• Historic black loyalty to the Republican Party
  • Democratic decision to campaign for black votes.
  • Successes 1936-38
  • Permanent reallignment of black voters
  • Implicit civil rights contraditions




  • 1939 Marian Anderson denied use of Constitution Hall, so Eleanor became instrumental in organizing the concert on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.
  • Got Mary McLeod Bethune appointed head of the Division of Negro Affairs
  • 1941 flight with Tuskegee Airmen.