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Schild, Veronica (1998), Neo-Liberalisms new Gendered Market Citizens: The Civilizing Dimension of Social Programmes in Chile.
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Review(4/6/1999)
Schild, Veronica (1998), Neo-Liberalisms new Gendered Market Citizens: The Civilizing Dimension of Social Programmes in Chile.
Schild uses the approach influenced by Foucault to explore the discourse of social policies and their connection to citizenship as new-liberal forms of governing and their cultural effects in Chile from 1990-1997. First, Schild reviews the debates of citizenship on democracy in Latin America. Citizenship comprising three notions --civic rights, political rights, social rightsXpromoted by the English sociologist T.H. Marshall are uncritically accepted by Latin Americanists, however, Schild thinks that this notion ignores the culture of class, blunts class conflict, internalizes gender biased and ahistorical base. Schild traces the Chiles history to explain how Chile changed from welfare state from 1930s to 1973 to economic liberalist state which was led by Augusto Pinochet using legal reforms, policy measures and the use of military repression. Then the new civilian government taking over from Pinochet has to maintain a continuity of the commitment to neo-liberal economic and political democracy. In this political and economic situation, the social policies in the new discourse of neo-liberal modernization emphasize an active relation to the market, the autonomous exercise of responsibilities, including economic self-reliance and political participation. The new social agencyXSolidarity and Social Investment Fund (FOSIS)Xestablished in 1990 is to target the poor who are not covered by the social security net and meet the criteria of poverty. For example, The goal of Programa Entre Todos is to help poor people to develop initiatives that respond to their own needs and priorities to improve their quality of life. Many professionals and technical experts are articulated in this program and work for municipal government and for NGOs. Most of these promoters are young, lower-middle class professionals, university students, working-class activists, mostly women, who built careers working for NGOs during the dictatorship. Their first pedagogic task is to convey the basic definitions like poverty, community needs, and participation , and to help the poor to understand their reality, discover the causes and to find the solution. As a result, the promoters are integrating the poor into the market and play key agents of new-liberal market citizenship. Schild also reminds us the gender relation in the programme that it depends on womens community-based and personal skills, but men make decisions and interacts with experts and local government representatives. Thinking regionally, Schild notices that the new agenda of economic and political modernization is supported by international exports and funds, and integrate the poor majority into development through participatory programmes.
Critics
Maybe it is not the authors
concern, but I think its important to see how the cultural and historical
specificity of this poor majority in Chile articulates into the new program
of citizenship. What is the traditional publicity of these local communities?
Dont they have any public domain to deal with public affairs before the
implement of these social programmes? Do they resist to these programmes?
How ?
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