HISTORY

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SOCIAL HISTORY OF ASSAM:

(a) Migration of Human races: The migration of different human races to the ancient land of Assam began two hundreds years before the birth of Christ. The Karbis, being the descendents of Austric race, are like the Columbus of Assam. The Khasis, Jayantias, Kukies, Lusais(Mizo) are all from this race. The Kirats, being migrants from the western part of China, are from the Mongoloid race who speak Sino-Tibetan language. Bodo, Garo, Rabha, Deuries, Misings, Morans, Sutias, Dimasas and Koches(Rajbongshi), Lalung, Hajong, are also from the same race. The assimilation started as both the races co-existed in the same geographical area. This is the background where the historic assimilation of Assamese nation-building process took place. Then the Kaibartas and Banias from Drabirian race migrated from the coast of Mediterranean came into assimilation more or less.

The name of this geographic area was Pragjyotishpur in the 4th - 5th centuries. King Mahiranga (Danaba) from the Mongoloid race was the first monarch of Pragjyotishpur. King Hatak(asur), Sambar(asur), Rambh(asur), Ghatak(asur) and King Narak(asur) reigned serially in the throne of Pragjyotishpur as the descendent of Mahiranga Danab. On the other hand the Aryans from Cocasian race migrated through the Gangetic Plain in the 1st century to the land of Pragjyotishpur. The local king amongst the Mongolian majority society rehabilitated the Aryans, being the carrier of comparatively advanced religion and language-culture. In the presence of these people, the process of assimilation started long before the birth of Christ that has achieved a new acceleration. Narak(asur), the first monarch who was converted to Hindu religion, constructed the first temple and city at Kamakhya. As the king and the royal dynasty were converted to Hindu religion of the Aryans , the caste division also germinated in the tribal society of that time.

Middle Age The king and the Royal dynasty on one side formed a royal class with the Brahmin priest rehabilitated by them and on the other side the general people comprising the agri-slave, lower strata of the royal house formed the peasantry. After this stratification the first king of Barman dynasty reigned at Pragjyotishpur from 350 A.D to 380 A.D.

During this period, the name of Pragjyotishpur became Kamrup. Religious communalism penetrated to Kamrup in the last part of the reign of Salastambha dynasty (650 AD to 790 AD) and Pal dynasty (up to 1142 AD) after of the reign the Bhaskar Barman, the most powerful and the last king of Barman dynasty (he ruled till 650 AD). Thus religious communalism took firm roots in Assam (the then Kamrup) which infiltrated along with the migration of Brahmin priests to Assam.

The Hindu religion was divided into different branches like Sakta, Saiba, Baishnaba during the time of the Indian king Chandra Gupta Maurya.

In 1228 A.D, Tai speaker Sao Lung Sukapha of Mongolian race stepped on this land. During those period Kamrup was divided into four distinct zones such as Kam-peeth, Soumar-peeth, Ratna-peeth, and Swarna-peeth. Every zone was further divided into separate independent states under the rule of more than one tribal king. Sukapha established a powerful united feudal state through his broad strategy of "establishing one state by unifying seven(?) states" within Kamrup. Since then, Kamrup became to be known as Asom. The presence of the Tais has done the irregular process of social assimilation more forceful in between the migrant races such as Austrics, Mongoloids, Drabirs and Caucasians.

The relation and the synthesis among the different tribes, as being isolated before, were developed with the pace of the development of agriculture and communication system under the patronage of modern administration and military structure of Tai-Ahoms. Thus Assamese became the link language amongst the peoples who speak different dialects.

At the same time, a handful of rich class of businessmen and merchants developed. This brought about the development of society to a certain stage during the six hundred years of Ahom rule. On the other hand, at the Kam-peeth and Ratna-peeth a series of invasion took place under the commands of Muhammad Ghauri, Muhammad Bin-Bakhtier, Giasuddin, Nasirudin and Tughril Khan prior to the arrival of the Tais. Kamrup was still capable of keeping its sovereignty invincible. The Muslim captives of the war who were compelled to stay here after the wars have been assimilated into Assamese society. Under the leadership of Ahom administration, the sovereignty of Assam was preserved resisting the invasion of Asia-victor the Mugals for seventeen times with the help of different tribes of Assam.

During the time of Ahom administration, the Sikh religious priest Tegbahadur and the Muslim religious scholar Azan Fakir came to Assam and Srimanta Sankardeva, the preceptor of puritan Hinduism, was born in Assam. As the religious preceptors started the act of publicity of their religions, the language of royal house spread amongst the subjects. Again, the practice of upkeeping the history (Buranji) and the patronage from the royal house have made the language and literature richer.

During this period the religious communalism became strong enough inside classified society which was planted long before. However, till the time of His Highness Pratap Chadra Singh, the tribal system of royal administration was prevalent. But the tribal traditions became eroded due to the imposition of land surveying, population census, the introduction of PAIK system which crushed the tribal demography, the commencement of more developed feudal system and lastly the import and rehabilitation of Hindu religious Brahman-priest from India.

The contradiction between the ruling class consisting of tehe King, the royal family, the royal officers from the ministers to the Chamuas and the general peasantry comprising of Paike, Slave, House-man and war prisoners became intensified. Thereafter, the conflicts of the general feudal peasantry with the ruling class reflected through the Moamaria rebellion (1769-1826) in the form of religious communalism became intensified. The Ahom administrative system was crushed due to the conflict between the ruler and the subjects.

Again, the assimilated social life was isolated. The massive loss of life occurred and these undecided peoples' uprising caused the famine that made the total social life of Assam very weak. On the one hand the Burmese arrived accepting the call of Sarbananda Singha and on the other hand the British came in response to the invitation of Gaurinath Singha. There were enormous loss of life and property due to the invasion of these two foreign powers one after another. The Burmese occupied Assam for four years from 1822 to1826 AD after she was invaded thrice in 1817,1819 and 1821. The Assamese society was in such an era of decay that all efforts, individual and collective, for the resistance against the Burmese could not produce any positive result.

Modern Age
Arrival of British in Assam

Arrival of the British in Assam

It was 28th February 1793, Mr Geiger Ensaiswood and Dr. John Peter Bawdy, the emissaries of British officer Capt. Wales entered into an agreement with the Ahom Monarch Gaurinath Singha to initiate commercial activities inside Assam. The commercial activities initiated by the above British representative ran smoothly.

The British Governor General Lord Amherst declared counter offensive against the "Burmese" invader who already encroached Assam and later tried to do so in the British territory. As a part of this counter offensive operation, Mr David Scot, the British agent of North-East Frontier arrived in Cachar area of Assam and distributed pamphlets, which contained the text " we further declare that we are not led into your country by the thirst of conquest. But are forced in our defference to deprive our enemy of the means of annoying us. You may therefore rest assured that we will never consent to depart until we exclude our enemy from Assam and reestablish that country, a government adopted to your wants and calculated to promote the happiness of the people of all classes."

However the British signed the infamous Yandaboo Treaty on 24th February 1826 with the Burmese General after defeating and chasing away them from Assam. And then, promising all kinds of happiness, prosperity and peace, above all 'to form a government of their own choice', the British occupied Assam. The refusal to fulfill the promises of David Scot led the broad Assamese people to rebel for independence under the leadership of Dhananjoy Gohain, Pioli Phukan, Gomadhar Kowar etc. prior to the commencement of biennial anniversary of the Yandaboo Treaty. Though their attitude was limited towards the goal of independence, it was a symbol of the aspiration for independence. The first rebellion started in April of 1826 and the second one on 25th March 1830.

The rebellions failed because of different situations and different reasons. However, the people of Assam did not accept the occupation of their country by the British. There was neither any signatories nor any consent from the Assamese peoples to ratify the Yandaboo Treaty. Hence, the state of Assam was neither victorious nor vanquished in the Anglo-Burmese war. The British kept Assam under Military rule from 1826 to 1838, keeping the commercial importance as their sole agenda.

In the year 1838, the Ahom King Purandar Singha was dethroned. From that very year the whole of Assam came under the British colonization. The conditions required for nation building that began to conceive during the time of British rule could not be fulfilled during the Ahom monarchial period. The nation building process started among the different tribal and sectarian society of Assam. The British ruled Assam from their Bengal head quarters since 1838 to 1874.

On the other hand, in 1825 the British Tea Board admitted the commercial importance of tea that was discovered by Robert Bruce in 1823. As the tea of Assam was proved to be qualitatively better than the tea of China, the British started tea plantations in Assam investing one billion sterling pound as capital and founded the Assam Tea Company.

The policy of "Waste Land Regulation" was imposed from the starting of tea cultivation as a tactic of depriving the local people. Under the "Waste Land Regulation" the rate of revenue of the land for the British was far less than that of Assamese local people.

On the other hand, the industrialist with less capital were deprived of possession of land in accordance with the regulation that prohibited anybody to get lease of land less than one hundred acres.

The British administration managed to complete the formation of imperialist capital by transferring the whole tea industry to the British tea planter through its conspiratory regulation. Advocating different mere commercial causes, they imported cheap labour force from Bihar, West-Bengal and Orissa, thus depriving the local workers of livelihood. The huge migration of labour from India to promote the British capital under the canopy of British administration has started to change the demography of Assam.

Of course, these people are still enchained by the slavery and inhumane rules and regulations of the owners of the tea estates. Some of them already engaged in agricultural activities were later absorbed in the Assamese social life.

Markets were established in favour of the needs of these migrated labour and other Indian service holders. The Marwari and Bengali traders were provided establishment in favour of the owner of the tea plantation. All the situation vacancies for the post of clerks, writers and supervisors etc. were filled up with Bengali outsiders that deprived the local people of these opportunities. Thus the surplus capital of tea industry and the money from the salaries of the service holders were drained out continuously. This process is still running on. This colonial exploitation prevented the free promotion of local capital and encouraged the rapid emergence of capitalists from outside.

At the very outset the deceptive promises of David Scot were believed blindly by a section of Assamese bureaucrats like Maniram Dewan. And so they cooperated with the imperialist British. Later on, the exposure of the conspiracy by the British themselves caused the starting of rebellion by Maniram himself against the British in 1857.

On the other hand the Royal family and the bureaucrat officers of Ahom monarchy descended to the general subjects just after the termination of the PAIK and KHEL system, being the major arms of political and economic decentralization of Ahom administrative system, that was done ensuring the free flow of capital from outside without giving any priority to the development of agriculture. The burden of revenue inflated gradually upon the terminated subjects from PAIK and KHEL administrative system.

With the increase of British exploitation the people became irritated and finally they burst into rebellion. The agitated people under the leadership and guidance of "RAIJMEL" (peoples coucil) turned to life and death struggle. First at Phulaguri on 17th September 1861 and later up to 1892 at Patidarrang, Nalbari, Lachima, Barama, Bajali, Khetri and Upor Barbhag ; in 1893 at Rangia and the last one in 1894 in the famous Patharughat against the British imperialist to recover their sovereignty. Though these valiant struggles failed because of some limitations, the struggle under the leadership of "RAIJMEL" irrespective of different nationality, tribes and races was the harbinger of Assamese nationalism.

The disposition started among the educated new middle class emerged from the foundation of old one due to the appointment of Bengali people in the post of clerks and supervisors etc in the tea industry and the different colonial administrative unit as grand majority. In the mean time in 1836 the Bengali Language was imposed in the offices and courts in Assam which caused the growth of already germinated anti-Bengali sentiment with a degree from more too absolute. Moreover, against it , the idea of nationalism developed among the Assamese middle class who was obedient to British colonialism. Raisahab Gunaviram Barua was the founder of the Assamese middle class nationalism. The sincere effort of the educated Assamese middle class comprising Gunaviram Baruah as pioneer and incessantly to Lakhiram Baruah developed Assamese language and literature to modern stage. However this educated middle class called for only cultural movements instead of taking the leadership of militant struggle of the peasantry because of their adherence to the British imperialism. It was done to keep away peasantry directly from the anti-British movement. And especially for this attitude, the peasant rebellion was deprived from the leadership of the modern western educated middle class under the shadow of colonialism. Again, it is noted that the British itself planted their colonial trickery of "Divide and Rule" to prevent the further assimilation of any nationality which was not assimilated till than with the already formed Assamese nation keeping in view to debar from a formation of likely stronger Assamese nation that was shaped within and by the British administration. In 1920 the British formed the Assam Province and imposed the "Schedule District Act" as in order to sow the seed for conflict between the hills' and the plains' peoples thereby rupturing the communication among the tribal and non-tribal people.

The imperialists introduced the election system for the very first time in Assam in 1935 that caused the emergence of power struggle. Due to the power struggle, the society was divided in different stream of tribal, non-tribal, Hindu, Muslim under the leadership of different political parties. The odd influence of the politics of casteism and racism is still posing as a complicated problem after 48 years of pro-British Indian rule.

The above mentioned modern Assamese middle class kept themselves away from opposing British administration as their own class character dictates so. The British was always aware of this class to prevent them from becoming an opponent. There might have been some personal deposit of money of some growing Assamese entrepreneur, however their route to the ascension to the capitalist class was closed by the British with its trickery and red-tapism.

If any enthusiast came in being as an opponent of British capital, he was nipped in the bud. For example, Maniram Dewan was hanged on 26th February, 1885. The credit of Assamese new middle class was that, they have shaped the adolescent Assamese language of Arunodoy age of 1846 to a scientific mode of Jonaki age of 1889 and the Hemkosh( modern Assamese dictionary) published in 1890 which made firm the foundation of Assamese language. Moreover, after 37 years of imposing Bengali language in the place of Assamese language since 1836, the credit goes to the American missionaries like Nathan Brown, Oliver Cortrer, Miles Bronchon, Choybus Barker who have reinstated the Assamese language on 8th April 1873.

It was the British who constructed 439 miles long railway track in the first decade of twentieth century and it was the British who established the first Asian oil refinery at Digboi. In the British period, besides the waterways, the land communication also became convenient; some industries and enterprises, such as tea, coal, plywood etc, were also founded.

However, Assam has been deprived of any real benefit from these establishments till now. The railway became the one of the convenient communication systems of colonial exploitation and the industries became the medium of the outsiders for extracting the surplus value. The degree of exploitation increased day by day as the raw materials from Assam were taken away and industries were established. On the other hand, Assam was turned into the captive market of industrial products of the colonial master and the local capital was taken away by the foreign merchants. It should be mentioned here that only for their convenience of colonial exploitation the British did not do anything to undermine the feudal society of Assam. The "Land and Revenue" system was brought into use after the abolition of the old PAIK and KHEL system. And so they planted their perverted capitalism on the back of feudal system. For the interest of winning the loyalty of the subjects, a part of the old middle class was absorbed in the colonial administration, as they were given the Western education. The educated persons were appointed as Magistrate, Munchef, Daroga(Police officer) and clerks etc. in the urban area and as Mauzader(revenue collector), Choudhury(revenue collector), Village Headman and Mandal etc. in the rural area. They became the faithful agents of the British and stood as the basis of the old Assamese society. The new Assamese middle class emerged in this way from the ruin of the old middle class. The British also kept their sharp attention to this new Assamese middle class in retaining their social dignity because they believed them to be the sole governor of British colonial administration.

The social base:
By the grace of British.

The exploitation and oppression of the British administrative system produced an opportunist middle class as well as an oppressed peasantry and working class antagonistic to the British colonial administration.

The royal and the aristocrat class of pre British period were compelled to descend to the status of general subjects after the abolition of *PAIK and *KHEL system. The class consisting the descended royal and other aristocrat persons of pre-British era, different Hindu tribes, poor high caste Hindu, lower caste Hindu and the Muslims was the majority by numbers than any other specific strata of the society. This class had initiated armed resistance against the unbearable British imperialism. These people had prepared the fertile ground for the growth of true Assamese Nationalism. As far as nationalism of a dependent nation is concerned, it clearly implies the aspiration for sovereignty, consciousness for one's national idenmtity and above all the urge to overthrow the foreign rulers. Hence the real (revolutionary) Assamese nationalism was defined by the known-unknown rebellious peasantry against the nationalism of Assamese middle class which inclined to the British masters.

A class of people was there with the dream of "Independent Assam". Lokeswar Barua (Jorhat), Purna Sarma(Nagaon), Ambikagiri Rai Choudhury (Barpeta) were the prominent among these nationalists. Even during the time of second world war when Indian National Army led by Subhash Chandra Bos with the help of the Japanese army reached Manipur, Gopinath Bardoloi (prominent freedom fighter and first Chief Minister of Assam) planned to establish an independent national government in Assam, even when he was behind bar. In addition, it was resolved by the National Convention of all the nations, tribes and races association of hills and plains of Assam assembled at the "Khasi Darbar Hall"(Khasi National Hall) on 21, 22, 23 March of 1945 that "Assam be separated from the rest of India where, there are a number of divisions on the lines of Pakistan, Hindustan etc. and that Assam be allowed to guide its destiny by the people of Assam". On 20th April of 1945, on the 5th annual session of Tribal League a proposal was accepted which states, "Assam, with key separate racial and cultural identity from the rest of India should fight for independence". On the 10th March of 1947 the All Assam Ahom Association also published a pamphlet stating, "The British sould ultimately leave Assam as an independent state'. The demand of independent Assam raised by Lachit Sena (a Non Govt. Organization) on 26th January of 1968 was also an indication of the aspiration of the Assamese people towards the establishment of an "Independent Assam'. The distinct characteristics of Assam being diferent from the rest of India was proved by the specific decision of 16th August 1946 which stated "the Assam Legislative Assembly comes to a consensus against the "grouping" and the elected members of the Assembly to the "Indian constituent Council" will draft an 'independent constitution' in a separate meeting where other representatives will not be allowed to stay". It should be mentioned that Mahatma Gandhi also encouraged Assam against the 'Grouping" with his famous speech "Assam must be totally independent and autonomously governed". And so, Mahatma Gandhi did not include Assam in his desired Map of India. The cause of the omission of the name of "Assam" from the text of the National Anthem of India composed by the Nobel laureate Rabindra Nath Thakur had also the same cause. Moreover, till 1921, there was no any branch in Assam of the Congress Party, the Indian National Institution formed in 1885 under the patronage of the British. The struggling leadership of Assam was allured by the resolution of forming "United struggling Front "as per the "Lukhnow Agreement "signed by Congress and Muslim League.

The freedom movement of Assam joined with the freedom movement of India in 1921 only for the strategic condition to fight against the common enemy under a common anti British United Front. The anti "grouping" resolutions were the proof of the above fact. The conspiracy of the British to include Assam in "C" group on the time of "grouping" arrangement was aimed to compel Assam to join voluntarily with Hindustan rather than joining in the Muslim majority "C" group. The British realized that if Assam was annexed to Hindustan than it would be possible for them to keep Assam under the modified (?) leadership of India where already a bulk of "sterling money" had been invested in the name of tea industry. Further, it would have made it possible to execute the secret treaty "Indian Independence Act" of 23rd June 1947, where the agreement of preservation of British capital, religion, culture, language were clearly stated in the 8th paragraph and so it would have been possible to bring out all the money earned in Assam without any hindrance. The British agreed to transfer power on 15th August 1947 as the compromising leadership secretly admitted to sign the treaty of capitulation of "Indian Independence Act 1947". This agreement was neither the result of the non-violent movement of Mahatma Gandhi nor was it the honour for the sovereignty of the people of India. It was only a new tactics of keeping the economic grip in their own hand when they realised that it was impossible to sustain in the Asian Colony because of the spontaneous mass upsurge of peasantry and workers almost everywhere.

As on 9th December 1946 Muslim league boycotted the Peoples-Council (constituent assembly) and no other opposition parties were there, the Congress took the opportunity of drafting the constitution for their own benefit. According to their draft, the Congress denied the proposal of Federal India adopted in the "Constituent Assembly" on 22 January 1947.

Thus, Assam was unfortunately annexed to India because of the trickery and conspiracy of the Congress, the British sponsored association of the "Indian elite".

The exploitation, oppression and the looting of wealth remain undeterred today as before. The only difference is that, previously the colonial exploitation was manipulated by the British imperialists directly but now Assam comes under direct Indian colonial exploitation and on the other hand under the indirect International Monopolistic entrepreneurs as an alliance of Indian big business.

The identity of the indigenous peoples of Assam is now threatened because of these double layered exploitations. On the other hand, the Indian government has arranged to form the powerless Assam government with the help of some puppets under the Indian constitution having a governor directly appointed by New Delhi. Elimination of all the basic rights with the help of the direct governing system of Delhi, the Indian government has made their way clear. At the time of power transfer to the loyal Congress leadership by the British, the Congress leadership took the chair of ruler without changing anything of the Indian constitution which was drafted on the model of the British system. The Indian constitution has failed to open any route to the development of other nation-tribes providing self-determination right to them and to eradicate its eccentric character which is amended 85 times up till now. However, it makes a new social base loyal to the colonial India crushing the demographic structure of the nation-tribes. It is the manifestation of the previous social base established by the British. This servant or sycophant class is helping the caretaker government of India stationed at Gauhati making a favorable environment for administration and exploitation by the slogans like "united India" , "India is our mainstream", "we are all Indians" who are totally unsympathetic to the rights, honour and the identity of the indigenous peoples of Assam. This puppet class is creating the environment of hatred, differences and conflicts among the indigenous nation-tribes. This class is more brutal than the British in suppressing the legitimate struggle of the indigenous peoples, the democratic non-violent movement organized with the of hope of emancipation of the peoples of Assam who have been pauperised and deprived of their basic rights in their own Motherland. Therefore, the indigenous peoples of Assam under 51 years of Indian colonial rule have been tasting the bitter experiences of brutal repression upon unarmed movement. Now Assam and the whole of so-called North-Eastern region is subjected to the colonial system of Indian ruling class through their repressive administration behind the veil of fake democracy. They are conducting their cultural, economic and political repression under the cover of Indian constitution. With these rules and systems, the Indian government has closed all the doors to the solution of "Nation Problem of Assam" establishing the right of self -determination of the indigenous peoples of Assam.

That means - 1. the right of national self-determination is not recognized in the Indian constitution.

2. the Indian constitution and the other state systems are founded on the idea of "one nation state" other than the character of "Multi-nation State".

3. It does not empower any nation to adopt any eco-social and cultural planing or program in its own motherland.

4. It does not entrust any power to the national peoples to determine the demarcation of the area where a specific nation lives unaccompanied.

5. The constitution provides for a powerful centralised system (clause 352, 353, 365 ,360) to crush any movement organized by the national peoples to solve their problem by imposing "emergency" without any consent of the people's representatives.

6. In Delhi, the President of India and the Governor in Assam is supreme in power; the people's power is neglected.

7. In Assam, they are enforcing different laws and acts, those are discriminatory comparing with the rest of India. (IMDT Act, AFSPA 1958 Assam, Manipur etc,)

In addition, in 1962 the Government of India almost handed over Assam to China. On 21-11-1962 all the Indian soldiers left Assam. Jawaharlal Nehru said farewell to Assam (by his famous speech "My heart goes out to the people of Assam"). Even, at that time the "conducive pipes" of Burma Oil Company were lifted away to West Bengali, Bihari and Marwari peoples from Assam. Moreover, the indigenous peoples of Assam stayed here contemplating their destiny. After that, is there any legal right of India to rule Assam? However, shamelessly India again established their colonial rule after China declared unilateral ceasefire without encroaching on Assam. India once again re-established its colonial rule in Assam and resumed their colonial economic exploitation of Assam. And till today, the act of looting, and plundering of wealth of Assam is going on.

The nature of the exploitation is:-

1. Till now the wealth of Assam are taken away as raw materials specially to the industries situated in the port-city like Calcutta, Mumbai, Chennai etc.
2. By taking away the finished products of the industry of Assam which were established as an obligatory measure, India is usurping all the foreign exchange?
3. India is resolving their unemployment problem establishing more industry in India by using the raw materials of Assam.
4. India has been appointing more Indian people in the industries of Assam than the British.
5. More enterprises from outside are established in the industrial estates of Assam.
6. The banks situated in Assam are encouraging these entrepreneurs providing more financial help.
7. The appointment of Indians at every post from Manager to get-keeper in all the government and semi-government industrial institutions deprive the local educated, semi-educated and uneducated unemployed youth from employment and so the unemployment problem of Assam has now become acute.
8. In the name of acquisition of land for industry and military bases, the government has evicted indigenous peasants from their hereditary land that has reduced them to street-beggars. Therefore, the evicted land less peasants and the problem of unemployed youth have made the 'national problem' of Assam more critical.

On the other hand, the corrupted officers and contractors are misappropriating all the money poured for public welfare against the privilege to be granted to the peasants by controlling the river and tributaries of Assam through flood control system. So the problem of flood remains as before. Every year the flood plunges Assam and destroys innumerable quantity of lives and property. India is earning thousands of millions of foreign exchange from the petro-products of Assam, however Assam receives only a nominal royalty. In addition, India is wasting our source of power by burning out the invaluable natural gas erupted with the crude oil, which is worth 0.1 million dollar per day other than utilising through proper technical support. The government of India is granting pathetically a few numbers of licenses required for establishment of any industry here. And lastly the government of India has given license to the multinational corporations to establish industry in Assam independently, to take away the finished products, to bring technical expert from outside and above all to take away all the surplus money that are turned over from the profit of the industry. Is there any other proof required to show the indirect colonial exploitation?

India and Pakistan came into existence on 15th August 1947 according to the "two nation theory". The communal violence enveloped the whole country at that time. But at that time also the conspiracy against Assam didn't remain indolent. The Hindi magnet got the benefit of migration of Muslim population to Pakistan and the whole migrated Hindu population from Pakistan was rehabilitated only in Assam and Tripura in planned manner. This migration has totally upset the original demographic structure of Assam and Tripura. What is more alarming is the migration is still going on. And rehabilitation of the refugees of the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, only in Assam and Tripura has created and posed as very complicated problem of foreign migrants. The 'earth digger', launder, cobbler, shoe-shiner, barbar, scutcher etc. imported by the Indian trader and the "Nepali Migrant" engaged in different commercial activities also have added salt to the wound.

These peoples are being used in parliamentary elections as vote banks to deprive the indigenous peoples from their representation in the politics of vote-war. The latest examples are Mr. Manomohan Singh from Punjab(former Indian Finance Minister), Mr. Matang Singh from Bihar (former minister), Mr. Siv Sambhu Ozha from Bihar (former minister) etc. . The conceited Indian state has imposed forcefully the expansionist Hindi culture upon Assam and the whole so-called North-Eastern region with the help of government and religious fundamentalist institutions. The route to the development of different colourful tradition and culture of backward nation-tribes were completely closed by utterly neglecting them. For this purpose Radio, TV, Porno Hindi Film, Porno literatures are used everywhere.

Now India is executing the idea of genocide in Assam as they have done in Punjab and Kashmir. India is also trying to impose its hegemony upon the neighbouring countries like Pakista