Militarism: The late 1800s saw a rise in militarism. Militarism is the glorification of the military. Under militarism, the armed forces and readiness for war came to dominate national policy.
Ultimatum: An ultimatum is a final set of demands. Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum in efforts to avoid war. It said that Serbia must end all anti-austrian agitayion and punish any Sebian official involved in the murder plot.
Mobilize: To mobilize is to prepare your military forces for war. When Russia’s plea failed it began to mobilize and Germany declared war on Russia when they did this.
Neutrality: Neutrality is a policy where a country does not pick a side in a way. In the beginning of the war, both Italy and the US remained neutral. In the end however they were both drawn in to the war.
Total war: Total war is where a country puts all of its resources toward a war. Total war is usually a result of stalemate. Governments raise taxes, rationed goods, and other economic control such as forbidding strikes and setting prices.
Propaganda: Propaganda is the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause. In WWI, Allied propaganda showed Germany’s invasion on Belgium as a barbarous act.
Atrocity: Atrocities are horrible acts against innocent people. Often, these stories were greatly exaggerated versions of misreported incident, Many of them however were completely made up.
Armistice: An armistice is an agreement that ends fighting. On November 11, 1918, Germany sought an armistice with the Allies, which eventually ended the war.
Reparations: Reparations are payments for war damage. The Allies tried to blame the conflict on their defeated foes and insisted that they make war reparations and pay in full for the damages caused during the war.
Mandate: Mandates are territories that were administered by western powers. The German colonies in Africa and Ottoman lands in the Middle East were gained by Britain and France after the war.
Edith Cavell: After the German invasion, Edith Cavell ran the Red Cross program in Belgium. When the Germans found out that she was helping Allies escape, she was shot.
Georges Clemenceau: One of the “big three” at the Paris Peace Conference. He strongly opposed Wilson’s 14 point system and soon became known as the Tiger because of his fierce war policy.
Alfred Nobel: Alfred Nobel invented dynamite, and was disappointed when he learned that it was being used in warfare. He soon established the Nobel Peace Prize to award those who did well each year.
Gavrillo Princip: Gavrillo Princip grew up under Austrian rule. He felt like he had to take action against the oppressors, so he joined the Black Hand and eventually assassinated Francis Ferdinand.
Sarajevo: Sarajevo is where Gavrillo Princip assassinated Francis Ferdinand on June 28. It is the capitol of Bosnia.
Woodrow Wilson: In February of 1917, Wilson declared war on Germany for their unrestricted U-boat warfare. He also drew up the 14 points of peace, which he showed at the Paris Peace conference.
(Wilson's Fourteen Points): Wilson’s fourteen points were basically part of a list of terms for resolving World War I and any future wars. He presented these 14 points at the Paris Peace Conference.
Francis Ferdinand: Francis Ferdinand was the heir to the Austrian throne. He was assassinated by Gavrillo Princip.
Kaiser William II: The leader of Germany that advised Francis Joseph to attack Serbia. He also told Austria that Germany would support them 100%.
Bertha Von Sutner: She worked for peace and wrote a novel titled “Lay Down Your Arms,” which was a bestseller all over Europe. She was the first person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize.
Triple Alliance: In 1882, Germany formed the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy. They did so because a previous treaty with Austria-Hungary and Russia was very weak.
Ottoman Empire: Ottoman Turkey felt threatened by new nations on its borders, such as Serbia and Greece. This is why it joined the war.
Trench warfare: Trench warfare was a major part of WWI fighting. On the Western Front the warring armies burrowed into a vast system of trenches. Underground networks linked bunkers, communications trenches, and gun emplacements. The area in between a bunker was known as no man’s land.
Machine gun (role it played in WWI): Machine guns made it possible for few gunners to mow down waves of soldiers on the opposing side. This made it difficult for soldiers to advance across no man’s land.
Airplane (role it played in WWI): In the beginning, airplanes were used for observation only. Later on in the war, flying “aces” engaged in individual combat, although such “dogfights” in the air had little effect on the war.
Role of women in WWI: Women played a huge part in WWI. While the men were off at war, women took over all the essential jobs that they had previously not been allowed to do. For instance, women ran hospitals, manufactured guns, and did many other things that helped assist the war efforts.
Nationalism (ie. tension between France and Germany): Nationalism was one of the causes of WWI. German’s were proud of their new empire’s military power, and the French wanted to regain its position as Europe’s leading power.
Paris Peace Conference: At the Paris Peace Conference, Woodrow Wilson was one of the Big Three who dominated the meeting. Here, Wilson presented his Fourteen Points for Peace. The two other major figures at the conference included British prime minister David Lloyd George and the French leader Georges Clemenceau.
American neutrality: The Americans remained neutral for the majority of the war. One major reason why they were dragged into the war was the continue attacks by German submarines on merchants and passenger ships carrying American citizens. In 1917, the US joined the war against Germany and its allies.
Black Hand: Black Hand was a terrorist group organized by Bosnia Serbs. Principe joined this group before the assassination of Francis Ferdinand. This group, who was also involved in organizing all South Slav people into a single nation, was also known as Unity or Death.
Treaty of Versailles: In 1919, representatives of the new German Republic were summoned to the palace of Versailles outside Paris. The Germans were ordered to sign a treaty that restricted them from many things. They were forced to limit the size of their army and had to pay over $30 billion worth of damage, as well as take full responsibility for the war.
Self determination: Self-determination is the right of a people to determine their own form of government. The Allies used this principle to add to their existing overseas empires by creating a system of mandates.
Shleiffen Plan: the Shleiffen Plan was developed by General Alfred von Shleiffen, and allowed Germany to avoid two-front war. He realized that Germany’s military would be slow to mobilize. Under his plan, Germany had to first defeat France quickly.
U boat: U boats were used to launch torpedoes at enemy ships. U boats led many attacks on innocent merchant ships, which was one major reason the US joined the war.
Lusitania: Almost 1,200 people, including 128 Americans, were killed on the British liner the Lusitania. The Germans, after torpedoing the ship, justified the attack by arguing that it was carrying weapons.
Armistice: An armistice is an agreement that ends fighting. On November 11, 1918, Germany sought an armistice with the Allies, which eventually ended the war.
Mandate: Mandates are territories that were administered by western powers. The German colonies in Africa and Ottoman lands in the Middle east were gained by Britain and France after the war.
War reparations: Reparations are payments for war damage. The Allies tried to blame the conflict on their defeated foes and insisted that they make war reparations and pay in full for the damages caused during the war.
Western front: On the western front, both sides burrowed in a vast system of trenches. No man’s land was the area in between trenches. With the new developments, such as machine guns, not very many men made it past this area.
Eastern front: On the eastern front, battle lines swayed back and forth, usually over large areas. However, there were fewer casualties than in the west.
Verdun: The Battle of Verdun was one of the bloodiest battles of the war. Over 2 million people fought in the war in the town of Verdun on February 21, 1916.
Battle of Marne: In the first battle at Marne on September 6, 1914, advances made by the Germans to Paris were stopped by the Allies, and the Germans retreated and abandoned the Schlieffen plan. On the second battle in July of 1918, the German army took a major blow before they were destroyed by the Allies.
CH. 28
Soviet- A soviet is a council of workers and soldiers set up by Russian revolutionaries in 1917. At first the soviets worked democratically with the government but before long the Bolsheviks, a radical socialist group, took charge.
Command economy-To achieve his economic growth goal Stalin brought all economic activity under government control. The soviet Union developed a command economy, in which government officials made all basic economic decisions. Under Stalin, the government owned all businesses and allocated financial and other resources.
Collective-Stalin forced peasants to give up their private plots and live on either state owned farms or on collectives which were large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group. The peasants were allowed to keep their houses and personal belongings, but all farm animals and implements were to be turned to the collective.
Kulak-Stalin sought to destroy the kulaks, or wealthy peasants. The government confiscated kulaks’ land and sent them to labor camps. Thousands were killed or died from overwork.
Totalitarian state-Marx had predicted that under communism the state would wither away. The opposite occurred under Stalin. He turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state. In this form of government a one party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens.
Socialist realism-Staling forced artists and writers to conform to a style called socialist realism. Its goal was to boost socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light. Artists and writers could criticize the bourgeois past or even, to a limited degree, point out mistakes under communism.
Lenin-Lenin was born in 1870 to a middle class family. When he was 17 his older brother was arrested and hanged for plotting to kill Alexander III. The execution branded the entire family and instilled in young Vladimir a lifetime hatred for czarist government. Still, he managed to finish his studies. Eventually he adapted Marxist ideas to Russian conditions and became a leader.
Osip Mandelstam-A Jewish poet who was imprisoned and tortured and exiled for composing a satirical verse about Stalin. Out of dear for his wife’s safety, Mandelstam gave in and wrote an “Ode to Stalin.”
Nicholas II-The Czar of Russian during the Russian Revolution. He had failed to solve Russia’s basic problems. Discontent sparked new eruptions. In March 1917 the first of two revolutions would topple the Romanov dynasty and pave the way for even more radical changes.
Gregory Rasputin-A so called “monk” he was very believed by the czarina that he was able to heal his her son Alexis. By 1916 Rasputin’s influence over Alexandra reached new heights. At his say-so, officials could be appointed or dismissed. Those who flattered gim won top jobs for which they were wholly unqualified. Eventually he was shot.
Joseph Stalin- By 1900 Joseph Stalin had joined the underground and organized robberies to get money for the party and spent time in prison and in Siberian exile. He played a far less important role in the revolution and civil war the Trotsky. But in 1920’s he became general secretary of the party. He used that position to build a loyal following who owed their jobs to him.
Stalin's 5 Year Plan-Once in power Stalin set out to make the Soviet Union into a modern industrial power. In the past, said Stalin, Russian had suffered defeats because of its economic backwardness. In 1928 therefore he proposed the first of several “five year plans” aimed at building heavy industry, improving transportation, and increasing farm output.
Socialist realism- A Marxist aesthetic doctrine that seeks to promote the development of socialism through didactic use of literature, art, and music
Totalitarian state-in a totalitarian state, a one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens. Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state.
Anna Akhmatova-One of Russia’s greatest poets, fell out of favor because her poetry did not stress communist ideas. She went on writing poetry in secret. Although Akhmatova could not publish her works, friends memorized them to preserve her genius for future generations.
V.I. Lenin- Vladimir Ilych Ulynov, Lenin was born in 1870 to a middle class family. When he was 17 his older brother was arrested and hanged for plotting to kill Alexander III. The execution branded the entire family and instilled in young Vladimir a lifetime hatred for czarist government. Still, he managed to finish his studies. Eventually he adapted Marxist ideas to Russian conditions and became a leader.
Mikhail Sholokhov- Mikhail was a Russian writer who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1965. Sholokhov's best-known work is the novel Quiet Flows the Don (1928-40), the finest realist novel about the Revolution. While Leo Tolstoi's novel War and Peace (1863-69) showed how the Napoleonic campaigns united Russians, Quiet Flows the Don portrayed the destruction of the Cossacks old system, and the birth of a new society.
Joseph Stalin- By 1900 Joseph Stalin had joined the underground and organized robberies to get money for the party and spent time in prison and in Siberian exile. He played a far less important role in the revolution and civil war the Trotsky. But in 1920’s he became general secretary of the party. He used that position to build a loyal following who owed their jobs to him.
Leon Trotsky -Russian Jewish Revolutionary leader and Soviet politician, a close friend of Lenin. Trotsky's theory of 'permanent revolution' became unpopular after Stalin had gained power in the Soviet Union. Trotsky was assassinated by one of Stalin's agents. Although Trotsky later condemned the Red Terror, he was, perhaps, one of its first proponents.
Socialist revolution- Lenin used Marxist ideas and adapted them to Russian conditions. He called for an elite group to lead the revolution and set up a dictatorship of the proletariat. A small percentage of socialists rose up and Lenin named them the Bolsheviks, or majority. This started the socialist revolution.
Bolshevik Revolution The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917 was initiated by millions of people who would change the history of the world as we know it. When Czar Nicholas II dragged 11 million peasants into World War I, the Russian people became discouraged with their injuries and the loss of life they sustained. The country of Russia was in ruins, ripe for revolution.
Lenin's New Economic Policy Lenin adapted Marxist ideas to Russian conditions, and called for an elite group to lead the revolution and set up what he called a “dictatorship of the proletariat.” He represented a small percentage of socialists through this and called them the Bolsheviks, also representing the majority.
The arts under Stalin-Stalin developed what became known as a personality cult. Artists painted pictures glorifying Stalin and dominated many pictures. It was not unusual for Stalin to be in a white suit so that he stood out from the crowd. This was all called social realism. Those who wrote poems and novels had to do the same write about Stalin in a manner which glorified him. Some artists and authors were so depressed by all this they committed suicide rather than do what the state ordered them to do.
List three causes of the 1917 revolution in Russia-
Lenin broke his promise about getting Russia out of the war. Lenin also promised that he would improve the economy, which never happened. Finally, Lenin guaranteed that he would give land back to the peasants, which he didn’t do
Ch. 29
Apartheid: Apartheid is an official policy of racial segregation formerly practiced in the Republic of South Africa. It involved in political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites.
Civil disobedience: Civil disobedience is a refusal to obey civil laws in an effort to induce change in governmental policy or legislation. It is characterized by the use of passive resistance or other nonviolent means.
Diego Rivera: Rivera is a Mexican painter noted for his murals that exalt workers in a style derived from Mexican folk art. He lived from 1886-1957.
Hirohito: Hirohito was the emperor of Japan who advocated the Japanese government's unconditional surrender that ended World War II. In 1946 he renounced his divine status.
Jiang Jieshi: Jieshi was an army officer who took over the Guomindang and led them in the Long March to reunite China. He crushed local warlords and wanted to capture Beijing for his party.
Muhammad Ali Jinrah: Jinrah was the leader of the Muslim League who came from a middle-class background. He wanted a separate state for Muslims and believed Pakistan was the “land of pure” meant for Muslims from India.
Nationalization: Nationalization is government takeover of natural resources. This permitted the breakup of large estates and placed restrictions of landowners.
Pancho Villa: Villa was a radical leader who was a hard riding rebel from the north during the Mexican revolution. He won loyalty from his peasant followers but in the process killed millions of them.
Cause of the 1910 Mexico Revolution: The dictator Porfirio Diaz had ruled and gave Mexico economic growth such as railroads and foreigner investors. Peasants lived in poverty and all demands where crushed by military or police. Eventually discontent boiled into a full scale revolution.
Pan-Africanism: Pan-Africanism was set up to emphasize the unity of Africans and people of African descents. Dubois organized the first conference to approve a charter of rights for Africans.
Mandate System (M. East): The mandate system was a group of territories administered by European nations. These angered the Arab nations who at the end of WWI felt betrayed by the west when they were promised independence for their help in fighting.
Great Salt March: Gandhi believed that the British imposed salt monopoly was an evil burden because of severe taxing. Natural salt was available in the seas but Indians were forbidden to touch or sell it. Gandhi’s intention was to shake Indians feelings toward British colonial rule.
May Fourth Movement: The May Fourth Movement was a large group of students gathered Beijing and declared “Chinas territory may be conquered, but it can not be given away.” Students organized boycotts whose chief goal was to strengthen the empire of China.
Effect of Great Depression in Japan: Trade and economic lifeline suffered as foreign buyers could no longer afforded Japanese silks and other exports which the Japanese heavily relied on. Unemployment increased and peasants faced starvation in rural villages.
CH. 30
General strike: A general strike consisted of many workers in many different industries striking at the same time. It lasted nine days and involved 3 million workers when the wages remained low in Britain.
Stream of consciousness: In this technique, a writer probes characters random thoughts without imposing any logic or order. Woolf used this to express the hidden thoughts of people through there everyday lives.
Flapper: A flapper was a rebellious young woman in the 1920’s. The first flappers were American but Europeans soon adopted new ways and hated old ways.
Concentration camp: A concentration camp is a detention center for civilians considered enemies of the state. Hitler and his henchmen used these to detain Jews for the “final solution”: the extermination of all Jews.
Leon Blum: In 1936, several left wing parties united behind socialist leader Blum. His attempts at economic reform fell through resulting in a series of crisis. Democracy in France survived, but lacked strong leadership that could respond to change.
Marie Curie: Curie was a Polish-born French chemist. She shared a 1903 Nobel Prize with her husband, Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel for fundamental research on radioactivity. In 1911 she won a second Nobel Prize for her discovery and study of radium and polonium.
Franklin D. Roosevelt: FDR was the 32nd President of the United States. Governor of New York, he ran for President with the promise of a New Deal for the American people.
Virginia Woolf: Woolf was a British writer whose works include fiction written in an experimental stream-of-consciousness style. Woolf used this to express the hidden thoughts of people through there everyday lives.
Albert Einstein: Einstein was a German-born American theoretical physicist whose special and general theories of relativity revolutionized modern thought on the nature of space and time. His work formed a theoretical base for the exploitation of atomic energy.
James Joyce: Joyce was an Irish writer whose literary innovations have had a profound influence on modern fiction. His works include Ulysses and Finnegan’s Wake.
Pablo Picasso: Picasso was a famous Spanish artist. He became one of the most prolific and influential artists of the 20th century. Picasso excelled in painting, sculpture, etching, stage design, and ceramics.
Joseph Pilsudski: Pilsudski was the dictator of Poland. He was a fascist leader who based his ideas on the model set in Italy by Benito Mussolini.
Frank Lloyd Wright: Wright was an American architect whose distinctive style, based on natural forms, had a great influence on the modern movement in architecture. His designs included private homes, the Johnson Wax Company Building in Racine, Wisconsin, and the Guggenheim Museum in New York City.
Kellog-Briand Pact: This pact was an agreement that almost every independent nation signed. This was set up to renounce an instrument of national policy. This was a pursuit of disarmament in the world.
Fascism: A system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator, stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of the opposition through terror and censorship, and typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism. Benito Mussolini is said to be the father of Fascism.
Adolph Hitler: Hitler was an Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich. His fascist philosophy was embodied in Mein Kampf, meaning my struggle. He became dictator of Germany, and we all know what happened next.
Totalitarian rule: Totalitarian rule was a system of government in which the government had complete control over every aspect of life. Hitler’s fascists’ ideas brought about a totalitarian rule in Germany.
Mein Kampf: This was the book, My Struggle, which Hitler wrote when he was in jail. In it he expressed many things, including racism and other wonderful things like anti-Semitism.
Campaign against the Jews: Hitler wanted to drive the Jews out of Germany. The Nuremberg placed severe restrictions against the Jews such as not being allowed to marry non Jews, attending or teaching at German schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine, or publishing books.
Great Depression: The economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s. It first hit America, but soon spread to its business partners in Europe and eventually throughout the world and across the Pacific.
Mussolini: Benito was the Italian Fascist dictator and prime minister who conducted an expansionist foreign policy, formalized an alliance with Germany, and brought Italy into World War II. Dismissed by Victor Emmanuel III, he led a puppet Nazi government in northern Italy until 1945, when he was assassinated.
Weimar Republic: The Weimer was a democratic government that failed in Germany, giving rise to Hitler. It gave both women and men the right to vote along with other rights soon to be stripped away.
Kristallnacht: This was also known as the night of the broken glass. These days occurred on November 9th and 10th, 1938. This was when the Nazi mobs led attacks against the Jewish community under Hitler’s ruling.
List causes of Great Depression: A major problem was overproduction, the demand for raw materials also increased. Higher farm output was met with a low demand, Consumers benefited but the producers went out of business. Industrial workers won higher wages and raised the price of manufactured goods. This imbalance combined with other problems undermined industrialized economies of the world.
CH. 31
Appeasement: The policy of granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace. Neville Chamberlain's government used this type of rule. Hitler was becoming more and more aggressive and thought that the treaty of Versailles was unfair, but western democracies; not wanting to cause trouble did nothing.
Blitzkrieg: Hitler's main way of fighting known as "lightning war". In this Hitler attacked Poland and German planes struck and hit factories, towns, and cities. Sometimes dive-bombers would attack civilians and soldiers and then fly off quickly before reinforcements could strike back. Lightning quick warfare like this was used by the Germans in WW2, and it was based on speed and surprise
Cold war: The war between the United States and the Soviet Union was the "cold war". Though there wasn't any fighting there were still many different crisis, hostility and tension between opposing nations.
Collaborator: Were people who acted as spies and sought out and found Jews in Nazi occupied regions, they often helped to ship out Jews to deportation camps. These people helped to fuel racism and to help the holocaust, which led to the extermination of millions of Jews. Many tried this with Hitler.
Containment (policy): This basically stated that the world would try and limit the power and influence of communism other than areas already controlled by the USSR. It was a Foreign policy strategy attempted by the United States after World War 2. The strategy of containment was in the Truman Doctrine.
Genocide: Genocide is the direct intent to kill people different from them; it is one group trying to exterminate the other. In WWII Germany wanted to kill off all the Jews saying that the reason Germany was in such bad shape was because of the Jews. It was a mass murder of a certain race.
Kamikaze: A kamikaze pilot is one who purposely crashes himself into an American warship. With these kamikaze pilots it was obvious that Japan was getting tired of fighting, it was easier for them to send one of there men in for a suicide mission than fight one on one in war.
Pacifism: Pacifism is the opposition of all types of War, the belief that conflicts between countries can be solved avoiding conflict.. In WWII both Britain and France were against the war, because of the Great Depression and because they were still out of energy from
Winston Churchill: Churchill involved with the Cold War and he thought that Stalin was any thing but trustful. He also predicted a new danger facing the war stricken world. He was the British Prime Minister during World War. Second he was a major help to the United States.
Francisco Franco: Franco led a revolt that started a bloody civil war. His group known as nationalists rallied all others including communists, socialists, Loyalists, supporters of democracy, and others.
Dwight Eisenhower: Eisenhower was the supreme Allied commander who faced jobs such as assembling troops and supplies. Eisenhower was also in charge of leading the second front in Europe. He was President of the United States during the latter part of World War 2. He made major decisions during the war that affected the outcome
Haile Selassie: He was the king of Ethiopia. He appealed to the League of Nations when his country was being attacked by Italy. He led defending Ethiopian troops. The League of Nations really didn't do anything, in early 1936, Italy conquered Ethiopia. After they attacked he was no longer ruler of Africa but when Italy entered WW2 he regained control with the help of Britain.
Harry Truman: After FDR died suddenly on April 12th 1945, President Harry Truman took his place. Truman had to decide whether to drop an atomic bomb or to send millions of men to their death. During his few weeks as Vice President, Harry S. Truman received no briefing on the development of the atomic bomb or the unfolding difficulties with Soviet Russia. Suddenly these and a host of other wartime problems became Truman's to solve when, on he became President. Truman made some of the most crucial decisions in history. Truman, after consultations with his advisers, ordered atomic bombs dropped on cities devoted to war work. Two were Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japanese surrender quickly followed.
Dunkirk: The Battle of Dunkirk lasted from around May 25 to June 3, 1940. After the Phony War the Battle of France began in earnest in mid-May 1940. It initially was intended to recover around 45,000 men of the British Expeditionary Force over two days, this was soon stretched to 120,000 men over five days. On May 27 a request was placed to civilians to provide all shallow draught vessels of 30 to 100 feet for the operation.
El Alamein: The Battle of El Alamein, fought in the deserts of North Africa, is seen as one of the decisive victories of World War Two. The Battle of El Alamein was primarily fought between two of the outstanding commanders of World War Two, Montgomery, who succeeded the dismissed Auchinleck, and Rommel. The Allied victory at El Alamein lead to the retreat of the Africa Korps and the German surrender in North Africa in May 1943.
Guernica: A painting by Pablo Picasso, named after a small town in Spain that was destroyed by Germans, that was 11 feet tall and 25 feet wide. It symbolized the violent affects of war using cubism.
Hiroshima: On August 6th, 1945 an atomic bomb was dropped on this mid sized city. It killed 70,000 people instantly and flattened four square miles. Truman warned Japan that if they did not surrender they could expect more. The rebuilt city is an important commercial and industrial center.
Nagasaki: The next day on August 7th, 1945 a second bomb was dropped killing more than 40,000 people. However some Japanese leaders still wanted to fight, but the others disagreed so on September 2, 1945 a formal peace treaty was signed.
Pearl Harbor: Pearl Harbor was an attack on the US by General Tojo at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. On December 7, 1941 Japanese planes attacked and sank 19 ships and killed more than 2,400 people. It became the site of a naval base after the United States annexed Hawaii in 1900. The United States entered World War II the following day.
Operation Barbarossa: Hitler unleashed a new blitzkrieg or bombardment (code name for attack on the Soviet Union by the Axis forces on the WW2). In this he poured 3 million Germans into Russia and caught Stalin unprepared. The operation was planned to crush the Russian army before the winter, but the red army demonstrated an enormous regeneration capacity.
D-Day: D-Day is the name for the largest invasion force in history. 4,000 ships carrying 100,000 men landed on the beaches of Normandy, France on June 6th 1944 at 5:30 am
Battle of Midway: The battle of Midway started on June 3rd, 1942. This was an important win for the Allies in World War II. The battle, fought with aircraft, resulted in the ruining of four Japanese aircraft carriers, smashing the Japanese navy.
Holocaust: The holocaust was a tragedy that was the result of 6 million Jews losing their lives. The holocaust was genocide against Jews and other nationalities not from Aryan descent.Holocaust- As German armies conquered new areas, the Nazis implemented their program to exterminate the Jewish people. Storm troopers rounded up Jewish men, women, and children, who were sent in cattle cars to death camps in Germany and Poland.
Cold War rivals (which nations): The cold war rivals were those who wanted democracy and those who wanted communism. Soviets lead the way of communism while the US leads the way of democracy. Cold War rivals (which nations)- The Cold War would last for more than 40 years. Rivalry between the hostile camps would not only divide Europe but would also fuel crises around the world
Francisco Franco: Franco led a revolt that started a bloody civil war. His group known as nationalists rallied all others including communists, socialists, Loyalists, supporters of democracy, and others. Francisco Franco- In 1936, a right-wing general, Francisco Franco, led a revolt that touched off a bloody civil war. Franco;s forces, called Nationalists, rallied conservatives to their banner.
Benito Mussolini: The fascist leader of Italy. He had a strong military and used it on Ethiopia, in northeastern Africa. In Italy, guerrillas captured the executed Mussolini. Italians, fed up with Mussolini, overthrew the Duce.
Adolph Hitler: In WWII Hitler led Germany on its conquest of expansion. He along with his allies tried to take over Europe and put it under Communistic Rule. He also agreed to go along with the Holocaust. Hitler and his supporters had devised plans for the;final solution of the Jewish problem;-the genocide, or deliberate destruction, of all European Jews. To accomplish this goal, Hitler had;death camps; built in Poland and Germany, at places like Auschwitz and Bergen Belsen
Tojo Hideki: Hideki was a Japanese General and statesmen. He approved the attack on Pearl Harbor and pushed Japan further into China. He became prime minister after he forced Konoye's resignation in Oct., 1941. His accession marked the final triumph of the military faction which advocated war with the United States and Great Britain. As the most powerful leader in the government during World War II, he approved the attack on Pearl Harbor and pushed the Japanese offensive in China, SE Asia, and the Pacific.
Neville Chamberlin: Chamberlain was Britain's prime minister who said that he had "achieved peace for our time." He was against all types of war and wanted only to see peace throughout the world. In the House of Commons, he declared that the Munich Pact had saved Czechoslovakia from destruction and Europe from Armageddon.
Franklin Roosevelt: In 1942, the Big Three-Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin- agreed to finish the war in Europe first before turning their attention to the Japanese in Asia. Roosevelt felt that Churchill had ambitions to expand British imperial power
Stalingrad: Stalingrad was one of the costliest of the war. In this battle Hitler wanted to control Stalin's namesake city. This battle killed 300,000 Germany men. The battle began when the Germans surrounded the city. After two weeks, trapped, without food or ammunition and with no hope of rescue, the German commander finally surrendered in early 1943.
Explain 2 reasons why the US used the atomic bomb against Japan: The US used the Atomic bomb against Japan because the Japanese were not willing to surrender so had to be invaded. Another reason was Japan had nearly 2 million more men willing to fight for their country and to defend it.
Ch. 32
Acid Rain – Acid rain occurs when carbon dioxide goes up into clouds and combines with the water in the cloud. This process affected Eastern Canada because of United States pollution.
Culture shock – This occurs when people move from a rural area to an urban area. When people do this they suffer from stress and feel isolated.
Interdependence – This is what new nations thought as the new imperialism. They believed that the powerful nations ran the globe’s economies.
Liberation theology – This is the idea that Roman Catholic clergy. The idea urged a more active role in the church to take an active role in opposing poverty and social conditions.
Multinational Corporation – These are enterprises with branches in many countries, and have invested in the development of the world.
Nonaligned – These were countries, the first being India, which did not support the Soviet Union or the United States. This occurred during the Cold War.
Privatization – Many socialists turned to this, or the selling of industries to private investors. Nations hopped that private investors would make their products better quality.
Terrorism – This is the deliberate use of random violence, especially against civilians to exact revenge or achieve political goals.
Political instability in Africa – Many newly freed nations in Africa tried to set up many different governments. Soon, many of these new governments started to fall and the nation would go into turmoil.
Developing countries – This is also known as the South. Most of these nations lie in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. These nations mostly lye in the zone between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
Effects of the Cold War – After the Cold War, the United States was seen as the strongest nation. The Soviet Union also broke up because of economic instability.
Spread of American culture around the globe – In the newly developing nations, that had just gotten independence, wanted to try out democracy and become more like the United States.
Factories and Environment damage – The factories around the world produced huge amounts of pollution, the 3rd world nations more than others. The pollution then created acid rain, which hurts both people and crops.
Explain how computers have shaped new global culture – Computers have shaped global culture because information can travel around the world in a second. This makes the world seem smaller and cultures can become mixed much easier,
Ch. 33
Détente – In the 1970’s the Soviet Union and the United States started and era of détente. This is a relaxation of tensions, making the Cold War’s end closer.
Deficit – This is the difference between what a government spends and what a government gains. Many nations have trade deficits, which end up hurting the economy.
Dissident – These are people who speak out about their governments. In the 1980’s, Brezhnev suppressed dissidents in the Soviet Union
Glasnost – This is openness of speech and press. When Gorbachev came into power, he started to allow openness of the press and people were able to talk about the government
Welfare state – This is a form of capitalism that keeps most of the economy the same, but takes more control over the needs of the social and economic needs of its people
Leonid Brezhnev – After foreign policy and economic setbacks, Khrushchev was removed from office and Brezhnev came into power. He ruled till his death in 1982 and led a rigorous suppression of dissident.
Charles de Gaulle – In 1962, he became the first president of the Fifth Republic. This happened in Algeria and he led French settlers for independence
Martin Luther King Jr. – He was and African American priest, who after Gandhi, led peaceful protests for African American equality
Joseph McCarthy – He was a senator who believed that communists were sabotaging, controlling, and spying on our government. He set up many trials to find communists
Margaret Thatcher – She was a British leader who opposed increased links with Europe
Perestroika – This was another thing Gorbachev set in action. He hoped that this would help the economy by reducing the size of the bureaucracy
Service industry – This is and industry that provides a service rather than a product
Welfare state – This is a form of capitalism that keeps most of the economy the same, but takes more control over the needs of the social and economic needs of its people
Mikhail Gorbachev – He came into power after Brezhnev. He tried to make the communistic state a lot less harsh and tried to help the economy.
Helmut Kohl – He was the West German chancellor in 1989. He was the main unifier of East and West Germany.
Nikita Khrushchev – He became the Soviet Union’s leader after Stalin. He suppressed many people by denouncing Stalin, and then started a movement of de-Stalinization.
Josip Tito – Her was a guerrilla leader in Yugoslavia. During World War II, Tito led them against the occupying German soldiers. Later, he became the leader of Yugoslavia and set up a communistic government.
Lech Walesa – He organized an independent trade union in communist Poland. This helped people find reasons to fight against the communistic rule.
Global economic competition – As more nations became first world countries, many more goods are being produced and making the economy swamped with the same things. As this happens, new technology is needed to make sales better.
Civil war in Yugoslavia – This occurred after the fall of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had controlled Yugoslavia’s ethnic groups, the Croats (Roman Christians), Serbs (Orthodox Christians), and Muslims, from fighting until1989.
American foreign policy during Cold War – The American foreign policy during the Cold War was to help any nation, who wanted to be democratic, to fight communistic nations.
NAFTA – Or North American Free Trade Association. This created a strong trade between Canada and the United States; Mexico soon joined this association.
Warsaw Pact – This is what was set up by the communistic nations, mainly the Soviet Union, which was created to fight NATO.
NATO – The Allies made this after World War II to help disputing nations come to agreements. NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization
European Coal and Steel Community – In some European nations, this is the main income. The competing nations soon made a pact to help with the sales of coal and steel.
Glasnost – This was a reform, made by Gorbachev, which ended censorship of the press. This allowed people talk about the government without fear.
1973 oil crisis – This showed how reliant the United States people are on oil. This crisis happened when the oil companies became independent and made the prices outrageous.
Berlin Wall as a symbol of Cold War – The Berlin Wall was erected during the Cold War to keep the West Germans in the Soviet Union. The Germans, and many Europeans, see this as a terrible image of communism.
European Union – These were all the countries in Europe who wanted to fight communism, the Soviet Union, and the Berlin Wall.
Civil rights movement – This was mainly led by Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Malcolm was more of a violent protester where as Martin Luther King Jr. was a peaceful protester.
"Ethnic cleansing" Bosnia – The Serbs in Bosnia started to join ethnic cleansing after they god money and arms from neighbor Serbia. Many compared this cleansing to the Nazis Holocaust