LOMBARDO - VENETIA
See also ROMAN CATHOLIC HIERARCHY IN LOMBARDO - VENETIA 1848 - 1859/1866
LOMBARDO - VENETIAN KINGDOM
In 1805 the historical regions of Lombardy and Venetia became part of the Kingdom of Italy. This kingdom came to an end in 1814 and in 1815, after a brief period of allied rule, both territories were transferred to Austrian Habsburg rule, forming the Lombardo - Venetian Kingdom. In 1848 - 1849 Habsburg rule briefly ceased to exist in large parts of the Kingdom and in 1859 - after the lose of Lombardy to Sardinia - its territory was reduced to Venetia. In 1866 this territory was also lost (to Italy) and the Kingdom ceased to exist. __________________________________________________________________________________HEADS OF STATE
Kings Königen Re (exact style in German not known - in Ital. : Re di Lombardia e Venezia) 1815 - 1866 the Emperors of Austria __________________________________________________________________________________HABSBURG CHIEF ADMINISTRATORS
Viceroy 1818 - 1848 GenFeldzeugm. Prinz Rainer Joseph Johann Michael Franz Hieronymus von Habsburg-Lothringen Erzherzog von Österreich, Königlicher Prinz von Ungarn und Böhmen, Prinz von Toskana 1783 - 1853 Assistant 1847 - 1848 Karl Ludwig Graf Ficquelmont 1777 - 1857 Commander of the Habsburg Troops in Northern Italy 1848 - 1849 Fieldmarsh. Johann Josef Wenzel Graf Radetzky von Radetz, only in control of the so called "Quadrilateral (Quadrilatero)" - a group of fortresses in Mantua, Peschiera, Legnano and Verona - from mar to may 1848, started the reconquest of the territory in may 1848 (ended with the recapture of Venice in aug 1849). 1766 - 1858 Governors General 1849 - 1857 Fieldmarsh. Johann Josef Wenzel Graf Radetzky von Radetz, also Commander of the II Army (1) s.a. Assistants (due to the old age of the Governor General) Assistants for Civilian Affairs 1849 - 1852 Albert Graf Montecuccoli- Laderchi 1802 - 1852 1853 - 1855 Johann Bernhard Graf von Rechberg und Rothenlöwen 1806 - 1899 1855 - 1857 Friedrich Graf von Thun- Hohenstein 1810 - 1881 Assistants for Military Affairs 1849 - 1850 Michael Graf Strassoldo- Grafenberg 1800 - 1873 1850 - 1853 ... 1853 - 1857 LtFieldmarsh. Johann Graf Nobili 1798 - 1884 1857 - 1859 ViceAdm. Prinz Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph Erzherzog von Österreich, Königlicher Prinz von Ungarn und Böhmen (= future Emperor of Mexico) 1832 - 1867 1859 Feldzeugm. Franz Gyulai Gróf von Maros-Németh und Nádaska, also Commander of the II Army since 1857 (2) 1798 - 1868 (1) As commanders of the II Army Radetzky and Gyulai also were supreme commanders of the troops in occupation of : - Modena, Parma, Tuscany (see here) - the Papal States (see here) (2) He was forced to retire after his defeat at Magenta. Habsburg administration actually ceased to function and on aug 01 the Government General was formally abolished. The Habsburg troops were now headed by Emperor Franz-Joseph I (1830 - 1916) himself. (at least formally as actual command was exercised by the Chief-of-Staff Feldzeugm. Heinrich Hermann Josef Freiherr von Hess (1788—1870))
LOMBARDY
Lombardy had already been a possession of the Austrian Habsburgs from 1714 to 1796 when it was occupied by French troops. In the course of the following years it was part of the successive states proclaimed by the occupants, the last of these being the Kingdom of Italy (1805 - 1814). In 1815 it became a province of the Lombardo- Venetian Kingdom. Lombardy briefly revolted against Habsburg rule in 1848 and in 1859 it became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. THE END OF HABSBURG LOMBARDY 1859 May 20 : Pro Sardinian volunteers headed by Gen. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807 -1882) invaded Lombardy and seized several towns (Bergamo, Brescia, Como, Varese). Jun 03 : French and Sardinian troops invaded Lombardy. Jun 05 : Establishment of a civilian Sardinian administration for the occupied territories. Jun 08 : Occupation of Milan by the Franco-Sardinians. In the course of the following weeks most of Lombardy was also occupied. Jun 09 : Establishment of a provisional Sardinian administration for Lombardy. Jul 11 : Truce of Villafranca : The Habsburg agreed to cede Lombardy to France, which in turn agreed to cede it to Sardinia. Aug 03 : Abolition of the provisional Sardinian administration for Lombardy, which was now gradually integrated into Sardinia. Nov 11 : Treaty of Zürich : Formal cession of Lombardy by the Habsburgs to France and by France to Sardinia. Nov 30 : Formal annexation of Lombardy to Sardinia. Royal Commissioer (selfproclaimed (?) for the territories occupied by Garibaldi) 1859 Emilio Visconti-Venosta 1829 - 1914 Commanders-in-Chief of the Franco-Sardinian Troops operating in Lombardy Commander-in-Chief of the French Troops 1859 Emperor Napoléon III 1808 - 1873 Commander-in-Chief of the Sardinian Troops 1859 King Vittorio Emanuele II 1820 - 1878 Head of the Provisional Sardinian Administrations Royal Commissioner (jun 05 - jun 09) 1859 Paolo Onorato Vigliani 1814 - 1900 Lieutenant General (jun 09 - aug 03) 1859 Paolo Onorato Vigliani v.s. __________________________________________________________________________________HABSBURG ADMINISTRATORS
Governors 1840 - 1848 Johann Baptist Graf Spaur 1777 - 1852 1848 Heinrich Graf O'Donnell* 1802 - 1872 Military Commanders 1848 - 1849 LtFieldMarsh. Franz Emil Lorenz Graf von Wimpffen 1797 - 1870 1849 ... (?) Governors 1849 - 1850 LtFieldmarsh. Karl II Borromäus Philipp Fürst zu Schwarzenberg, Landgraf von Sulz und Kleggau 1802 - 1858 1850 - 1853 Michael Graf Strassoldo--Grafenberg s.a. 1853 - 1859 Friedrich Ritter (185. : Freiherr) von Bürger __________________________________________________________________________________ADMINISTRATORS OF REVOLUTIONARY LOMBARDY 1848
Events of 1848 Mar 18 : Start of an anti-Habsburg revolt in Milan, capital of Lombardy. Mar 22 : As the last Habsburg officials left Milan, a Provisional Gorvenment seized power. In the course of the following days the revolt extended to other cities and soon Habsburg rule was confined to the Quadrilatero (s.a.) (3) Mar 23 : Sardinian troops under the command of King Carlo Alberto (1798 - 1849) entered Lombardy. Mar 26 : Part of the Sardinian troops entered Milan. Apr 08 : The provisonal government of Milan became the provisional government of all Lombardy, replacing all the city governments. Jun 08 : After a plebiscite Lombardy was formally united with Sardinia. Until the gathering of a constitutional assembly the Provisional Goverment was allowed to continue to function. Jul 27 : Start of the Habsburg reconquest, ending with the recapture of Milan (aug 07). (3) Chairman of the Provisional Government of Milan 1848 Conte Gabrio Casati, before Chairman of the Leading Committee of the Revolt (Comitato dirigente dell'insurrezione) 1798 - 1873 Other Provisional Governments were established in Bergamo (mar 23 - Presidente : F. Roncalli), Lodi (mar 25 - Presidente : Carlo Terzaghi), etc, Provisional Government of Lombardy Members of the Provisional Government of Milan in the Provisional Government of Lombardy 1848 -Conte Gabrio Casati (Presidente) s.a. -Antonio Beretta 1808 - 1887 -Conte Vitaliano Borromeo -Conte Giuseppe Durini, Minister of Foreign Affairs 1800 - 1850 -Conte Cesare Giulini della Porte 1815 - 1862 -Conte Marco Greppi 1814 - 18.. -Marchese Anselmo Guerrieri -Conte Pompeo Litta, Minister of War 1781 - 1852 -Conte Alessandro Porro 1814 - 1879 -Gaetano Stricelli -Cesare Correnti, Secretary General 1815 - 1888 Representatives of the other cities and territories 1848 -Abbot Luigi Anelli (Lodi and Crema) 1813 - 1890 -Azzo Carbonera (Valtellina) -Antonio Dossi (Brescia) -Annibale Grasselli (Cremona) -Marchese Anselmo Guerrieri (Mantua) s.a. -Conte Pietro Moroni (Bergamo) -Francesco Rezzonico (Como) -Girolamo Turroni (Pavia)
VENETIA
Venetia (= the old Republic of Venice and its Italian dependencies , the Terraferma) became a Habsburg possession for the first time in 1797. In 1805 it became part of the Kingdom of Italy and in 1815 it was returned to Habsburg rule, as a province of Lombardo-Venetia. In 1848 - 1849 Venetia briefly revolted against Habsburg rule and in 1866 it became part of the new Kingdom of Italy. THE END OF HABSBURG VENETIA 1866 Jun 23 : Taking advantage of the start of the Austrian-Prussian War Italian troops under the command of King Vittorio Emanuele II (s.a.) invaded Venetia. They were however stopped by the Austrian forces. Jul 04 : After their defeats against the Prussians, the Habsburgs agreed to cede Venetia to France (who would then cede it to Italy) Jul 08 : The Italians rejected the agreement and invaded Venetia for a second time under the command of Gen. Enrico Cialdini (1811-1892) War continued until aug 12 when a cease-fire was signed. Aug 24 : The Austrian-French Treaty of Vienna confirmed the agreement of jul 04. Oct 12 : Peace Treaty of Vienna between Austria and Italy based on the agreement of jul 04. Oct 18 : The Habsburgs handed over Venetia to France. The same day (?) the French handed it over to a Venetian Government Commission, whose main task was to organize a plebiscite about a possible union with Italy. Oct 22 : After the plebiscite had decided for union, the administration of Venetia was taken over by Italian officials. Nov 05 : Venetia was formally annexed to Italy. (4) (4) See also Venetia Giulia and Venetia Tridentina, claimed by Italy as parts of historical Venetia. See also Dalmatia and Zara for territories claimed as parts of the former Venetian Empire. French Commissioner 1866 Gen. Edmond Le Boeuf 1809 - 1888 Governmental Commission 1866 -Edoardo De Betta 1822 - 1896 -Achille Emi-Kelder -Conte Luigi Michiel 18.. - 1904 Royal (Italian) Commissioner Commissario del Re 1866 LtGen. Genova Giovanni conte Thaon di Revel 1817 - 1910 __________________________________________________________________________________HABSBURG ADMINISTRATORS
Governors 1840 - 1848 Aloys Gróf Pállfy Erdödi 1801 - 1848 LtFieldmarsh. Ferdinand Graf Zichy zu Zich von Vasonykeöy*, commander of the fortress of Venice 1783 - 1862 Military Commander 1848 - 1849 Gen. Laval Graf Nugent von Westmeath, started the reconquest of Venetia in apr 1848 1777 - 1862 Governors 1849 - 1850 LtFieldMarsh. Anton Freiherr von Puchner 1779 - 1852 1850 - 1855 Georg Otto Ritter von Toggenburg-Sargans 1811 - 1888 1855 - 1860 Cajetan Graf Bissingen-Nippenburg 1806 - 1890 1860 - 1866 Georg Otto Ritter von Toggenburg-Sargans (2x) __________________________________________________________________________________ADMINISTRATORS OF REVOLUTIONARY VENETIA 1848 - 1849
Events of 1848 - 1849 1848 Mar 18 : Start of anti-Habsburg agitation in Venice, capital of Venetia. (5) Mar 23 : Proclamation of an independent Venetian Republic (Repubblica di San Marco). In the course of the following days most other cities of Venetia (Rovigo, Treviso, Vincenza, etc) joined the new state. Apr 22 : Start of the reconquest of Venetia by the Austrians. Jul 04 : A Venetian assembly proclaimed the union of Venetia with Sardinia. Like in Lombardy a (new) Provisional Government was allowed to govern the region until the gathering of a constitutional assembly. Aug 07 : The government of Venetia was taken over by Sardinian officials. Aug 13 : Restoration of the Venetian Republic, now confined to the city of Venice and its vicinity. 1849 Aug 27 : Habsburg recapture of Venice. (5) President of the Provisional Government of Venice (Mar .. - Mar 22) 1848 Giovanni Francesco Avesani, ceded power to the 1790 - 1861 Commander of the National Guard (Mar 22 - Mar 23) 1848 Angelo Mengaldo 1785 - 1869 Provisonal Government (Mar 23 - Jul 05) 1848 -Daniele Manin (Presidente and Minister of Foreign Affairs) 1804 - 1857 -Niccolo Tommaseo 1802 - 1874 -Francesco Camerata, Minister of Finances -Jacobo Castelli 1791 - 1849 -Pietro Paleocopa -Antonio Paolucci -Leone Pincherle -Francesco Solera, Minister of War -Angelo Toffoli 1806 - 1877 Provisional Government (Jul 05 - Aug 07) 1848 -Jacobo Castelli (Presidente) s.a. -Francesco Camerata s.a. -Col. Giovanni Battista Cavedalis 1794 - 1878 -Giovanni conte Martinengo Di Villagana 1807 - 1867 -Pietro Paleocopa s.a. -Antonio Paolucci s.a. -Giuseppe Reali Royal Commissioners (Aug 07 - Aug 12) 1848 -Jacobo Castelli s.a. -Luigi Cibrario 1802 - 1870 -Vittorio Colli Triumvirate (Aug 13 1848 - Mar 07 1849) (only concerned with public order and defense) 1848 - 1849 -Daniele Manin, in charge of general affairs s.a. -ViceAdm. Leone Graziani, in charge of the coastal defense 1791 - 1852 -Col. Giovanni Battista Cavedalis, in charge of land defense s.a. Executive Power (Mar 07 - Aug 24) 1849 -Daniele Manin, Presidente s.a. -Col. Giovanni Battista Cavedalis, in charge of War s.a. -ViceAdm. Leone Graziani, in charge of the Navy s.a. -Giuseppe Calucci, in charge of the Interior and of Justice 1809 - 18.. -Isaco Pesaro Maurogonato, in charge of Finances 1817 - 1892 -Giuseppe De Camia Municipality (Aug 24 - Aug 27) (prepared the surrender of Venice to the Austrians) 1849 ...
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