1492	Cristoforo Colombo lands on San Salvador island the October 12. He was welcomed by a tribe called Taino. They were called "indians".
1607	The English arrive in Virginia and are welcomed by Powhatan.
1620	The English land in Playmouth, Massachusetts.
1625	Some settlers ask Samomoset for 12.000 acres of Pemaquid lands. He knew lands was given to them by Great Feather and own to no one, but to make settlers happy he organizes a ceremony and give up them the land, drawing a sign on a sheet. That was the first giving up of indian land to english settlers.
1641	W. Kieft sends Dutch soldiers to punish no guilties Mahican, killing four of them. The Maichan revenge themselves killing four Dutch. The Dutch’s revenge is fearfull; people living in two villages were massacred while sleeping... men, women and children were pierced by Dutch’s bayonets.
1662	The Wampanoag were progressively drived back in the forest. Their leader, King Philip of Pokanoket (metacom), knowing to be in danger, starts to compose an indian alliance.
1675	King Philip and his alliance start a war against settlers. After months of fighting both Wampanoag and the Narragansett are exterminated. King Philip was killed and for twenty years his head have been shown publicly in Playmouth.
1812	Tecumseh dies on field protecting his lands by settlers invasion. He was the chief warrior of a sud and middle-west tribe alliance.
1829	Andrew Jackson becomes president of USA. Indians tribe called him "Sharpen Knife". Thousand of Cherokee, Chickasaw, Chocktaw, Creek and Seminole were massacred by him and his soldiers during his military carrier.
1830	The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Chocktaw, Creek and Seminole nations were exiliated westward of Mississippi in a riserve by a Jackson law.
1832	It comes captured Black Hawk of the Sauk & Fox, head of an alliance between Winnebago, Potawotami and Kickapoo. Band of Winnebago was betrayed from one who sell them to the white men for 20 horses and 100 dollars. He will die in 1838. Andrew Jackson nomination one Commission to the Indian Transactions so that controls the corrected application of a provision on the Indians.
1834	The Conference of the U.S.A. approves of the " Law for regulating the commerce and the relationships with the Indian tribes and maintaining the peace in the frontiers ". All the territory to the west of the not comprised Mississippi and in the states of the Missouri, Louisiana and Arkansas belonged to the Indians. No white man lacking in licence or allowed could have entered, have resided or have crossed their territory pain the participation of the Armed Forces. Before that these laws entered in vigor, a big wave of settlers decreased towards the west and created the states of the Wisconsin and the Iowa. That forced the government to move the borders of reference from the Mississippi river to 95° meridian. In order to respect these borders some military garrisons came created: Fort Snelling (Mississippi river), Fort Atkinson and Leavenworth (Missouri river), Fort Gibbon and Smith (Arkansas river), Fort Towson (Red river) and Fort Jesup (Louisiana).
1835	Four seekers white men entered in the ancient silence of Sacred Mountains and came attacked from the Indians: their destiny was scribble on a paper piece: "All dead men except me." It was the shipment of Ezra Kind, first gold hunting on the Black Hills.
1838	The soldiers of general Winfield Scott later on ring and lock up in concentration camps the Cherokee to the discovery of the gold in their territory.
1842	It comes traced the Oregon Trail, first track to cross the Indian territories.
1848	The gold in California comes uncovered. Thousand of seekers and hunters crosses therefore the Indian territories. In order to justify all this the politicians of Washington invent the theory of Destiny Manifest: European and them descendants are calls from the destiny to govern all the America. They are the dominant race and therefore responsible of the Indians with to their mineral lands, forests and riches.
1850	Don't knowing of the Modoc, Mohave, Paiute, Shasta, Yuma and a hundred of other small tribes who lived along the coast of the Pacific, the California become the 31° state of the Union.
1851	The Government of the United States tired with the wars with Creek and Seminole, was impatient to stipulate peace treaty with the Indians, signed the first important dealt with the Sioux to Fort Laramie. The treaty allowed the pioneers to safe cross the Indian territories.
1854	The Colonel William Harney, kills more than 100 warrior in answer to Indian causing caused from the accusation they moved to have stolen one cow. Uncovered gold in the Colorado, comes created two new immense territories: Kansas and Nebraska.
1858	The Minnesota becomes one be and its borders extended of a hundred of kilometers beyond 95° meridian.
1860	The Civil War bursts - Blue Jackets against Grey Jackets, North against South.
	It must hour to make a point on the Indians situation reduced already to 1/3 of that one estimated in the 1492. The more numerous western tribe was that one of the Sioux that in its turn was uniform in other smaller tribes. The Santee Sioux lived in the forests of the Minnesota, their boss Small Crow had been convinced of the impossibility to face the United States, but it was decided to refuse to other lands cessions. In Great Plains lived the Teton Sioux; their head was Red Cloud. Crazy Horse, an Oglala Teton Sioux, was just 10 years old. In the Hunkpapa Teton Sioux, there was a young person of 25 years firmly contrary to whichever intrusion from the white men: its name was Sitting Bull. Spotted tail was chief of the Brulè Teton Sioux and was content of its living and would be come down to whichever compromise also to avoid the war. The Cheyenne northern divided with the Sioux the Powder river and the territory of the Bighorn: to their head Dulled Knife. The Cheyenne of the south occupied the Platte river with to head Black Keattle, other young chiefs and continuations were Aquiline Nose and High Bull. The Arapaho old allied of the Cheyenne was divided with they; the more known head was Little Crow. The Kiowa had formed an alliance with the Comanche of southern plains. They had various great heads: Satank, Satanta, Lone Wolf and Kicking Bird. The Comanche at their time was uniforms in many small bands, Ten Bears their head. Quanah Parker it had approximately twenty years. The Apache lived in the barren one sudovest and had reputation of tenacious defenders of their territory. Mangas Colorado and Kociss believed in the peace with white men. Victorio and Delshay did not have much confidence. Nana hated them like the Mexicans, fought during his life. Geronimo had twenty years hardly. The Navajo with Manuelito head had adopted the habits of the Spanish white men, raising sheep and goats and cultivating grain and yields. Some bands of the tribe therefore had become weel-off people. On northern Rock Mountains they lived the Ute. Their chief Ouray the Arrow count on the peace with the white men arriving to fight with they like mercenary against other Indian tribes. The Modoc of northern California and the southern Oregon fought in order to defend their lands. Captain Jack was only a young man. To nordovest of the Modoc they lived the Nez Perchès. Head Giuseppe only had twenty years. In Nevada they found the Paiute. Wovoka had only four years. In the 30 years in a row these chief would have become famous and their names entrances in the history and in the legend.
1864	An armed group of irregular troops of the Colorado massacred a calm Cheyenne encampment to Sand Creek, inflicting most serious sexual mutilations on men, women and children. THE SAND CREEK MASSACRE The Cheyenne, Sioux, Arapahos, Creeks, and other tribes met in Fort Laramie to sign peace treaties with the government which allowed forts and roads to be built through their lands. As the gold rush hit the area, thousands of miners and settlers poured in, trying to grab a piece of the wealth. The Indians struggled to retain control of their land, but increasingly their hunting lands and settlements were pushed farther and farther west. The soldiers and the Cheyenne had several affrays, often iniatated by the soldiers. For example, in the middle of May, soldiers approached the Cheyenne camp in which a peace flag was flying. A warrior named Lean Bear approached the soldiers, only to be shot and killed, as were several warriors in his escort. The Cheyenne warriors retailiated, against the wishes of their leader, and many were killed by the superiority of the whites' guns. This and others affairs served only to drive the two forces away from one another and bring all out war closer to the horizon. Believing they had achieved peace, the Cheyenne set up camp at Sand Creek and travelled to nearby Fort Lyon to obtain supplies from a friendly major there. The major had been replaced by another less genial man named Major Anthony, who cut off rations, demanded the Indians surrender all their weapons, and opened fire on a few who came to the fort to trade. He wrote to his superiors that a band of unfriendly Indians was camped at Sand Creek, that he needed reinforcements to "deal with them". "The Only Good Indian is a Dead Indian" by Col. John Chivington And so, on November 29, 1864, a column of more than 700 soldiers, led by Col. John Chivington, attacked the sleeping Cheyenne camp. A white peace flag was highly visible. 105 women and children and 28 men were killed. The survivors fled from the white soldiers, to hide in holes in the ground, blood freezing in their wounds from the bitter cold of the night. The massacre was glorified in the papers, Chivington was given a medal of honor and his previously named "bloodless 3rd" was given a parade. For the Cheyenne, it was an act of war. The Sand Creek Massacre dug deep furrows in the history of the tribe, and they changed into a band of stony warriors, hearts and mercy frozen by the night in the cold, hidden in the ground.
1866	A shipment comes sended in the Montana in order to open the Bozeman Trail to the aim to render the crossed one of the Indian territories from part of the pioneers surer towards the gold of Virginia City. The track was called from the Indians "the road of the thief". Crazy horse, young Oglala warrior, guides an ambush against an unit of the cavalry to Big Piney Creek, destroying it.
1868	It comes signed a dealt second to Fort Laramie, with Red Cloud signer: according to this last treaty it came guaranteed to the Indians " the absolute and undisturbed use of Sioux Reservoir. No person will be able to pass to you, to insediate or to reside without the consent of the Indians. No treaty for the cession of a part of the earth in object will have validity without company at least 3/4 of the Indian adult males who occupy it. " To the Indians they would have been supplied, dresses, tools, instruction, a sawmill and a flour mill, a warehouse and a doctor, an agriculturist, a carpenter, a horseshoer and a mechanic that would have taught they the ways to cultivate and the technology of the white man. The Indian pawn them not against to the railroad that was in order to be constructed in plains, to allow whichever road that would not have crossed their reservoir, not to attack some room, and not to annoy some railway wagon, coach or horses, not to capture women or children, not to kill or to scalp white men. The Colonel George Custer massacres a pacific long Cheyenne encampment at the Washita river. He was a great supporter of the idea that the nature of the native was much crueler and feracious one than whichever wild beast of the desert. He came judged from its advanced official: " cruel, liar and without principles, despised from all the officials of its regiment. "
1869	The Union Pacific transcontinental railroad comes completed.
1871	A contained clause in a bill established that: " from this moment no nation or Indians tribe on the territory of the United States will be recognized like nation, tribe or independent power with which the United States they will be able to stipulate dealt. "
1874	One large shipment of reconnaissance guided from the Colonel George Custer confirmation the gold presence on the Black Hills.
1875	A large group of white men comes driven away from the Black Hills or Paha Sapa by regular army of the United States. Although that the Minister of the War previews troubles less than not obtains the property for the miners white men. The President Grant sent a delegation to negotiate the purchase, but on the meeting place Red Cloud, neither Crazy Horse, neither Sitting Bull neither Spotted Tail were not introduced neither. Since the Sioux had not been reasonable, the President Grant withdrew the soldiers to protection of the borders (evidently not having idea of what represent the Paha Sapa for the council of the seven Lakota fires: Oglala, Brulè, Minnecojou, Hunkpapa, Sans Arc, Two Kettle and Blackfoot) allowing therefore more than ten thousand persons than to shift in try of fortune to Custer City, at south of hills.
1876	In opened contrast with the Treaty of Fort Laramie, the soldiers were sent in Sioux Reserve for chase to that they were obstinate themselves not to listen to the voice of reason refusing 5 million dollars, in particular to the Sitting Bull Hunkpapa and the Crazy Horse's Oglala. Crazy horse joined its forces to those of Sitting Bull which it sent to say to the Government: "If you have a man who says the truth, send he to me and I will listen him." According to General Sherman the man who corresponded to this description was George Crook, the greatest adversary of the Indians in the American history , but also the only white leader man to which the Indians they believed. However it was sent not for dealing the peace but in order to make the war. Returning from a great campaign against the Apache, at the question if it were not hard to begin other campaign against the Indians answered: " It is hard! But the harder thing is to go to fight those people who are in the just one." Sitting Bull during a great Sun Dance , had a vision in which there were soldiers from the fallen blue jackets in the Indian encampment. The 16 June the Lakota and Cheyenne warriors guided by Crazy Horse inflicted to the army of Crook its only defeat. The 25 of the same month on Little Bighorn, bump the 7° Cavalrymen guided by Colonel Custer and the Indians guided by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull. THE BATTLE OF THE LITTLE BIGHORN In late 1875, Sioux and Cheyenne Indians defiantly left their reservations, outraged over the continued intrusions of whites into their sacred lands in the Black Hills. They gathered in Montana with the great warrior Sitting Bull to fight for their lands. Two victories that spring against the US Cavalry emboldened them to fight on in the summer of 1876. To force the large Indian army back to the reservations, the Army dispatched three columns to attack in coordinated fashion, one of which contained Lt. Colonel George Custer and the Seventh Cavalry. Spotting the Sioux village about fifteen miles away along the Rosebud River on June 25, Custer also found a nearby group of about forty warriors. Ignoring orders to wait, he decided to attack before they could alert the main party. He did not realize that the number of warriors in the village numbered three times his strength. Dividing his forces in three, Custer sent troops under Captain Frederick Benteen to prevent their escape through the upper valley of the Little Bighorn River. Major Marcus Reno was to pursue the group, cross the river, and charge the Indian village in a coordinated effort with the remaining troops under his command. He hoped to strike the Indian encampment at the northern and southern ends simultaneously, but made this decision without knowing what kind of terrain he would have to cross before making his assault. He belatedly discovered that he would have to negotiate a maze of bluffs and ravines to attack. Reno's squadron of 175 soldiers attacked the northern end. Quickly finding themselves in a desperate battle with little hope of any relief, Reno halted his charging men before they could be trapped, fought for ten minutes in dismounted formation, and then withdrew into the timber and brush along the river. When that position proved indefensible, they retreated uphill to the bluffs east of the river, pursued hotly by a mix of Cheyenne and Sioux. Just as they finished driving the soldiers out, the Indians found roughly 210 of Custer's men coming towards the other end of the village, taking the pressure off of Reno's men. Cheyenne and Hunkpapa Sioux together crossed the river and slammed into the advancing soldiers, forcing them back to a long high ridge to the north. Meanwhile, another force, largely Oglala Sioux under Crazy Horse's command, swiftly moved downstream and then doubled back in a sweeping arc, enveloping Custer and his men in a pincer move. They began pouring in gunfire and arrows. As the Indians closed in, Custer ordered his men to shoot their horses and stack the carcasses to form a wall, but they provided little protection against bullets. In less than an hour, Custer and his men were killed in the worst American military disaster ever. After another day's fighting, Reno and Benteen's now united forces escaped when the Indians broke off the fight. They had learned that the other two columns of soldiers were coming towards them, so they fled. After the battle, the Indians came through and stripped the bodies and mutilated all the uniformed soldiers, believing that the soul of a mutilated body would be forced to walk the earth for all eternity and could not ascend to heaven. Inexplicably, they stripped Custer's body and cleaned it, but did not scalp or mutilate it. He had been wearing buckskins instead of a blue uniform, and some believe that the Indians thought he was not a soldier and so, thinking he was an innocent, left him alone. Because his hair was cut short for battle, others think that he did not have enough hair to allow for a very good scalping. Immediately after the battle, the myth emerged that they left him alone out of respect for his fighting ability, but few participating Indians knew who he was to have been so respectful. To this day, no one knows the real reason. Little Bighorn was the pinnacle of the Indians' power. They had achieved their greatest victory yet, but soon their tenuous union fell apart in the face of the white onslaught. Outraged over the death of a popular Civil War hero on the eve of the Centennial, the nation demanded and received harsh retribution. The Black Hills dispute was quickly settled by redrawing the boundary lines, placing the Black Hills outside the reservation and open to white settlement. Within a year, the Sioux nation was defeated and broken. "Custer's Last Stand" was their last stand as well.
1877	The defeat inflicted to the U.S.A. cost much beloved to the Indians. With the Black Hills Act, the government forced Red Cloud to sign a document that repealed the treaty of Fort Laramie and yielded the Paha Sapa with to 22.8 million acres of surrounding territory in exchange for portions of subsistence for an indefinite period. All this although lacked the companies Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull and their warriors allontanatisi in order to avoid reprisals. General Nelson Miles capture and kills the head Lame Deer. Dulled knife, head of the Cheyenne and their Arapaho allies surrenders, so comes sended to south in the Indian Territory. Preferring die rather than living in that desolate place drive the rest of its people in a deprived of hope travel towards north. Dulled Knife was one of the few survivors; at the end found shelter by Red Cloud to Pine Ridge where pass on in 1883. In order spontaneously to avoid to its companions another hardships and deprivations winter, Crazy Horse delivery near the Red Cloud agency. In the month of September was convened to Fort Robinson, in Nebraska, where she was pierce from the bayonet of a guard in controversial circumstances, in which Little Big Man was been involved also.
1881	The "wild cerimonial" known as SunDance comes prohibited in all Sioux reservoirs.
1889	After the refusal of Sitting Bull and Red Cloud to yield 9.000.000 of acres to the settler, the president Benjamin Harrison proclaim a law that, still ignoring the treaty of 1868, dismantled the Sioux Reservoir created at Fort Laramie and established the current reservoirs. One peace and prosperity ceremony like «Ghost Dance» it came transformed from the Lakota in a purification ceremony that it would have made to return buffalo (the source of life for the Indians) lost and driven away the white men from the Prairie.
1890	The 15 December, Sitting Bull was killed while resisting to the arrest in order to have fomented disorders adopting the Ghost Dance. Died Sitting Bull, Big Foot becomes Head. He was massacred in the 29 December by the Seventh Cavalry with 200 Minnecojou between men, women and children beyond to some Hunkpapa at Wounded Knee. The regiment of General Custer came revenged so and it received from the Conference of the United States 20 medals to the Honor. The famous «Medals of the Dishonor». Black Elk: «The sacred circle of the Sioux is broken, it does not have center, and the sacred tree is died». THE MASSACRE AT WOUNDED KNEE After Sitting Bull's death, Chief Spotted Elk feared for the safety of his people. He led his band toward Pine Ridge, hoping for the protection of Red Cloud. However, he fell ill from pneumonia on the trip and was forced to travel in the back of a wagon. As they neared Porcupine Creek on December 28, the band saw 4 troops of cavalry approaching. A white flag was immediately run up over Big Foot's wagon. When the two groups met, Big Foot raised up from his bed of blankets to greet Major Samuel Whitside of the Seventh Cavalry. His blankets were stained with blood and blood dripped from his nose as he spoke. Whitside informed him of his orders to take the band to their camp on Wounded Knee Creek. Big Foot replied that they were going that way, to Pine Ridge. The major wanted to disarm the Indians right then but was dissuaded by his scout John Shangreau, in order to avoid a fight on the spot. They agreed to wait to undertake this until they reached camp. Then, in a moment of sympathy, the major ordered his army ambulance brought forward to accept the ill Minneconjou chief, providing a warmer and more comfortable ride. They then proceeded toward the camp at Wounded Knee Creek, led by two cavalry troops with the other two troops bringing up the rear with their cannons. They reached the camp at twilight. At the camp, the Indians were carefully counted; there were 120 men and 230 women and children. Major Whitside decided to wait until morning to disarm the band. They were assigned a camp site just to the south of the cavalry camp, given rations, and provided with several tents as there was a shortage of tepee covers. A stove was provided for Big Foot's tent and the doctor was sent to give aid to the chief. To guarantee against escape from the camp, two troops of cavalry were posted around the Indian tents and the cannons were placed on the top of a rise overlooking the camp. The guns were aimed directly at the lodges. During the night the rest of the Seventh Cavalry marched in and set up north of Major Whitside's troops. Two more cannons were placed beside the two already aimed at the lodges. Colonel John Forsyth took over command of the operation and informed Major Whitside that he had orders to take the band to the railroad to be shipped to a military prison in Omaha. In the morning a bugle call awakened the camp and the men were told to come to the center of the camp for a talk. After the talk they would move to Pine Ridge. Big Foot was brought out and seated before his tent. The older men of the band gathered around him. Hardtack was issued for breakfast. Then the Indians were informed that they would be disarmed. They stacked their guns in the center, but the soldiers were not satisfied. The soldiers went through the tents, bringing out bundles and tearing them open, throwing knives, axes, and tent stakes into the pile. Then they ordered searches of the individual warriors. The Indians became very angry but only one spoke out, the medicine man, Yellow Bird. He danced a few steps of the Ghost Dance and chanted in Sioux, telling the Indians that the bullets would not hurt them, they would go right by. The search found only two rifles, one brand new, belonging to a young man named Black Coyote. He raised it over his head and cried out that he had spent much money for the rifle and that it belonged to him. Black Coyote was deaf and therefore did not respond promptly to the demands of the soldiers. He would have been convinced to put it down by the Sioux, but that option was not possible. He was grabbed by the soldiers and spun around. Then a shot was heard; its source is not clear but it began the killing. The only arms the Indians had were what they could grab from the pile. When the cannons opened up, shrapnel shredded the lodges, killing men, women and children, indiscriminately. They tried to run but were shot down "like buffalo," women and children alike. When the mass insanity of the soldiers ended, 153 dead were counted, including Big Foot; but many of the wounded had crawled off to die alone. One estimate place the final death toll at 350 Indian men, women and children. Twenty-five soldiers died and 39 were wounded, most by their own shrapnel and bullets. The wounded soldiers were started back to the Pine Ridge agency. Then a detail of soldiers went over the battlefield, gathering up any Indians that were still alive and placing them in wagons. As a blizzard was approaching, the dead were left where they had fallen. The wagons with the wounded arrived at Pine Ridge after dark. They contained only 4 Sioux men and 47 women and children. These people were left outside in wagons in the bitter cold while a search was made for housing for them. Finally the Episcopal mission was opened, the benches removed and hay scattered over the floor as bedding for the wounded Sioux. As they were brought in, those who were conscious could see the Christmas decorations hanging from the rafters.
1990	The sacred circle of the Sioux nation was recomposed in the 29 December, from the knights of the Sitanka Wokiksuye, they have travelled over again, to one hundred exact years, the track continuation from Big Foot and its followers, executing finally a ceremony for giving peace to their spirits and asserting that, the native people are not passings, but to the contrary they admonish the white men for what they are making the Mother Earth.