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Lawson, Victoria.(1995), Beyond the Firm: restructuring gender divisions of labor in Quitos garment industry under austerity, in Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, volume 13, pp415-444.
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Review(1999/2/18)
Lawson, Victoria.(1995), Beyond the Firm: restructuring gender divisions of labor in Quitos garment industry under austerity, in Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, volume 13, pp415-444.
Employing a feminist geographic
approach, Lawson analyses how the gendered labor supplies incorporated
in the formal and informal sector of garment industry under neoliberal
austerity policies in Ecuador. Using in-depth interviews and aggregate
analysis, she represents a vivid picture of Ecuadorian womens daily experiences,
how they became informal workers and marginalized from state protections,
how they took power and identified their autonomy through their informal
economic activities. Lawson shows how the state has become a central actor
in social, political, and economic spheres with oil-based process of accumulation
and facilitated the rapid expansion of formal manufacturing. However, in
the 1980s as a world recession depressed oil price and pushed interest
rates on foreign loans upward, Ecuador faced economic crisis and began
to negotiate with the IMF and opened the Ecuadorian economy to IMF scrutiny
and reform, which mean to implement strong neoliberal and monetarist policies.
The state has rolled back social welfare programs, as a result, these social
adjustment exert pressure on women who need to intensify their wage-earning
activity to supplement declining household incomes and engage in more reproductive
activities from which the state has withdrawn. Lawson exemplifies garment
industry to reveal this restructuring process. She argues that tailors
guilds were historically and systematically excluded Indians and women
as a strategy to protect mens position as a scarce and skilled labor
force, then women were historically marginalized through the patriarchal
construction of skill and guilds. However, in the conditions of global
pursuit of flexible low-cost labor and the strong gender ideologies of
being a wife or mother, women have been steadily disappearing from formal
factory manufacturing and become informal garment producersXespecially
homeworkers. Nevertheless, refusing economic determinism, Lawson emphasizes
that these women have achieved their self-esteem and personal power because
of their domestic responsibilities and economic incomes contributing to
their household. Lawsons detailed research helps us to understand gender
relations in the industrial restructuring process from the macro and micro
perspective; moreover, this research is beyond the production-reproduction
dualism and provides a dynamic actor-structure analysis from womens daily
experiences.
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