuns join them; they are from Ávila, Medina, & Valladolid; the house is too big, cold, & damp;^37.17

11/1 OCD men estb a college at Univ of Alcala de Hernares^{31.30, 37.17}

11/3 Anne of St Bart enters San Jose as a lay sister

Nov: JoC, now back at Mancera, meets Ven Ana de Jesus;^37.21

12/3 Preliminary agreement signed for fndatn in Alba de Tormes; after the inauguration of Salamanca, T had come to Alba to discuss a request from Dona Teresa de Layz & her husband Don Francisco de Velazquez; they wanted her to make a fndatn there; Don Francisco was the Duke of Alba's steward; T was reluctant to do so because the town was small; Banez happened to be there too & he encouraged her to do it anyway; while in Alba she stays with Juana & Juan de Ovalle, her sr & br-in-law;^37.17-18

Angel Salazar, the Carmelite provincial, intervenes in the elections at Medina del Campo; he installed his own candidate as prioress; she was a nun from the Incarnation in Ávila who was unsympathetic to T^31.148

CHURCH 2/1: in "Decori" Pius V est'bd absolute criteria for nuns egress from cloister: epidemic, leprosy, & extensive fire; permission req'd in writing from both local superior & bishop; for the 1st time the law included a sanction: excommunication; absolution was reserved to the pope except when in danger of death; those who aided/abetted were also excommunicated; some professed & extern nuns still allowed to collect alms from the faithful;

2/25 Eliz I excommunicated^1c88

Ignatius de Azevedo, SJ & 39 companions martyred by Huguenot pirates while on the way to the missions in Brazil

The women of Toledo agitate well into this decade for the release of Archbp Carranza

SOCIETY Nicholas Doria, a Genoese banker, comes to Sp to do business in Seville; ^{37.26, 206}

Alliance of Pope, Spain, & Venice against Turks

Dec. Some 900 families of moriscos re-located to Ávila from Granada.^8.157

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1571

REFERENCES 11.47, 17.279, 287, 25.331, 26.314, 322, 336, 343

CARMEL F Salcedo begins economic support of Incarnation;

1/25 fndatn in Alba de Tormes; JoC comes from Mancera to attend ceremony;^{1c88, 37.18}

Mar: T leaves Alba for Salamanca to stay for a while with Count & Countess of Monterrey; then she goes on to the monastery^37.18

Apr: T goes to Medina; Isabel de los Angeles, a novice, was making trouble; Ines of Jesus is finishing her 3rd yr as prioress; the calced provincial, Angel de Salazar, was proposing to appt Teresa de Quesada, a nun from the Incarnation, prioress at Medina without the cmty's approval;^37.18

Apr: JoC goes to Alcala as Rector of the College; Ruy Gomez has requested from the gen'l a license for a house of discalced men there; the permission to found 2 monasteries of men had already been filled; permission was given; Baltasar de Jesus Nieto, the prior at Pastrana, had been acting as provisional superior in Alcala;^37.21

By early May: T, under obedience, returns to San Jose^37.18

June: there is conjecture that T went on a short visit to Medina; the prioress, Teresa de Quesada, was anxious to return to Incarnation; the visitator Fernandez has taken up the question who should be prioress next; Fernandez suggests that T go to Medina to act as prioress pro temp; the nuns accept unanimously; Ines de Jesus is elected sub-prioress; she had been prioress before Quesada; it is possible that Fernandez told T at this time that he intended to send her to Incarnation again as prioress in Oct; this might explain the timing of her formal renunciation of the mitigated Rule in July ^37.18

7/13 At Ávila T & Ines de Jesus make a formal renunciation of the mitigated Rule in favor of the Primitive; until now they had done this under license of the gen'l; Daza, Azaro, Salcedo, Narduch, & Juan de Avila are witnesses;^37.18

End of July: T goes to Medina;

July: T meets Anne of SB & asks her to become her companion;

9/2: Acts & Const for OCD nuns issued by Fernandez, OP, the apostolic commissary

End of Sept: T goes to Ávila to take up office of prioress; there are 2 theories on Salazar's motives for this; one says that Incarnation had become destitute & T could most easily help it both spiritually & financially; the other considers it a 'triennium of immobilization'; Salazar wanted to directly impose a prioress at Incarnation as he had at Medina, but this proved impractical; so he & his definitors go to the visitator Fernandez & propose that he install T out of concern for the sorry plight the nuns were in; in this way they could curtail T's irritating reform activities which annoyed them so; Fernandez agrees;^37.19

Salazar appoints T the prioress at Incarnation;^1b496 there are 130 nuns there; T tells the nuns that she will not accept the position until all of the laywomen leave; Salazar, Julian de Ávila, & de Salcedo accompany T to Incarnation;

10/6 (KK says 10/14^1c88) Salazar arrives & attempts to impose T as prioress at the Incarnation without the cmty's consent; when he attempts to lead T into the choir, the malcontents block one entrance & then another; her supporters cry a welcome & the rest try to shout them down; quiet is restored when her supporters start to sing a Te Deum;^37.21

11/24 fndatn of priory at Altomira, an offshoot of Pastrana; permission granted by R/R at request of Ruy Gomez;^37.22

Nov: A month later T could write that peace had been restored at Incarnation due to stricter discipline & economic overhaul^37.18-19

CHURCH Very severe anti-Catholic laws in Eng; English RC's emigrating to Low Countries;

Papal enclosure practically universal in all nunneries in Italy & Spain; the rule was less successful in other countries;

Feb: de Segura, SJ, et al martyred in Florida; de Segura is former rector at Valladolid; fndation was missioned by Borgia;

9/13-14 Peter Dias, SJ, et al martyred by Huguenot pirates;

Borgia returns to Sp; is greeted at frontier with letters from king, Ruy Gomez; the Inquisitor celebrates Borgia's return to Spain by removing his book from the Index

SOCIETY Spring, locusts attack crops in province of Ávila => widespread famine; regidores send financial assistance to villages; they control price of bread^8.154

Victory of Leponto crushing the Turks in Spain^1c88

Over the next 10 yrs there is 400% increase in cost of living in Spain;

Birth of Ger astronomer Johanne Kepler who discovered 3 laws of the movement of planets;

5/25 Don Juan of Austria apptd Supreme Commander of both land and naval forces of the Holy League (Spanish, Venetian, & papal forces)

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1572

REFERENCES 6a279, 6b434-35, 10b15ff, 17.310

CARMEL 1/19 T receives vision of B.V.M.

T, Antonio de Jesus, & Julian de Ávila go to Salamanca;

Apr: license granted by R/R for priory at La Roda, an offshoot from Pastrana^37.22

Apr: Jeronimo Gracian enters Pastrana;^37.24 he came from a humanist household where the ancient authors were read in Greek & Latin; his father Diego had been a secretary to Chas V; one of his bros was secretary to Philip; he did his PhD in theology with honor at the Univ of Alcala; he was ordained a priest in 1570;^31.129-130 while he was still a novice himself, he becomes novice master when Angel de San Gabriel had to resign this office^37.24

Apr or May: JoC leaves Alcala & returns to Pastrana, where the novitiate had been thrown into disarray by the severity of Angel de San Gabriel; actually Angel was the 3rd novice master since JoC had left this post; Gabriel de la Asuncion & Pedro de los Apostoles also had short terms;^37.21

Summer: JoC becomes confessor at Incarnation;^1c88 T had requested him; Fernandez & Salazar agree; he stays until 12/77; JoC divides this work with both the calced & discalced; he & 7 other discalced live at the calced monastery for about a yr before moving to their own house; at the latter part of his stay he is joined by German de San Matias;^37.20

Jeronimo Gracian enters novitiate in Pastrana^1c88

T writes Responses to a Spiritual Challenge^1c88

Sept: Gabriel de la Concepcion approaches Francisco de Vargas, OP, the visitator for Andalusia, about a fndatn in Granada; Gabriel then goes to see Philip in Madrid to get a license; on the way there he meets Diego de Leon who tells him about some hermits living at La Penuela in the Sierra Morena; on the way back [with license & letter of support in hand] he stops at La Penuela & urges the hermits to join the discalced; [Trent had decreed that hermits should attach themselves to monasteries.] he apparently does not consult R/R about this fndatn;^37.23

Oct or Nov: priory at San Juan del Puerto in province of Huelva made over to the discalced; when he was at Cordoba,Vargas suggested to Diego de Santa Maria Heredia & Ambrosio de San Pedro that they take San Juan over; this was to be a 1st step to founding more houses in Andalusia; Diego & Ambrosio demurred, but Vargas pressed them; 5 of the calced who were there joined the reform; Heredia became prior; R/R was not consulted;^37.23

11/18 T receives grace of spiritual marriage=>Testimonies 31^1c88

JoC is T's director/confessor '72-75^{1b: 488, 496}

Anne of SB's profession;

There is an attempt to enforce cloister at the OCarm monastery at Piedrahita; the nuns resist^32.44

Monastery of nuns in Rotterdam closed by the Calvinists

1572-75: Jeronimo Tostado, a calced, accompanies R/R on several visitations to monasteries in Italy; Tostado was the visitator for Lombardy^37.37

CHURCH Another unsuccessful attempt to move San Segundo's remains to Ávila's cathedral^8.174

Louis of Grenada imprisoned by Inquisition for his book^1b208

Sem of San Millan now operational with a rector & 6 poor boys;

Gregory XIII pope;^1c88 he appts apostolic visitators to oversee the enforcement of cloister;^32.57 Deo sacris virginibus orders conversae back into their monasteries as soon as their finances were secure^32.58

Ormaneto arrives in Spain as nuncio;^1c88 he had been agent of Chas Borromeo

4/14 Pope approves Borromeo's new rule for the Ursulines: he stipulated a habit; he instituted common life altho it was optional; the place of teaching was now in cmty & no longer in the home; those in cmty could only go out with permission; the local groups were placed under the jurisdiction of the bishop; the women were dissatisfied & appealed to Rome; Rome upheld Borromeo;

Borromeo issues a series of detailed rules for the design of cloistered homes; these rules become universal. They are the origin of designs for grilles, grates, & turns

10K Huguenots slaughtered in the Massacre of St Bartholomew in Paris;^1c88 Anson says Pope & Cardinals sing solemn Te Deum in thanksgiving;

"Deo Sacris" abrogates provision for professed nuns collecting alms; now all professed nuns without exception bound by perpetual cloister; 1572-76, Luis de Leon imprisoned by Inquisition for his books; among them was a literal prose translation into Spanish of the Song of Songs; this was one of the charges brought against him;

Nov, d of Maria Diaz; huge crowds of people from all social levels attended the 9 days of services^8.104ff

SOCIETY Pop of Ávila peaks at 12-13K => pop doubles in T's lifetime;^8.54 the city begins to feel the effects of overcrowding^8.153

Revolt against Spanish domination in the Low Countries^31.30

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1573

REFERENCES 13.215, 15.124, 17.319, 25.34, 195

CARMEL Friars make fndations in Seville, Granada, & La Penuela^31.30

Feb: R/R gives the Count of Tendilla license for a priory at Mondejar^37.23

4/25 Jeronimo Gracian professed at Pastrana;^37.24

4/28 Vargas adds his authorization for priory in Grenada; Gabriel de la Concepcion had returned to Pastrana & picked up Baltasar de Jesus Nieto; they then went to Grenada to find a site; the Count of Tendilla & the archbp were feuding; the fndatn was made on Cerro de los Martires near the Alhambra; but $ & water were in short supply there; Jeronimo Gracian & Ambrosio MSB Azaro [as Vargas' rep] make a visitation and tell them to move; Tendillo gives them $, food, & water; so they stay^37.24

4/28 Vargas deputes to Baltasar de Jesus Nieto his authority as visitator over any houses that might be founded in Andalusia^{37.24, 125}

June: R/R gives Diego de Leon, bp of Colibraso, license for a priory in Andalusia;^37.23

June: The priory at San Juan del Puerto in Huelva further strains the relationship between the calced & discalced in Andalusia; Vargas writes to Ambrosio MSB Azaro asking him come down & discuss it; Ambrosio suggests that he bring Jeronimo Gracian along;^37.24

6/29 Pedro de los Angeles officially transfers into Pastrana; he was one of the hermits recruited by Diego de Leon; he transfers with permission of bp of Jaen;^37.23-24

Summer: (approx) JoC & his companions move out of the calced monastery in Avila & into a little house near the Incarnation^37.20

?Summer [date in dispute]: Fernandez commands T to return to Salamanca; T travels with Antonio Heredia, Julian de Avila, & Quiteria de Avila who is a nun from Incarnation; T was technially still a member of Salamanca; however she was also still in her 2nd yr as prioress at Incarnation; she was to supervise Salamanca's move to new quarters;^37.21

7/29 death of Ruy Gomez, the Prince of Eboli; his wife asks for Carmelite habit;^37.29 she wants to bring 2 maids with her; Fr. Balthasar, Prior of the Friars in Pastrana, gives her permission to do this;

8/4 Vargas withdraws Nieto's authority as visitator-delegate & sends him back to Pastrana to resume the priorship there; Vargas then names Jeronimo Gracian his new visitator-delegate giving him authority over both the calced & discalced; Gracian was 28 y.o & professed 6 mos; he accepts^37.25 [my math makes him professed 3˝ mos]

Sept: Gracian & Ambrosio MSB Azaro set out on visitation; 1st they go to Toledo to see Angel de Salazar, the Castilian provincial; Salazar tells Azaro he should get ordained; Azaro is ordained sub-deacon while there; Gracian tells Salazar that they want to travel, but doesn't tell him why!^37.25

8/25 While at Salamanca T starts Foundations & writes 1st 9 chapters; ^{1c88, 37.21}

Sept: The nuns in Salamanca move to a more satisfactory house; fndatn will last until 1582^37.17

God tells T to make fndatn at Segovia, but Fernandez had told her not to make fndatns while she was prioress at Incarnation; T writes him; he gives her a license at once;^37.21

Jeronimo Gracian & Azaro visit La Penuela & recommend Los Martires be closed; they visit Baeza next & Grenada last; there Gracian meets Vargas who formally transfers his commission to him, gives him the original papal brief, gives Gracian a special patent making him the superior of all Andalusian reform priories, and arranges that this all be kept secret until the time is "ripe" for the announcement; while there Gracian & Azaro receive a message from Salazar ordering them back to Pastrana; Vargas tells them to disregard it as his authority was superior to Salazar's; they did;^37.25

Gracian & Azaro go to Seville to meet with Augustin Suarez, the calced provincial of Andalusia, about San Juan del Puerto; they had represented themselves as visitators for the discalced only!^37.25

10/18 Gracian & Azaro, now at San Juan del Puerto, formally restore it to the calced; the prior, Diego de Santa Maria Heredia, had been skirmishing with Suarez; the calced friars who had joined the reform there were unhappy; the calced friars remain there; the discalced friars go with Gracian & Heredia to Sevile where they are installed provisionally in the calced priory; here they receive such "insolent treatment" that Gracian decides to found a discalced house there ASAP; the Archbp, charmed by Gracian, offers to lodge the friars in his palace pro temp;^37.25-26

Xmas: Ambrosio MSB Azaro ordained deacon at Seville;^37.24

Fernandez & Vargas' appts as visitators expire; however they are both reapptd for another 4 yrs by Ormaneto, the papal nuncio who also empowers them to authorize new fndatns;^37.14

CHURCH Francis Borgia, SJ Gen'l dies;

The SJ provincial congregation at Burgos reprimands Alvarez for his teaching the prayer of silence. This was raised again at the Gen'l Congregation in Rome = the "Alvarez problem"; Alvarez was rector at Salamanca at the time.

2/3 John Nelson, SJ martyred in London;

6/19 Thos. Woodhouse, SJ martyred in London

SOCIETY Philip recalls Duke of Alba; intermittent fighting will go on until 1609 with the Dutch victory;

Turkish conquest of Cyprus^31.30

Birth of John Donne & Ben Jonson;

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1574

REFERENCES 13.246ff, 15.124, 17.323

CARMEL 1/5 Nuestra Senora de los Remedios, discalced priory, founded in Triana, Seville; the Archbp had given them a disused hermitage; Jeronimo Gracian is prior & Azaro is novice master; the calced formally protest to Gracian that R/R had forbidden fndatns in Andalusia; they also point out that he did not consult R/R for this one; Gracian doesn't budge; the friars now complain toR/R himself; but these are the same friars who complained so bitterly about R/R's reforms in '67;^37.25-26

The calced provincials of Castile, Aragon, Catalonia, Andalusia, & Port meet & draw up a memo to R/R asking him to formally petition the Pope for authority for the order to nominate the apostolic visitators themselves; this memo was sent to R/R c/o Jeronimo Tostado;^37.26

The Archbp of Seville runs the archdiocese into bad debt; he mentions this to Jeronimo Gracian & Azaro; the banker, Nicholas Doria, is a friend of Azaro; he bails out the archbp; Gracian begins to be invited to preach at the cathedral;^37.26

Jan: T & co. leave for Segovia; they go via Alba, Medina, & Avila; at Avila they are joined by Julian de Avila, Antonio Gaytan, & JoC^37.22

Early 74 T visits Duchess of Alba;

3/15 Francisco de Vargas, exasperated by the calced in Andalusia, tells Philip that only the discalced in Pastrana would ever manage to reform the province;^37.27

3/19 Julian de Ávila, Isbl de Jesus, JoC, & T make fndatn in Segovia;^1c88

the house was leased for them by the widow Ana de Jimena; the bp had given verbal permission to a 3rd party; the bp was away at this time; the vicar-gen'l was very upset and came in a rage threatening to imprison JoC for saying mass there; T writes, "after we had paid out a great deal of money, everything was arranged" !!^37.22

Lent: Ambrosio MSB Azaro ordained a priest^37.25

4/6-7 nuns abandon Pastrana for Segovia^1c88 to get out from under Princess of Eboli [PoE]; PoE had already given up convent life & returned home, but she was still making the nuns miserable; T sends Julian de Avila & Antonio Gaytan from Segovia to Pastrana to help close up the monastery; PoE got wind of their plan and asked the chief of police to post guards to prevent it; he refuses; PoE then demands that they take the 2 maids with them; leaving at midnight, they take the one willing to go; Peers, however, claims the group made a "dignified" exit; they reach Segovia at the beginning of Holy Week;^37.29

T successfully negotiates with the Robles family to stop having all night vigils for the repose of the soul of Bernardo Robles; this was stipulated in an endowment to them^8.51

6/8 Vargas makes Jeronimo Gracian Vicar-Provincial of Andalusia, asi primitivos como no primitivos;^37.27

6/21 Antonio Heredia obtains a license from R/R for either another convent or priory; visitator Fernandez had already been approached & had refused;^37.22-23

8/3 At R/R's request, Pope Gregory XIII issues a counter-brief revoking the apostolic visitators' [Gracian's] powers; for some reason, R/R does not make this widely known until the chapter held at Piacenza the following May; both T & the nuncio know about it before then;^37.27

9/22 The nuncio counters R/R by appting Fernandez "Reformer of Castile" & Vargas-Gracian "Reformers of Andalusia"; he forwards notice of this to the pope^37.27

The Andalusian calced go ballistic & protest to R/R, Philip, & Gregory;^37.27

9/30 T returns to Incarnation for the last week of her term as prioress; the nuns there want to re-elect her, but T refuses; her cousin, Maria de San Jeronimo, is prioress at San Jose; she resigns; T is elected prioress;^37.29-30

Oct: R/R writes T asking for information about the in-fighting; the letter doesn't reach T until 6/75;^37.27

10/6 T finishes her term as prioress of the Incarnation^1c88

12/27 A letter from the Papal Secretary of State confirms the appts made on 9/22 of Fernandez, Vargas, & Jeronimo Gracian as "Reformers"; Ormaneto does not reveal this until 11/75 ^{37.27 & 34}

2nd redaction of Song completed^31.30

Friars fndatn in Almodovar del Campo^31.30

The carms abandon celebrating the feast of Albert of Jerusalem; it will be taken up again in 1609^33.74

CHURCH SJ's reprimand Cordeses for teaching the practice of affective prayer; a cc was sent to B. Alvarez

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1575

REFERENCES 6.279; 11.47-8; 12.46-8; 15.125

CARMEL Jan: R/R again writes T asking for info about all of the in-fighting among the friars; the letter doe not reach her until 6/75^37.27

2/24 T & Julian de Ávila et al to Beas for fndatn;^1c89 they take nuns from Avila, Segovia, Toledo, & Malagon; Ven Ana de Jesus was one of them & became the prioress; Antonio Gaytan and Gregorio Martinez [later Gregorio Nacianceno, ocd] accompany them; T thought the house was 5 leagues inside Castile, but actually it was in Andalusia;^37.30

Mar: agreement signed for a fndatn in Caravaca;^37.30

3/7 Priory of Almadovar del Campo founded by Antonio Heredia; licensed by R/R; c.f. 6/21/74^37.22

Nicolas Ormaneto, the papal nuncio, learns that Francisco de Vargas, op, had given his authority over Andalusia to Jeronimo Gracian; Ormaneto stops functioning, but he learns that Gracian is reluctant to exercise his powers so he asks Gracian to come from Seville to Madrid to see him; Gracian stops at Beas on the way;^37.30

Apr: T meets Gracian at Beas;^37.30 he was 30 yrs old, 3 yrs a Carmelite, and almost 2 yrs professed;^31.129 T is totally taken with him & makes a solemn life long vow of obedience to him;^37.30-31

5/18 T leaves Beas for Seville,^1c89 the chief city of Andalusia! she does so under the rubric of obeying Gracian, who as visitator had higher authority than R/R, the gen'l; ^37.31

5/21 Chapter meets at Piacenza; R/R presides; he reads Gregory's counter-brief stripping Gracian, Pedro Fernandez, op, & Vargas of their authority; actually this brief re-affirms the one issued earlier by Pius V; no member of the discalced was present; no defense was made on their behalf; the chapter issues the following orders: 1) the friars living at La Penuela, Grenada, & Seville leave these houses on 3 days notice; 2) these friars were to be confined to Castile; 3) they were to belong to this province in perpetuity; 4) they were forbidden to found any other convents or priories; 5) both friars & nuns were to go shod, or at least wear alpargatas; 6) they were to call themselves "primitives" or "contemplatives", not "discalced"; 7) they were to make their profession according to the usual carmelite form without additions; 8) the only discalced priors who had votation rights in chapter were from those houses founded before 1571; these regulations were not put into effect;^37.28

The stipulation that no discalced nun, and ToA by name, could leave her convent without pain of excommunication does not appear in the chapter minutes; it may have been decided by R/R alone or in conjunction with his definitors; they also stipulated that T should be confined to the convent of her own choice in Castile; T was hurt; this decree was enforced for a time;^37.28

5/24 T takes vow of obedience to Gracian^1c89

5/26 T arrives in Seville^37.31

Pentecost: Gracian arrives in Madrid; there he learns about the suppression of the Adalusian priories; he refuses to obey the order to close them; Angel de Salazar, the Castillian provincial, excommunicates Gracian; since he could no longer stay at the priory, Gracian goes to his parents' house; Ormaneto, the nuncio, hears about the excommunication, sends for Salazar & dresses him down saying that Gracian could not possibly be excommunicated for preferring to obey the representative of the pope rather than the representative of the general; Gracian returns to the priory & stays there for the rest of his 3 mos stay in Madrid;^37.33

Gracian wanted to be relieved of his duties as visitator to the calced so he writes to his bro Antonio asking him to petition King Philip about this; Antonio was one of Philip's secretaries; Philip did not want to do this; in the mean time Ormaneto consults with Rome to improve upon Gracian's authority;^37.33

5/29 T makes fndatn in Seville with 6 nuns & Julian de Avila, Antonio Gaytan, & Gregorio Martinez/Nacianceno; Ambrosio [MSB] Azaro, the Vicar of Los Remedios, found the house; it was small, damp, and poorly furnished; there were no pillows, sheets, or blankets; the neighboring Franciscans opposed the fndatn; the Archbp was exceptionally difficult; the calced friars raised objections ^{1c89, 37.31-2}

June: T receives R/R's two letters asking about all of the in-fighting among the friars; she makes an impassioned defense of Gracian; it was too late; early in his career Gracian kept R/R informed of his activities, but he soon stopped doing so; by June the gap had become irreconcilable;^37.27

6/18 T writes R/R from Seville stating that Beas 'is not Andalusia, but a province of Andalusia' & that she only realized even this much after the fndatn had been made; :-)^37.31

7/19 T writes Philip II on behalf of the Reform; she suggests that the discalced be made into a separate province with Gracian as its head;^37.32-33

Gracian follows up this letter with a personal interview with Philip asking him to divide the order;^37.34

8/3: With Rome's approval Nuncio Ormaneto app'ts Gracian the "Provincial Superior" of all the discalced; he also appts Gracian the visitator of both calced & discalced in Adalusia; now Gracian has the authority of the nuncio, the king & the pope behind him; in his jurisdiction his authority over-rode that of the gen'l; Ormaneto details his duties thus: 1) introduce greater uniformity of life among the discalced; 2) evaluate the habits & discipline of the calced; 3) deal with the disobedient; 4) make or revoke statutes as needed; 5) eliminate abuses; & 6) enforce Tridentine reform where this has not been done;^37.33-34

The calced in Andalusia know about the Piacenza resolutions & Pope Gregory's revocation of Gracian's commission on 8/3/74; they do not think that the nuncio has the authority to over ride these decisions;^37.35

Gracian consults with T, Antonio Heredia, Ambrosio MSB Azaro, & Gregorio Nacianceno about how to handle the Andalusian calced; he also appeals to the archbp of Toledo for support;^37.35

8/12 T's bros Pedro & Lorenzo & his family arrive in Sp; Jerome & Lorenzo's youngest son Stephen died on way;^1c89

Lorenzo guarantees the purchase of the house for the Seville fndatn & otherwise helps greatly; however an irregularity was found in the deed & he had to go into hiding to avoid arrest; a lawsuit results & the nuns lose; ^37.32

9/27 T writes Gracian from Seville telling him that if he is gentle in his visitation with the calced friars in Seville, she is hopeful that they will not resist him;^37.35

By Oct Gracian finished his work in Old Castile; at T's request he also included an assessment of the Incarnation at this time; next he went to Toledo; here he learns that the calced in Andalusia had decided to resist him on the authority of the counter-brief of 8/3/74; he reports this to Ormaneto & asks for instructions;^37.34

Nov 6: Ormaneto brushes aside Gracian's concerns pointing out that he had already taken measures twice to invalidate the counter-brief; moreover he now reveals the existence of the papal letter endorsing Gracian's appt; to help him convince the calced of this, Ormaneto writes Gracian a letter empowering him to make visitation despite the counter-brief;^37.34

On his way south Gracian stops at Almodovar & picks up Antonio Heredia to make him prior of Los Remedios; he visits La Penuela, Beas, & Los Martires & then goes on to Seville;^37.35

Mid-Nov: Gracian & Heredia arrive in Seville; they have the nuncio's brief & letters from the king & royal council for support; Gracian fears poisoning & eats nothing but boiled eggs;^37.35

11/21 the first day of visitation of the priory in Seville; Gracian attempts to read the authorizing brief to the friars; all but Juan Evangelista, the sub-prior who is acting as prior, refuse him entrance; Gracian excommunicates them; they slam the door in his face; many years later Gracian writes about this saying, "...on that day I came near to losing my life for the Order," but there is no evidence to justify this claim.^37.35-36

Right away Gracian reports the incident to the nuncio who reports it to the king who tells the Archbp of Seville and the Count of Barajas, who is Asisente of Seville, to support Gracian with both ecclesial and civil authority. In the mean time, the nuncio writes to the friars telling them to obey Gracian on his next visit or face con't excommunication and still worse things;^37.36

Dec 19: Gracian again visits the friars in Seville; Juan Evangelista, acting as prior, secures a hearing for the brief, but the friars will not participate in roll call or allow a visitation; Gracian again pronounces the excommunication; the friars announce that they will ignore it and con't to say mass as usual;^37.36

Dec: book of T's life denounced to the Inquisition of Seville by Princess of Eboli as an act of spite^1c89

Dec: Salazar & Miguel de Ulloa, calced prior of Seville, give T R/R's letter telling her to stop making fndatns & to retire to a convent in Castille; since it is winter & a bad time for travel, Gracian forbids her to leave until spring;^37.34

Agustin Suarez, the Andalusian Provincial, writes from Madrid telling the friars in Seville to obey Gracian;^37.36

An O Carm monastery of nuns opens in Onteniente^32.54

CHURCH Inquisition focuses on Alumbrados in Andalusia; B Alvarez ordered to write refutation of Alumbrados' mistakes

"Ubi gratiae" regulates & restricts entrance into monasteries;

Augustine Baker (1575-1641)

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1576

REFERENCES 13.267ff, 311; 15.127-8; 17.253

CARMEL 1/1 fndatn at Caravaca by Ana of St Albert^1c89

1/2 Inquisition orders Bishop Mendoza to turn over book of T's Life; they keep it until 1588^1b483

1/15 Jeronimo Gracian finally makes a successful visitation of the friars in Seville; Peers says that he makes a third attempt to visit on 1/15 & then says the visitation lasted from Feb to April! Antonio Heredia & Juan Evangelista go from cell to cell & impound any contraband; private property was put where it could be used by everyone; 2 discalced from Los Remedios became porter & sacristan; Gracian & 2 other discalced took charge of the novices; the friars were prevented from going out for meals & overnight stays; many other like changes were instituted; ^37.36-37

Gracian relieves Miguel de Ulloa of his duties as prior of Seville & replaces him with Juan Evangelista;^37.138

A similar visit is made of the calced nuns in Seville; next the rest of the Andalusian houses were easily visited by Gracian's deputies: Antonio Heredia & Juan de los Rios;^37.37

While they submitted to these visitations, the Adalusian calced were unhappy with this turn of events & so they protested to the pope. They sent Pedro de Cota, the prior of Cordoba, & Luis de Navarrete, the prior of Utrera, to complain about the authority given to Gracian by Ormaneto; Ormaneto tells Gracian to stop his visitations until the results of this appeal are known;^37.37-38

Winter of 75-76: Alonso Valdemoro, calced prior of house at Avila, kidnaps JoC & ?Francisco de los Apostoles & has them taken to Medina; the city protests; Ormaneto intervenes to free them; he forbids the calced to have anything to do with the Incarnation;^37.48-49

March: Jeronimo Tostado arrives in Spain; he goes first to Perpignan to meet the provincial chapter there; Rubeo/Rossi, the gen'l, had been getting confusing reports from there so he decided to send Tostado to investigate; he is a calced from Portugal; Tostado had specific instructions to suppress the 3 discalced fndatns as per the chapter of Piacenza;^37.37

T writes account of her spiritual life for Alvarez = consultant to Inquisition^1c89=>Testimonies 58 & 59^31.30

5/6 By now Cota & Navarrete had returned to Sp; this day Cota arrives in Seville; he thinks that the document he was given will end Gracian's visitations & so he wanted to get to Augustin Suarez, the Andalusian provincial, before Gracian learned of his return; Cota was afraid Gracian would go to the king or the nuncio to block him; so Cota goes into hiding & sends a messenger to Suarez;^37.38

In the mean time, Gracian gets wind of Cota & Navarrete's arrival so consults with the ArchBp of Seville, the Assistente, & Don Francisco de Arganda, Fiscal of the Sevillian Inquisition; all 3 agree that Gracian should disappear to avoid being served notice by Cota; Gracian leaves Seville on the very day that Cota arrived so Cota's caution was unnecessary;^37.38

It is not known what the document that Cota & Navarrete brought back from Rome said; however they apparently had gained little from the trip because upon their return Ormaneto instructed Gracian to start his visitations again;^37.38

Gracian appts Juan Evangelista the vicar-provincial of Andalusia & goes north to Castile keeping a low-profile; once in Madrid he again asks to relieved of his duties as visitator to the calced, but the nuncio, the king, & the royal council all turned down his request & told him to get back to work in Andalusia;^37.38

5/7 Jeronimo Gracian confirms Fernandez' const for nuns & adds his own "Dispositions"

5/12 Angel de Salazar calls a provincial chapter at San Pablo de la Moraleja, a village between Medina del Campo & Avila; its purpose is to have elections & to take up the Piacenza resolutions; 3 discalced priors were invited; all were from fndatns made with R/R's permission: 1) Diego de la Trinidad from Pastrana, 2) Juan de Jesus Roca from Mancera, 3) Elias de San Martin Martinez who was the rector at the college of Alcala de Henares;^37.41

Diego & Elias stopped on the way to consult Ormaneto; he advised them to resist any effort to cripple the reform or curtail Gracian; the stop-over with Ormaneto caused them to arrive late however and all of the Piacenza resolutions had already been confirmed by the time they arrived;^37.41

The 3 discalced protested & Roca announced that they would now work for the reform's complete independence from the order; much recrimination ensued before the chapter broke up; upon leaving Roca went to Madrid to report to Ormaneto, and shortly afterwards the Moraleja decisions were annulled by the king^37.41

5/24 Jeronimo Tostado, o carm visitator in Lombardy, elected provincial in Catalonia, Portugal;^37.37

5/28 or 5/29 Nuns in Seville move into their new house; the Archbp, various priests & confraternities attend; there are fireworks & street minstrels^{37.32, 37.46}

6/4 [or 5/28, date disputed] T, Gregorio Nancianceno, Antonio Ruiz, T's bro Lorenzo, & his daughter Teresita leave Seville in a comfortable coach provided by Lorenzo; they travel to Toledo via Almoldovar del Campo & Malagon; T was doing this to obey the gen'l's orders [5/21/75!] to return to Castile; initially Gracian had wanted her to finish her triennium as prioress at San Jose, but apparently had allowed T to remain in Toledo for a year; while there she works on Foundations;^{37.46-47, 1c89}

mid-June: Gracian returns to Seville; the calced there ask the nuncio again to replace Gracian as visitator promising to obey anyone else;^37.38

6/23/76 T arrives in Toledo;^1c89 Peers says she stays there a full year;^37.47 R/R's order of 5/21/75 for T to retire to Castile, left the choice of convent to T; Gracian had ordered her to return to San Jose to finish her term as prioress; however T elected [probably with Gracian's approval] to stay in Toledo. Peers points out that the climate suited her better and that she did not get may visitors there; moreover the head [one Figueredo] of the courier service [Correo Mayor] was a friend and she could easily carry on her correspondence from there;^37.46-47

6/28 Alvaro de Mendoza. Bp of Avila, is transferred to Palencia; T decides to place San Jose under the order;^37.47

While she was in Toledo, the town of Villanueva asks T to accept into the order 9 women who had been living as hermits there; her confessor, Canon Valazquez supports the idea; T is wary;^37.64

mid-July: T leaves Toledo & returns to Avila; she remains there until 6/79;^37.47

7/27 Dona G de Ulloa [who obtained the original brief for the foundation] submits to the Bp a formal petition to transfer San Jose to the authority of the order.

7/28 The peitition is read to the nuns at San Jose! they approve the transfer;^37.47

8/2 The Bp of Avila formally approves the transfer of San Jose to the jurisdiction of the order;^37.47

8/3 Gracian defies the Moraleja decisions by calling for a meeting of the discalced priors from Andalusia & Castile at Almodovar del Campo; he told them that the purpose of the meeting was to establish the discalced as a province & to elect definitors & a provincial => a chapter of the reform; Gracian claimed that he had authority to do this because the powers of the apostolic visitator are superior to those of the general; it is true that Ormaneto had apptd Gracian as 'Provincial Superior' on 8/3/76, however the group that would assemble would not technically have the authority to form a separate province;^37.41-42

8/5 Tostado arrives in Madrid with a patent that describes him as vicar-gen'l of all Spain; Ormaneto warns him that the royal council would not consent to making a visitation in Spain; he suggests that Tostado go to Port first; Tostado examines Gracian's patents & finds nothing wrong with them;^37.37&40

8/7 the king, forestalling Tostado, orders all authorities of 'any & every one of the cities, towns & villages of our kingdom' to give Gracian any assistance he needs to carry out the visitation & reform of the calced houses;^37.38-39

In response Suarez calls a provincial chapter at Ecija; the chapter deposes all the priors Gracian had apptd & sends Juan Evangelista to the discalced at Los Remedios;^37.38

Aug: T writes On Making the Visitation^1c89

8/29 Tostado leaves for Lisbon & has no trouble making visitations in Portugal; he stays in Portugal to about the following March;^37.40

9/1 Gracian again states his intention to estb a discalced province;^37.42

9/9 The meeting at Almodovar opens; the following attend: 1) Diego de la Trinidad, 2) Juan Roca, 3) Elias Martinez, 4) Francisco de Jesus Capel from Grenada, 5) Antonio de Jesus Heredia from Los Remedios, 6) John of the Cross from the Incarnation, 7?) Gabriel de la Asuncion Buencuchillo y Hernandez from La Roda; Gracian presided;^37.42

The following decisions were made: 1) Gracian was considered to be the provincial & was not elected as such; 2) Heredia was elected first definitor; 3) the const that Gracian had given a few months earlier [May?] were adopted; 4) the decisions of the Moraleja chapter were rejected totally; 5) a provincial zelator was apptd to spend a few days discussing spiritual matters at each house; 6) a number of unsatisfactory calced friars were sent back to the calced; 7) discalced friars whom Pedro Fernandez, the dominican "reformer", had sent to govern calced houses were re-called; 8) they also decided to re-call John of the Cross from the Incarnation, but this was never implemented; 9) they debated whether the friars should be totally contemplative or a contemplative-active hybrid & they chose the latter; 10) they decided to move the La Penuela monastery to a better location; 11) they decided to send Juan Roca & Pedro de los Angelos from La Penuela to Rome to report on recent events & lobby for the acceptance of this separate province; 12) they decided that if Gracian became incapacitated as provincial, Antonio Heredia, as 1st definitor, should call for fresh elections; T approved the idea; however a deputation did not leave for Rome until 2 years later;^{37.42-43, 55, 212}

9/20 T writes Gracian saying, "The Fathers have come back from it [the Moraleja chapter] in highest spirits....& I am extremely pleased to know how much good was done at it...."; the nuncio & king were also pleased;^37.43

Nov: La Penuela moves to El Calvario near Beas;^37.42 the Archbp of Seville asked the discalced to reform the calced monastery of nuns at Paterna in Huelva; 3 ocd nuns from Seville comply with this request;^37.45

John Narducci (Fr Juan de la Miseria) paints T's portrait in Seville^31.30

October: T's triennium at San Jose is finished; the nuns at the Incarnation elect T as their prioress with a vote of 55 to 44 in favor; Provincial Juan Gutierrez de la Magdalena supervised the election; as each nun voted for T, he "excommunicated her, and abused her, and pounded the voting-papers with his fist and struck them and burned them;" Gutierrez declared Dona Ana de Toledo, the minority candidate, the winner; the 55 would only recognize her as vicaress to T; Gutierrez summoned the nuns for fresh elections the next day; the 55 refused to come; Gutierrez excommunicated them again; he prohibited them from entering the choir and attending mass as well; Gutierrez declared Dona Ana elected & sent to Tostado for confirmation; the 55 appealed to Tostado also & asked him to obtain an agent of the Royal Council to solve the dispute;^37.47-48

T asks Alonso de Aranda to intervene with Tostado or the nuncio to get the nuns absolved; failing that T asked him to get Julian de Avila to convince the 55 to recognize Dona Ana;^37.48

Nov: La Penuela moves to El Calvario near Beas;^37.42 the Archbp of Seville asked the discalced to reform the calced monastery of nuns at Paterna in Huelva; 3 ocd nuns from Seville comply with this request;^37.45

John Narducci (Fr Juan de la Miseria) paints T's portrait in Seville^31.30

11/14 T writes several chapters of Foundations finishing chapter 27 on this day; T writes to Gracian, "I think you will be pleased with it when you see it. It makes good reading."^{31.30, 37.47}

December: Thru the intervention of the king and with the instructions of Tostado and Sega, Maldonado is sent from Toledo to Avila to absolve the 55 nuns at the Incarnation;^37.48

12/3 JoC taken prisoner^1c89

12/4 T writes to king on JoC's behalf^1c89

12/14 T breaks L arm for 1st time; she is at San Jose;^1c89 Another source has T still in Toled

CHURCH 6/18 nuncio Ormaneto dies;

8/29 new nuncio, Sega, arrives.

The SJ Gen'l censures Fr Alvarez. Among other strictures he was directed not to "spend time with women, especially Carmelite nuns;" he was told to teach only the mode of prayer set forth in the Exercises & was told to follow it himself. Around this time all SJ's were directed to disassociate themselves from Carmelite nuns.

End of Alvaro de Mendoza's reign as bishop of Ávila

San Jose is removed from episcopal jurisdiction & put under Carmelite jurisdiction^31.162

Or 1577? B Alvarez rector at Villa Garcia College; Magdalene Ulloa, founder and patron, invited by Alvarez for a tour after the consecration of the church. She is publicly dismissed from the cloister by the SJ Visitor

SOCIETY Death of Titian

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1577

REFERENCES 13.310ff, 15.115, 128ff, 18.146

CARMEL 2/6 T writes Satirical Critique^1c89

Sometime between Feb & May Jeronimo Tostado returns to Spain; before he started making visitations, the royal council challenged his authority; his papers from Rome said that he needed authorization by the king; Tostado had not been given this so the council orders him back to Rome; a bruhaha ensues that is not resolved until 11/5;^37.40

5/28 Jeronimo Gracian orders T to write another book^1b263

6/2-11/29 T writes Castle^1c89

6/18 Nuncio Nicholas Ormaneto dies; he had given so much of his money to the poor that the king had to pay for the funeral; in his last months he wrote to Filippo Buoncompagni on behalf of the discalced; Buoncompagni was cardinal secretary of state, nephew of Gregory XIII, & protector of the carmelite order in Rome^{37.43 & 207}

6/28 The Bp of Avila is transferred to Palencia; T interrupts writing Castle to transfer the jurisdiction over San Jose from the ordinary to the order; by then Gracian was Apostolic Visitor to the Reform; ^37.47

July: T goes from Toledo to San Jose in Avila; she stays there until 6/79^37.47-48

mid-July: T overcomes the Bp's resistance to losing jurisdiction over San Jose & she goes there;^37.47

7/27 Dona G de Ulloa, who was granted the original brief for the fndatn of San Jose, writes the Bp & requests the transfer of the jurisdiction to the order;^37.47

7/28 Ulloa's petition is read to the community at San Jose and they approve the request!^37.47

8/2 the Bp approves the transfer; ^37.48

August: Filippo Sega arrives in Spain as the new papal nuncio; his previous assignment was in the Low Countries with Don Juan of Austria; he is related to Buoncompagni; Buoncompagni had spoken to him against the reform, & T complains that his mind had been "poisoned", & so Sega starts condemning, imprisoning, & exiling the discalced;^{37.43 & 222}

Tostado claims power under Sega's authority & decrees that no new fndatns can be made, that all discalced houses are to have a calced prior, & that all current discalced priors are to report to him; he was pretty much ignored;^37.43-44

Tostado orders JoC & German de San Matias to leave the Incarnation; Peers says he did this "on Ormaneto's death"; so perhaps this happened in July; they refuse claiming that Fernandez had sent them; he was still functioning as "Reformer" of the order under the authority of Ormaneto, & Sega had not [yet] revoked this authority; Madonado, prior at Toledo, tries to convince JoC to renounce the reform; the discalced begin to worry that Maldonado will resort to force; to protect JoC they consider making him prior of Mancera, a monastery recognized by the Chapter of Piacenza; they also attempted to guard the two; however JoC & German are abducted before the plan for transfer could be realized [see Dec]^37.48-49

The next flash point becomes Gracian: Did his authority lapse with the death of Ormaneto or did he still have the powers of visitator? Gracian visits Sega who grudgingly acknowledges that his papers are in order; Sega tells Gracian that he may continue his work, but that he should keep Sega informed; Gracian fumes about having to report to Sega; he consults theologians & bps; Gracian again tries to hand in his resignation to King Philip, but Phil tells him to do nothing until he consults the pope; Sega fusses & storms because Gracian won't follow his orders; the pope's letter comes back saying that Sega is not to mess with religious orders unless invited to do so by the king; Sega fusses & fumes some more & threatens to return to Rome; Gracian decides to lie low for about a year to let the dust settle;^37.44-45

Some of the reform minded friars take this retirement as a sign of defeat & return to the calced; Br Miguel de la Columna & Baltasar Nieto both begin to make severe charges against Gracian; Columna had been punished for speaking ill of the nuns at Paterna;^37.45

Tostado orders JoC & German de San Matias to leave the Incarnation; Peers says he did this "on Ormaneto's death"; so perhaps this happened in July; they refuse claiming that Fernandez had sent them; he was still functioning as "Reformer" of the order under the authority of Ormaneto, & Sega had not [yet] revoked this authority; Madonado, prior at Toledo, tries to convince JoC to renounce the reform; the discalced begin to worry that Maldonado will resort to force; to protect JoC they consider making him prior of Mancera, a monastery recognized by the Chapter of Piacenza; they also attempted to guard the two; however JoC & German are abducted before the plan for transfer could be realized [see Dec]^37.48-49

9/4 [or 10/8; date disputed] At Paterna Columna makes a formal retraction before witness of his charges; in it he says that he was compelled by force to sign a document written by others; for his part Nieto sends Gracian a letter of apology & retires to private life;^37.46

9/18 Teresa, not having heard about the retractions, writes Philip on Gracian's behalf;^37.46

Oct T's term as prioress of San Jose ends; she fears she will be elected prioress of the Incarnation; 55 of the 99 nuns there vote for her, but the calced were determined to subvert the election; the Moraleja Chapter had elected Juan Gutierrez de Magdalena to replace Salazar as Castilian provincial; he supervised this election; as each of the pro-Teresa nuns handed him her vote, "he excommunicated her, and abused her, and pounded the voting-papers with his fist and struck them and burned them;"^37.47-48

Gutierrez declared Dona Ana de Toledo to have won the election, but rather than declaring her the prioress, he declares her the vicaress to T; the 55 majority refuse to recognize her authority;^37.48

The next day Gutierrez calls for another election; the nuns refuse to convene; Gutierrez excommunicates them again, declares Ana de Toledo elected, and sends the results to Tostado for confirmation;^37.48

Theologians were consulted about the validity of the excommunications; there was disagreement among them on the validity, but nonetheless the nuns were prohibited from receiving communion, hearing mass, or even entering the choir; ^37.48

The excommunicated appealed in vain to Tostado to ask the intervention of the Royal Council; T asked her friend Alonso de Aranda to intercede and either get the excommunication reversed or failing that T asked him to get Julian de Avila to convince the 55 to recognize Dona Ana;^37.48

Nov The King intervenes in the dispute; Tostado & Sega instruct Maldonado to go from Toledo to Avila to give the 55 absolution;^37.48

11/5 Chumacero, the fiscal procurator, deprives Tostado of his powers; this is immediately upheld by a royal provision; Tostado then returns to Rome;^37.40-41

11/30 T finishes The Interior Castle^37.49

December: Thru the intervention of the king and with the instructions of Tostado and Sega, Maldonado is sent from Toledo to Avila to absolve the 55 nuns at the Incarnation;^37.48

12/3 JoC & German are taken prisoner^1c89 on the charge that their refusal to obey Tostado was a "rebellion"; they were first taken to the calced monastery in Avila; Maldonado was staying there at the time because he had come to absolve the 55; they were kept there several days; German was taken by Valdemoro to La Moraleja; JoC was taken by Maldonado to Toledo;^37.49

At Toledo Tostado subjects JoC to an inquisition; JoC was imprisoned in a small, dark cell; he was fed bread, water, & scraps of salt fish; at first he was disciplined by the entire cmty on a daily basis & then later at longer intervals; he was requested & was allowed "paper & ink for the composing of a few things profitable to devotion"; while there he wrote In principio erat Verbum, The Spiritual Canticle, & some, or perhaps all, of the verses of The Dark Night; ^37.49

12/4 T writes a vigorous letter of protest to king on JoC's behalf; some authorities think she also visited the king; this is disputed; the king did nothing;^37.49-50

12/14 T breaks L arm for 1st time; she is at San Jose;^1c89 Another source has T still in Toledo

CHURCH 6/18 nuncio Ormaneto dies;

8/29 new nuncio, Sega, arrives.

The SJ Gen'l censures Fr Alvarez. Among other strictures he was directed not to "spend time with women, especially Carmelite nuns;" he was told to teach only the mode of prayer set forth in the Exercises & was told to follow it himself. Around this time all SJ's were directed to disassociate themselves from Carmelite nuns.

End of Alvaro de Mendoza's reign as bp of Ávila

San Jose is removed from episcopal jurisdiction & put under Carmelite jurisdiction^31.162

SOCIETY 9/27 Covarrubias, president of the royal council, dies^37.52

Birth of Thos Morley;

Lavinia Fontana marries; her husband, an artist, gives up his career to become a house husband;

Birth of Reubens;

El Greco begins to paint the church of Santo Domingo in Toledo

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1578

REFERENCES 11.48

CARMEL Dona Guiomar enters San Jose, but doesn't persevere^8.166

Feb: Magdalena & Valdemoro spend 10 days at the Incarnation; the 55 had sent a memo to the calced Council complaining that their election of T had been negated; Magdalena & Valdemoro are there to get the nuns to withdraw the complaint; T doesn't want to be prioress there & so supports Magdalena & Valdemoro; other orders [notably the OPs] also counsel the nuns to withdraw; the nuns do; Magdalena goes to Madrid immediately to present the retraction; T asks Roque de Huerta also to get in touch with the Council on her behalf to insure that it receives the correct information; ^37.50

March: German escapes from La Moraleja;^37.49

Lent: Gracian conducts missions near Alcala de Henares, Guadalajara, & Pastrana; Gracian lived as a hermit in some caves near the latter;^37.45

May: King Philip by way of Pazos, the current president of the royal council, orders Gracian to start conducting visitations again; Gracian was not happy about this;^37.52

Pazos tells Gracian that if he needs to consult a higher authority, he should consult Pazos himself & not Sega, for the king has more authority than a representative of the pope; to this end Pazos gave Gracian a number of Royal Orders enabling him to make use of secular power anywhere; ^37.52

July: By now JoC is emaciated & exhausted but the floggings have nearly stopped; a new, young friar from Valladolid becomes his guard & gives him needles & thread to mend his clothes; this guard also allows JoC short exercise walks along the corridor;^37.50-51

7/23 Sega issues a counter-brief takeing away Jeronimo Gracian's faculties as visitator;^1c89 he forbids giving obedience to Gracian or anyone else that Ormaneto had empowered; Sega, the nuncio, also assumed the right to govern the discalced, but delegated this authority to the calced;^37.51

Early August: Gracian makes a routine visitation at Valladolid; while there the nuncio's messengers arrive to notify him formally about the counter-brief; being fore-warned & fearing imprisonment, Gracian takes refuge at the Bp's place; assuming him to be there, the messengers go to St Alexis, the priory; they attempted without success to break down the door to gain admittance; failing this, the notary read the brief in a loud voice outside the priory & then returned to Madrid to report to Sega; Gracian heads back to Madrid also; ^37.52-53

8/3 Sega's messengers notify Mariano [MSB] Azaro about the counter-brief; ^37.53

8/8 T writes now things now are "as bad as they can possibly be";^37.51

8/9 T takes comfort in the hope that this would propel the creation of a separate discalced province forward; she also realizes that this would spare Gracian the trials of dealing with the calced, and will eliminate the possibility of his being poisoned;^37.51

Sega's messengers notify the nuns at San Jose about the counter-brief;^37.53

The counter counter-brief is issued; i.e. the royal council forbids OCDs to obey Sega; most OCDs had been obeying Sega & some cont'd to do so anyway; the royal council prohibited Sega from circulating his briefs; they confirmed Gracian as visitator & promise him civil protection if necessary; Sega was only seeking Gracian's excommunication however;^{1c89, 37.53}

8/10 T sends Julian de Avila to Madrid to ask Sega not to give the calced the right to govern the OCDs; she also writes letters to others asking them to intervene with Sega to improve his relationship with Gracian;^37.52

8/12 Gracian stops to see T at San Jose on his way to Madrid; he next visits Philip at El Escorial;^37.53

From Madrid Gracian goes to Pastrana; Antonio Heredia and Mariano [MSB] Azaro are also there; Sega's messengers bring them the brief again; Prior Diego de la Trinidad, knowing that he would have the support of the local governor, questions whether he should admit them; Gracian decides to receive the messengers with courteous deference; he shows them the decrees of the royal council and Ormaneto's patents; Sega's counter-brief is read to the chapter;^37.53

Gracian immediately returns to Madrid to see Philip; because Philip was annoyed by Gracian's compliance, he refused further assistance; Sega was upset too and excommunicates Gracian, Antonio, & Mariano and confines them all: Mariano at the Dominican house of Our Lady of Antocha, Antonio at the discalced Franciscan friary of San Bernadino, & Gracian at the calced in Madrid;^37.53-54

Juan [de Jesus] Roca, the prior at Mancera, comes to Madrid to discuss founding a reform priory with Sega; Sega refuses to receive him & has him confined at the calced in Madrid.^37.54

Roca obtains an interview with Sega & defends the reform. It was then that Sega retorted saying, T was a "restless, disobedient and contumacious gadabout, who, under the guise of devoutness, has invented false doctrines, leaving the enclosure against the orders of the Council of Trent and her own superiors, and teaching as though she were a Master,contrarily to the instructions of St. Paul, who ordered that women were not to teach." Roca waited for Sega to finish his harangue and picked up where he left off; Sega was unmoved; Roca then asked Sega to put the reform in a separate province; Sega agreed at least to take the reform from the governance of the calced; Sega went on to say that the discalced themselves were o.k.; it was Gracian who was a trouble-maker and who caused the problem with Philip; Sega claimed he was not upset that the pope had revoked his jurisdiction over religious orders; he was upset because of the terrible things that people said Gracian was doing; if Gracian were brought to trial for them, Sega said he would support the discalced and petition the pope for a separate province.^37.54

A few days later Sega hears about the royal council's counter counter-brief & goes ballistic; he sends for Roca and retracts his offers; he sends Roca back to Mancera and sends 2 friars to all of the reform houses demanding obedience;^37.54

8/17-18 JoC escapes from prison in Toledo^1c89 letting himself down with a rope made of torn strips of his bed-coverings; he goes to the nuns in Toledo; from there Don Pedro Gonzales de Mendoza, a Cathedral Canon, takes JoC to his own home; he stayed there almost 2 months; i.e. until he recovered enough to travel;^37.51

9/4 R/R dies; Juan Bautista Cafardo appt'd vicar-gen'l & eventually elected the new prior-gen'l; he writes a friendly letter to the ocd friars at Seville;^37.53

Oct: JoC is so weak that he is sent to Almodovar with the Canon Mendoza's servants to care for him; altho he holds no office, he will take an active part in the 10/9 chapter;^{37.56, 57}

10/9 OCD friars hold Chapter at Almodovar; Antonio [de Jesus] Heredia, Pedro de los Angelos, Gregorio [Nancianceno] Martinez y Lopez, Gabriel [de la Asuncion] Buencuchillo y Hernandez, Ambrosio de San Pedro, Francisco [de la Concepcion] Espinel, & JoC attend; Gracian does not [disputed]; Juan [de Jesus] Roca arrives late because he was detained by the nuncio; following the decisions of the chapter of 9/76, since Gracian had resigned as provincial, the friars discuss his replacement; Roca, Doria, & T argue against this; nonetheless the chapter elects Heredia provincial;^{1c90, 37.55, 57}

JoC & Juan de Jesus vigorously disagree with holding this chapter and electing a new provincial because they do not think that an ocd province has been properly erected; they propose instead to petition both the pope & the king to estb an ocd province properly; they also fear that electing a provincial would only precipitate fresh reprisals from nuncio Sega; in response the ocd's incarcerate Juan de Jesus for a month at Almodovar; they send Heredia et al to Madrid to talk to Sega, & they send JoC to El Calvario as vicar while the prior was in Rome^37.57

The chapter of 9/76 had decided to send 2 friars to Rome, but they never went; this time the chapter sends Pedro de los Angelos & Juan de San Diego; they accomplish nothing; in fact, they meet the vicar-gen'l in Naples & Pedro gives him all of their documents! this, of course, reveals to him the irregular nature of the ocd behavior; Pedro, probably realizing his blunder, accepts the lavish hospitality of the Marquis of Mondejar, Viceroy of Naples; he is a great friend of the reform; Pedro then returns to Spain without having gone on to Rome at all; in Spain he defects to the observance at Granada;^37.56

10/16 Sega responds to the chapter at Amaldovar: 1) he annuls all of its decisions; 2) he excommunicates all attendees; 3) he refuses to listen to Heredia et al; 4) he abuses T specifically, and all ocds in gen'l; 5) he forbids the ocds to receive any more novices; 5) he puts ocds under jurisdiction of the 2 observant provincials--Diego de Cardenas in Andalusia and Juan Gutierrez de la Magdalena in Castile; and 6) he banishes all the leaders of the reform:^{1c90, 37.58-59}

G Martinez is sent to Seville; Mariano is again sent at first to the Dominican house of Antocha in Madrid; then, lest he be able to get the ear of the Philip, he was sent to Pastrana; Buencuchillo & Heredia are sent at first to San Bernadino in Madrid and then at the end of the year to La Roda where Buencuchillo was prior; Gracian was sent to the calced in Madrid; he was well treated there;^37.59

11/4 prior gen'l R/R dies^1c90

12/1 20 ocd friars at Seville promise obedience to Cafardo; JoC is one of them; Doria leads the list; he was vicar at Los Remedios;^37.53

Dec: Joc, Mendoza's servants, & Espinel leave Amodovar as a party; Espinel returns to La Penuela; Joc & servants stop at Beas; Ana de Jesus is prioress there; the servants return to Mendoza and JoC goes on to El Calvario; he probably begins the commentaries for Ascent and Canticle; every Saturday we walks to Beas to hear confessions; his predecessor heard the entire comty's confessions in 30 mins! JoC stayed the entire weekend hearing confessions, giving talks, answering questions, reading them his poems, etc;^37.57

Dec Gracian tried on charges brought by the calced at Andalusia; Sega appoints 3 judges in the case: Don Luis Manrique [= Philip's chaplain], Fray Lorenzo de Villavicencio [an Augustinian], & Fray Hernando del Castillo, OP. These 3 judges rule against Sega; letters are sent to all ocd houses directing them to disregard Sega's orders; most ocd houses obey Sega instead because he was the pope's representative & because Sega excommunicated any resisters;^37.59

he was sentenced to detention at the ocd house at Acala de Henares; his sentence: to fast 3 days/week; take the discipline one extra time/week; have no contact with other discalced; write no letters except to his parents or the Nuncio Sega; he was allowed to say mass & preach; T, who had disapproved of the meeting at Almodovar, was sentenced to reclusion at Toledo;^37.59

The Count Tendilla now takes up the ocd cause; he visits Sega & in a violent exchange censures Sega openly; next he goes to Chumacero, who is the fiscal of the Royal Council; the count convinces Chumacerco to bring the matter before the council; Chumacerco does so suggesting to them that they launch an investigation.^37.59

In the mean time, Sega complains to Philip; Philip directs Pazos to reprimand not only Tendilla, but also Sega himself for showing undue hostility to the ocds.^37.59

Since Tendilla had already left Madrid, Pazos had to send him his reprimand by letter; Tendilla's defense was so convincing that Pazos took his reply to Philip; Philip, in turn, sends it to Sega who by this time was softening; Tendilla visits Sega again; this time the meeting is cordial; Sega suggests that Philip appoint a committee to investigate the whole matter from the beginning;^37.59-60

T adds qualifier "Roman" to Church when she reviews texts of The Way; it was also added to The Castle, & Foundations^1b21

Two disaffected nuns & Garcialvarez conspire to remove Maria de San Jose, the prioress at Seville, from office.^37.61

OCarm monastery of nuns in Haarlem closed by the Calvinists; Vilvoorde was partially burned^32.58

OCarm monastery in Caffardi suppressed for its refusal to accept cloister^32.61

CHURCH

SOCIETY Don John of Austria dies; Alex. Farnese rules Low Countries^1c90

Birth of Eng anatomist Wlm Harvey who is famous for his studies on the human circulatory system

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1579

REFERENCES 15.130, 11.48

CARMEL March: Sega suggests that the king set up a committee to investigate the whole business from the beginning; Philip appts 4 judges: Don Luis Manrique [= Philip's chaplain], Fray Lorenzo de Villavicencio [an Augustinian], Fray Hernando del Castillo, OP, & Pedro Fernandez, OP. Fernandez had served as apostolic commissary & was sympathetic to the reform. ToA was pleased with this latter appt.^37.60 The committee suggests that the ocds be removed from the jurisdiction of the calced & be given their own superior. Since Sega asked for this committee, he had to concur with its decision.^37.60

4/1 Sega annulls his counter-brief of 7/23/78 & appoints Angel de Salazar vicar gen'l of the ocds; he was not subject to the calced provincials; Sega also sends a memorandum defining the functions of the vicar gen'l; the memorandum was co-signed by the 4 committee members; the vicar gen'l could not change the ocd rule or const; he was to restore any ocd customs that had been taken away; he was to be a tactful visitator; calced confessors were forbidden for ocd nuns' monasteries, etc ^{1c90, 37.60}

4/26 The 4 committee members unanimously recommend the creation of a discalced province;^37.61

May: An ocd deputation was sent to Rome to press for the establishment of a separate ocd province; the deputation consisted of Juan de Jesus Bullon-Roca & Diego de la Trinidad Heredia, the prior of Pastrana; they traveled incognito; the nuns at Beas contribute 400 ducats towards expenses; Ana de Jesus was prioress at the time; the nuns at Valladolid & Seville also contribute; the count of Tendilla contributes another 400 ducats; two friars sail from Alicante to Leghorn; they are almost captured by the Turks; they arrive in Rome just in time for the election of the new gen'l; Philip's personal representative, Canon Montoya introduces the friars to a number of cardinals;^37.61-2

6/13 JoC & 3 companions leave El Calvario for Baeza; with authorization of visitor Salazar and bp of Jaen he founds the college of St Basil; Bl Juan de Avila had a teaching center there; there was also a mission center and a catechetical center; it also had a university; while there, JoC conts his work on Acent and Canticle and spends much time out on preaching missions; JoC disliked Baeza & the Adalusians;^37.58 6/25 Salazar authorized T to resume her visitation of convents and so on 6/25 she & Ann of St Bartholomew leave Avila; Ann will be T's constant companion until her death; they spend a few days at Medina del Campo; ^37.63

6/28 Angel de Salazar re-instates Maria de San Jose as prioress of the Seville monastery.^37.61

7/3 - 7/30 T & Ann are in Valladolid; she sends Archbp Evora a copy of The Way;^37.63

7/15 Sega & the 4 committee members petition Philip to establish a separate ocd province with its own elected provincial, encompassing both Andalusia & Castille, & subject to the carmelite general;^37.61

August: T & Ann spend 3 or 4 days at Medina & a week at Alba de Tormes; then they go to Salamanca where they stay until early Nov;^37.63

Early Nov: T & Ann return to Avila; after a few days they go on a short visit to Toledo and then on to Malagon^37.63

11/11 Sega sends a copy of the 7/15 petition to Rome; ^37.61

11/25 T & Ann arrive in Malagon where T supervises the construction of the new monastery;^{1c90, 37.63}

12/8 The cmty in Malagon moves into the new monastery; T & Ann stay until Feb & then go to Villanueva de la Jara;^37.63

CHURCH B. Alvarez apptd. SJ Visitor in Aragon

SOCIETY Union of Utrect forms the Netherlands with Protestantism as official religion^1c90

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1580

REFERENCES 11.48, 15.117, 130, 25.34, 191, 314

CARMEL Feb: Sega did not easily forgive Gracian for going over his head to the king & pope; therefore he kept him in confinement at Alcala de Henares for all of 1579; at the insistence of Angel de Salazar and with the personal intervention of Philip, Gracian was finally liberated.

2/13 T & Ann travel to Villanueva; the town had petitioned T again to take 9 women hermits into the order; Gabriel [de la Asuncion] Buencuchillo y Hernandez, the prior at La Roda, & Antonio Heredia, who had been banished there, had both pressed for consent; divine revelation concurred; T brings 2 nuns each from Toledo & Malagon;^37.64

2/19 Gracian unanimously re-elected prior of Los Remedios;^37.61

2/21 fndatn in Villanueva de la Jara^{1c90, 37.64}; T & Ann stay here about one month as per Salazar's permission; T wrote asking for an extension, but received no answer;^37.63-64

3/20 T & Ann leave Villanueva for Valladolid at the request of Don Alvaro de Mendoza, Bp of Palencia; he wanted a reform monastery there;^37.64

3/26 T seriously ill in Toledo^1c90 with palsy & heart trouble; she stays until June;^37.64

April: Roca & Heredia in Rome write back to Spain that the brief creating a separate province for the ocd's is about to be signed; but the new gen'l proposes an alternate plan to Cardinal Buoncompagni [Buoncompagni is opposed to the reform.]: that both groups would live under the same provincial who would be elected from the calced one term & the discalced the next; the pope is attracted to this plan; Roca draws up a memorandum rebutting this suggestion; they try to approach Abbot Briceno with this memorandum, but this fails; finally Canon Montoya presents it to the Sacred Congregation of Regulars; Philip also writes this congregation on behalf of the ocds;^37.62

4/10 Angel de Salazar nominates Gracian to be his delegate in Andalusia; Gracian does much of the work with Salazar just signing off on it;^37.61

Before leaving Toledo in June, T asks Archbp Card Quiroga for a license for a fndatn in Madrid; there were several potential vocations there & T thought it would make a good central HQ; Quiroga declines; however he takes this opportunity to praise her Life; the Princess of Eboli in a fit of pique had given him the ms because he was grand inquisitor; later he would give T verbal consent for a fndatn, but he withdraws this consent when he learns that his niece, Elena de Quiroga, wanted to join;^37.64

6/7 T, who is still ailing, & Ann leave Toledo for Segovia;^37.65

6/13 T arrives in Segovia;^37.65

June: Jeronimo Gracian & Diego de Yanguas, op, examine & "correct" "Castle" in T's presence in Segovia;^{1c90, 37.65} T gives "Castle" to Gracian; "Life" is still at Inquisition; Gracian gives "Castle" to Maria de San Jose in Seville for safekeeping;

de Yanguas, OP, directs T to burn Song; she does so but other copies had already been made; one was at Alba de Tormes; de Yanguas orders the nuns to burn their copy "not because the work was bad but because he didn't think it was proper for a woman to explain the "Song of Songs..."; the nuns gave their copy to the Duchess of Alba for safekeeping^1b212

6/22 Greg XIII issues "Pia Consideratione"; it allows Teresian nuns & friars to form separate province with their own superiors; the ocd provincial was subject only to the gen'l; ocds were absolved from any censures they might have incurred; it gave them authority to write their own constitutions; it allowed them complete freedom to establish foundations; it forbade the calced to molest the discalced under any pretext; it rescinded any authority over the discalced given to the calced; it renounced any connection between the two groups; any ocd disatisfied with the reform could join the carthusians, but not the calced.^{1c90; 37.63} the pope app'ts the Archbp of Seville to execute the brief; he dies a few days after starting this process;^37.66

6/26 T's favorite bro, Lorenzo, dies suddenly of a hemorrhage;^{1c90, 37.65}

6/27 Abbot Briceno sends the brief "Pia Consideratione" to Philip^37.66

7/6 T goes to Avila to put Lorenzo's affairs in order; next she goes to Medina del Campo;^37.65

7/25 At Medina T learns of the death of her old friend & spiritual director, Baltasar Alvarez^37.65

8/8 T arrives at Valladolid & becomes seriously ill;^1c90 when she is somewhat stronger Ripalda, sj, et al encourage her to go on to Palencia;^37.65

8/15 Philip receives Pia Considerationes at Badajoz; he is about to make a grand entrance into Port; Philip suggests to the pope that he name Pedro Fernandez, op, as the person to execute the brief. Fernandez had been the op provincial & the apostolic commisary; the app't is made;^37.66

9/6 Diego de la Trinidad aka Heredia & Juan de Jesus Roca aka Bullon return to Toledo from Rome & meet with T to brief her about Pia Consideratione; ^37.65

10/11 Philip tells Gracian to contact Fernandez to learn the details of Pia Consideratione; Gracian, taking the brief & Philip's letters, leaves Seville at once to meet with Fernandez in Salamanca; Fernandez was too sick to do anything at all; so Gracian leaves without even opening the papers;^37.66

10/26 Gracian arrives at Elvas, Port where Philip is staying; even tho Anne has just died, Philip tends to this business; Philip immediately asks the pope to name two executors of the brief: Juan de las Cuevas op, prior at Talavera de la Reina & as back up, Alberto Aguayo op, prior at Cordoba^37.66

11/22 Fernandez, op, dies^37.66

T breaks arm a 2nd time by falling over a windlass; Anne of SB learns to write & becomes T's secretary

12/28 T leaves Valladolid for Palencia^1c90

12/29 Fndatn of Palencia^1c90

Monastery of the Immaculate Conception founded for O Carm nuns in Utrera^32.54

CHURCH First SJ mission formally est'b in England;

Aloysius Gonzaga, age 12, receives his 1st Communion from Chas Borromeo;

Peter Claver (6/25/80-1654)

Death of Balthazar Alvarez, SJ; the SJs begin a steady retreat from mysticism

SOCIETY King Henry of Portugal dies with no successor; Philip II orders Duke of Alba to invade;^1c90 Port. annexed to Sp

10/26 The queen consort, Anne of Austria, dies^37.66

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1581

REFERENCES 11.48, 25.446

CARMEL 1/4 The brief naming Juan de las Cuevas & Alberto Aguayo executors of Pia Consideratione reaches Philip at Elvas, Port; Gracian travels to las Cuevas' monastery at Talaveras;^37.66

2/1 Las Cuevas & Gracian send out the notification about Pia Consideratione to all of the ocd houses^37.66

3/3-17 opening of 1st official provincial chapter, known at the Separation Chapter, at the ocd college in Alcala;^{31.31, 37.66}

3/4 Jeronimo Gracian elected 1st provincial;^1c91 complete const. for friars & nuns promulgated

6/30 fndatn in Soria^1c91

9/10 prioress at Ávila resigns, T elected^1c91

11/28 JoC at Ávila^1c91

CHURCH B of St Vincent de Paul;

12/1 Alexander Briant SJ, martyred in London

SOCIETY Philip II recognized as King of Port ^1c91

Legazpi & Urdaneta found the city of Manilla^1c91

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1582

REFERENCES 11.48, 25.158, 191

CARMEL 1/2 T leaves Ávila for last time on way to new fndatn in Burgos^1c91

1/20 JoC & Ana de Jesus make fndatn in Granada^1c91

4/5 1st OCD missionaries sail for Africa; they are lost at sea;

4/19 T makes fndatn in Burgos^1c91

7/26 T leaves Burgos^1c91

8/2 T stops off in Palencia^1c91

8/25 T arrives in Valladolid^1c91

9/15 T leaves Valladolid & arrives in Medina^1c91

9/19 at Antonio de Jesus' orders T leaves Medina & goes to Alba de Tormes^1c91

9/20 T arrives at Alba de T at 6pm

9/29 T goes to bed seriously ill & announces her death is near^1c91

10/4 T dies however Gregorian Calendar introduced that year so new date became 10/15^1c91

CHURCH 3/7 Aloysius Gonzaga arrives in Madrid with Empress Maria of Austria;

5/30 Thos Cottam SJ et al martyred in London

Gregory XIII established for the first time an office of the Curia to handle matters related to religious; it was known as the Sacred Congregation for Consultation with Regulars.^35.34

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1583

REFERENCES 9.3, 25.229ff

CARMEL 7/4 T's body transferred to Ávila, but was returned back to Alba 8/23/86^31.59

The discalced become a separate religious order^31.56

(Catherine) Mary Magdalen de' Pazzi received as a novice at St Mary of the Angels Monastery, Florence^32.64

CHURCH Lius de Leon publishes "The Perfect Spouse";

Rudolph Aquaviva, SJ, et al martyred in India

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1584

REFERENCES 1c.83, 11.48

CARMEL 5/1 Gregory XIII suppresses the Congregation of Albi;

12/1 1st OCD fndatn outside Spanish peninsula; it was a monastery of friars founded at Genoa under the initiative of Doria who himself was Genoese^33.94

CHURCH Ascendente Domino, Gregory XIII approves SJ's; he states that solemn vows are of ecclesiastical, i.e., not divine, origin & that one could be a "true" religious without them; this opens door for a new pattern of religious life;

Clement elected Pope, but dies;

Paul III becomes pope

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1585

REFERENCES 11.48

CARMEL Dona Guiomar requests & receives burial at the fashionable, new monastery of San Antonio^8.166

5/12 Doria elected provincial by friars in Lisbon;

1st Latin edition of friars' const. printed

CHURCH B of Mary Ward

SOCIETY The use of decimals advanced by Simon Stevin

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1586

REFERENCES 11.48, 25.39

CARMEL 7/25-9/4 Mary Magdalen de' Pazzi writes 12 letters to Pope Sixtus V et al urging reform in the Church; these letters are still extant^32.66

8/23 T's body returned to Alba by papal decree; it still rests there^31.59

John Baptist Caffardo, O Carm prior gen'l, issues new const adapted to Council of Trent;

9/20 Sixtus V allows OCDs to adopt Roman rite

CHURCH All Xtian missionaries ordered out of Japan; edict not enforced with full vigor; many missionaries stay & go underground

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1587

REFERENCES 11.48

CARMEL Male ocd officials estb a minimum dowry payment for the nuns; this necessitated being from a well-to-do family^8.165

7/10 Sixtus V authorizes the erection of the OCD province into a congregation with 5 provinces, governed by a vicar gen'l & an advisory body call the "Consulta"

CHURCH

SOCIETY Beginning late in the decade there is a severe depression in Ávila's wool trade^8.155

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1588

REFERENCES 11.48

CARMEL 10/13 Nuncio in Madrid confirms OCD nuns' const with slight changes

CHURCH

SOCIETY 8/8 final defeat of Spanish Armada

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1589

REFERENCES 8.171ff

CARMEL

CHURCH Bp Pedro Temino wants to replace the colegio of San Gil with a new institution that would be a proper Tridentine seminary; this does not happen in his lifetime; the new status in achieved in 1613^8.171ff

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1590

REFERENCES 11.49, 25.39 & 89

CARMEL 6/5 Sixtus V approves OCD nuns' const with changes; a Latin text is printed;

11/12 1st fndatn of OCD nuns outside Spanish peninsula at Genoa; it was founded under the initiative of Doria; ^33.94

CHURCH 200K Xtians now in Japan;

There are English seminaries in Seville & Valladolid; Henry Walpole, SJ assigned to them

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1591

REFERENCES 11.49, 25.192

CARMEL 4/25 Gregory XIV sanctions Doria's amendments to friars' & nuns' const;

12/14 death of John of the Cross

CHURCH 1591-95 Jeronimo Manrique de Lara Bp of Ávila; he is also the gen'l inquisitor of Sp^8.172

6/21 St Aloysius Gonzaga dies in Rome of complications due to plague; Robert Bellarmine was his spiritual director

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1592

REFERENCES 11.49

CARMEL 2/17 Jeronimo Gracian expelled by Doria from OCDs;

2/19 Clement VIII approves the OCD friars' 1590 const;

Doria issues an edition of Const for the nuns: he translated the 1590 text & 1591 amendments;

8/14 1st OCD desert founded at Bolarque

CHURCH

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1593

REFERENCES 25.11, 75

CARMEL OCD's & O Carms definitively separated; there were 32 Teresian monasteries at the time^32.58

Our Lady of Hope Monastery in Venice, a group of tertiaries regular with vows, successfully resists the pressure to cloister & Chizzola's prohibition of accepting new candidates.^32.61

CHURCH Approval to move remains of San Segundo finally to Ávila's cathedral^8.174

2/6 Jas Sales, SJ & Wlm Saultemouch, SJ martyred by Calvinist/Huguenots in France;

3/25 b of St John de Brebeuf, martyred 3/16/1649

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1594

REFERENCES 25.204ff

CARMEL O Carm nuns leave Paterno del Campo & return to Seville^32.54

CHURCH 7/4 John Cornelius, SJ & companions martyred in Dorchester, Eng

Sept San Segundo's remains actually moved to the cathedral amid a week long celebration which included an enactment of Lope de Vega's San Segundo de Ávila^8.175

Cianco will write a book connecting Bp Manrique with San Segundo, Ávila's 1st bp; in it he claims that San Segundo was one of 7 companions of St James who brought Xtianity to Sp^8.177

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1595

REFERENCES 25: 59, 90, 122

CARMEL

CHURCH 2/21 Rob't Southwell, SJ martyred in London;

4/7 Henry Walpole, SJ martyred near York;

4/30 Abraham George, SJ martyred in Ethiopia

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1596

REFERENCES 25.39ff

CARMEL

CHURCH A new crackdown on Xtian missionaries in Japan starts

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1597

REFERENCES 25.41, 119

CARMEL OCD Const for nuns enacted which req'd purity of blood for entrance; there could be no converso blood in the family line for the previous 4 generations; this statute would have eliminated T from consideration^8.165

Fndatn of Santa Maria della Scala in Rome => the order comes into contact with the reform movement sponsored by Pope Clement VIII^33.94

CHURCH 2/5 Paul Miki, SJ et al martyred in Japan;

12/21 Peter Canisius, SJ dies in Freibourg; in his lifetime he had founded 18 colleges, written 37 books, & helped restore Catholicism to Germany

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1598

REFERENCES

CARMEL

CHURCH

SOCIETY Both bread and work scarce in Ávila^8.156

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1599

REFERENCES

CARMEL

CHURCH

SOCIETY Spring: Bubonic plague, tertian fever, & typhus strike Ávila, esp the poor^8.155

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1600

REFERENCES

CARMEL Pope Clement VIII divides ocd's into 2 juridically independent congregations: St Joseph's was Sp; it covered Sp & its New World possessions; it was linked to the religious policy of the Sp monarchy & emphasized recollection & study; St Elijah's was It; it covered the rest of the world; it was spurred on by the Curia & fused the observance of the regular life & missionary apostolate^33.94

CHURCH

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1614

REFERENCES

CARMEL 4/24 T beatified^1c91

CHURCH

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1622

REFERENCES

CARMEL 3/12 T canonized^1c91

CHURCH 3/12 Isidore, Ignatius Loyola, Francis Xavier, & Philip Neri also canonized^1c91

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************

YEAR 1970

REFERENCES

CARMEL 9/27 T made Doctor of the Church^1c91

CHURCH

SOCIETY

*****************************************************************************