The Nobel Prize
in Chemistry 1952The Nobel Prize
in Chemistry 1952Presentation Speech by Professor A. Tiselius, member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Your Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies and Gentlemen.
This year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded for the discovery of a method
for the separation of substances from complicated mixtures.
How can it happen, one may ask, that something apparently so commonplace as
a separation method should be rewarded by a Nobel Prize? The answer is that
from the very beginnings of chemistry until our own time, methods for separating
substances have occupied a key position in this science. Even today, in Holland,
chemistry is called "Scheikunde", or "the art of separation", and even today
some of chemistry's most important advances are linked to the invention of new
methods for separating various substances.
Chemistry today is to a large extent concentrated upon the study of natural
products, which are obtained from animals, plants, or even bacteria and other
microorganisms. A starting material of this type contains a great number of
widely varied substances, some simple, others more complicated. The first thing
the chemist must do is to isolate the substances he is interested in from the
material and prepare them in a pure state. The next step is, if possible, to
identify these substances and find out what they consist of and how they are
built up from simple constituents.
The first problem, the isolation, can indeed be difficult, as it is often a
matter of preparing in a pure state substances which constitute only an extremely
small fraction of the starting material and which have the disagreeable tendency
of, so to speak, disappearing between one's fingers when one tries to get hold
of them. It is here that Martin and Synge's method has enjoyed great success,
especially in what is perhaps its most important form, and is called filter-paper
chromatography. A drop of a liquid containing the substance to be investigated
is allowed to fall onto a strip of filter paper, where it forms a little spot.
This paper is then caused to draw up some suitable mixture of liquids, for example
butyl alcohol-water, by capillary action. The spot begins to move, and one can
see how it then gradually segregates into several spots, some of which rapidly
follow the liquid which has been drawn up, while others lag behind. Thus there
results a resolution of the mixture into its component parts, a resolution which
in the last analysis depends on the different partition of the substances
between the water held by the filter paper and the freely moving butyl alcohol.
Hence the name partition chromatography. Instead of resorting to a series
of intricate chemical operations, one can in this simple way make a complete
analysis of even the most extremely complicated mixtures; and a single drop
of the starting material is fully sufficient for the purpose.
The method of Martin and Synge, in different forms, has already found extensive
application in all branches of chemistry and important discoveries have been
made with it. New and interesting substances have been traced and isolated with
its help. Metabolic pathways in the organism can be studied and formerly unknown
intermediary products identified. This has been done, for example, with studies
of the way in which the green leaves of plants build up starch out of the carbon
dioxide of the air. With Martin and Synge's method, Calvin and his co-workers
in Berkeley have been able to identify some of the most important links in this
process, perhaps the most important chemical reaction on our planet.
Partition chromatography has had other extremely important applications when
it has been used as a means of studying the structure of giant molecules. It
has been possible in this manner to attack problems of the structures of proteins
and carbohydrates with considerably greater prospects for success. The intact
molecule is too complicated for us to be able to penetrate its structure by
chemical methods. If one breaks down these large molecules, a mixture of molecular
fragments of different sizes and different chemical natures results. A separation
of such extremely complicated mixtures of rather similar substances and an identification
of every fragment is a way which allows us to draw conclusions about the structure
of the original molecule in the same manner that an archeologist among the ruins
of an ancient temple can find archeological details which make it possible for
him to some extent to reconstruct the building in its original condition. As
a guide in such work, the method of Martin and Synge is of the greatest value.
Synge has shown this in some very beautiful investigations on the structure
of gramicidin, an antibiotic active against certain bacteria. In work such as
this, it is of special importance that the method is suitable for the isolation
not only of the smallest building blocks (the amino acids) but also of larger
fragments (peptides). It is as if one should have a puzzle to put together:
if by chance several pieces happen to hang together, the problem immediately
becomes more simple. The young English chemist Sanger has recently succeeded
in putting together an unusually difficult puzzle of this sort; from the mixtures
which were separated by Martin and Synge's method, among others, he has been
able to get an almost complete picture of the structure of the insulin
molecule - a result which perhaps more than any other shows the method's great
scope and principal significance.
For their part, Martin and his co-workers have recently expanded the method's
field of usefulness in other directions, of which experiments with gases and
vapours on the one hand and experiments concerning the separation of mixtures
of very large molecules on the other are attracting special interest.
Chromatographic analysis has long been known as one of chemistry's most valuable
methods. It was discovered in 1906 by the Russian-Polish Michael Tsvett, who
succeeded in separating the different pigments in an extract of green leaves
using this method. Even earlier than this, several investigators, among them
Runge, Schönbein, and Goppelsroeder, had used filter paper for a kind of
chromatographic analysis, while Tsvett and many of his successors used mainly
tubes packed with various finely powdered, active substances for separations.
The novelty in Martin and Synge's method is thus not the "chromatographic column"
or "filter paper analysis", but rather concerns the fundamental chromatographic
process itself This can now be formulated as the partition of a substance between
two liquids, instead of - as previously - entirely as its concentration at the
surface of a more or less poorly defined active powder. Thus we have a rational
basis for the method and enormously larger possibilities for choosing the experimental
conditions which will be most suitable in any particular case. The almost explosive
development of chromatography since the discovery of Martin and Synge's principles
shows the power and scope of their invention.
Dr. Archer Martin, Dr. Richard Synge. Your invention of
partition chromatography has given to science a new tool which already has proved
its usefulness in an impressive number of important investigations.
This tool has enabled research workers in chemistry, biology and medicine to
tackle and solve problems which earlier were considered almost hopelessly complicated.
However, Nature is complicated, and this is particularly characteristic
of substances and reactions which determine Life. The structure and the functions
of the complex giant molecules of the living cell are in the focus of interest
of to-day's research. It has been a great experience to all involved in such
research to witness how much the study of these very complex problems has benefited
from the very simple tool invented by you. I believe it is in the best British
tradition to make great discoveries with simple means. Our high appreciation
of your achievements is further strengthened by the fact that this pioneer work
of yours was done during the first years of the World War, thus at a very difficult
time for your country and your people.
It is a great satisfaction to The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to award
to you jointly this year's Nobel Prize for Chemistry for your invention of partition
chromatography. May I offer you our congratulations.
Archer John Porter Martin, Richard Laurence Millington Synge. May I now request you to receive from the hands of His Majesty the King the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the year 1952.
From Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1942-1962, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1964