Answers to my Chemistry Homework:

1. Crookes—cathode ray tube, found that cathode ray was particles
     Thompson—particles in cathode ray have negative charge
            Goldstien—found protons were deflected in other direction of the electrons in the cathode ray.
Millikan—found charge of the atom using oil drop experiment, then calculated mass using mass to charge ratio.
            Rontgen—discovered X rays.

2. Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of alpha or beta particles, or gamma rays by the decaying of the nucleus of the element.  This goes against Dalton’s atomic theory because Dalton said that atoms couldn’t have different masses if they were of the same element, but some mass has to be given off into the radioactivity, so therefore they can’t have the same mass.
3. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different masses due to a different number of neutrons in the nucleus.
4. Atoms A and D are isotopes; atoms B and C are isotopes.
5. Rutherford bombarded a thin gold foil with alpha particles to see if they would deflect, and came up with the nuclear model of the atom.
6. Proton-positively charged, has AMU of 1 Neutron-no charge, has AMU of 1, electron-negatively charged, AMU of 1/1837.
7. The extranuclear subatomic particles are electrons.
8. There are 10 electrons in the neutral atom of Ne.
9. Ar has 18 protons in the nucleus.
10. Bohr placed the electrons in shells orbiting the nucleus.
11. Bohr said there were 32 electrons in the 4th shell.
12. Ground state—electrons are at the lowest possible energy level, excited state—Caused when an electron jumps up to a higher energy level by energy entering the atom.
13. The atom where the electron went from the first to the third energy level received more energy.
14. He=2
Na=11
Cl=17
O=8
Mg=12
S=16
15. 1e- in the last shell

16. In the Bohr model, there were a certain number of atoms in each shell.  In the Wave method, there is only a probability.
17. Metals have luster, conduct heat and electricity well, and are solid at room temperature(with the exception of Mercury)
18. Nonmetal, transition metal, nonmetal
19. Cl-3, Os-6, H-1
20. The Noble gases all have 8 valence electrons, so they are very unreactive.
21. K
22. Ti, Tc
23. 2 electrons in the outermost ring in IIA elements
24. 1s22s2
25. Be, N, Al
26. 1s22s23s2-there are 2 sublevels in the second energy level
27. 1s22s2sp7-there can only be 6 electrons in the second sublevel of the second energy level.
28. 1s22p2-The first sublevel of the second energy level must come before the second sublevel of the second energy level.
29. Cl and F both have 7 valence electrons, but Cl has a total of 8 more electrons then F.
30. S has only 6 valence electrons, while Cl has 7.
31. The electron configuration of P would be similar to the electron configuration of Ar if three electrons were added to the greatest energy level of P.

*I am not, in any way, saying any of these answers are correct, a lot of them are made up, cause I didn't know the answer and didin't feel like looking it up.  In other words, don't steal my answers, they will probably end up wrong anyhow.*