Introduction
Habermas is a relatively
young man for someone
who has attained a widespread international eminence. He is only in his middle
fifties, and still at the most creative stage of his career. He is the most
prominent latter-day decendant of what has come to be known as the Frankfurt
School of Social theory.
The
Return of Grand Theory In the Human Science
Jurgen Habermas By Anthony Giddens
õ 駹 : º§
(ǻҳ 11 ˹ҡд A4)
Է§
شµͧ к͢
Թ ẺѺͧѡԴ㹢ླѹ ҹҧ 觷ѺҨҡɮշҧѪѧѹ Ѻ ǤԴҧѧʵлѪҢͧѧ-ԡѹ. ˹㹺ôҹѡԴӤѭͧçԷʤ ҹ¹ͧҹ鹡ҧҧҡ Ѻҡ觷繹ҡش 仨з觶֧ǤԴɮշٻ. ѧ ֧ҧҡ зӤ»Ȩҡѧҧҧѹ
Anthony Giddens ʹͺ鹹Ӥѭ Habermas ʹҧҧҧ֧ 1985 ¡ѹ ǤԴɮբͧ졫 ҧá ҹ鹹ѧҨҧѺʹ㹤֡ 駹 §ѧ öǤԴҧѪ ҹԷ Ѫ ҡѺɮշҧѧͧҧṺʹԷ ѧҧǢӤѭèçҧҴǹѡ鹹 Habermas Ѻ Marxism, Habermas ɮաõդ(hermeneutics), Habermas ѺԸա÷ҧҹԵ, Habermas Ѻɮդ, ɮդԧͧ Habermas , Habermas ѺǤԴͧ˵ؼ, Habermas Ѻعѹ.
˵شѧ º§ ֧Ѵӧҹ鹹͡ 2 ͧ㹪ǡѹ Թ Դ ? (Ѻ) (Ѻó) 繷ҧ͡Ѻҹ
ѺҹͺͧҧѪ ԻѪ ҹԷ ֧Ѫ йҹѺ (Ţ 1) Ӥѭ ͧѪѧͧ. ǹͧä鹤ҧҹҧѪµç Ҩн㹤Ѻ㹩Ѻó (Ţ 2)
й Habermas
Ѻ»շҹ ѹ֡ҹɮշҧѧҧѹ Ѻ ͧ-ѹҧҧ. Ǥ ôҹѡԴѹ ѡеԴ͡ԴѺҧкѪѹ֡ѺդѺѺҡǫդ㨡ѹ§褹. ѧʵҨ Skinner ᨧ㹤ӹӢͧ(˹ѧ The Return of Grand Theory in the Human Science) Ǻз觺ôҹѡԴҧѧйѡѪҷ ҹҹšѧԴʧҧҡͷɮѹ˭ҧ
ҧá ءѹ ôҹѡԴйѡѪҷҧѧѧѺѹҡ 駹ǹ˹ (觤ҧҡ) ѹͧҨҡŢͧҹ¹ҧͧ Jurgen Habermas ͧ. Habermas 繹ѡɮդ˹觷˭ҡ ẺѺͧླѹ. ҧ§ѹҧҧ㹷ҧ"ѧʵлѪҢͧѧ-ԡѹ" Ѻ "ҹ鹷ѺҨҡɮշҧѪѧѹ". ˵ع ѺԷԾŨҡԴẺͧѹ öФ鹾§ѧ㹧ҹͧ Habermas ҡ 繷ѡѺǡ Фѹ 觷ҡѧ ѹҶ֧ҡ 觡Ҥ·
ºº Habermas 繤˹ⴴ(˵ : 鹩Ѻ㹻 1985), Ѻúҧ, ض֧ժ§дѺҹҪҵҧҧҧ. § 50 ҧҹ ѧ躹Ƿ觡ҧäҡҢҪվͧ. ҤͼʡͷҷѹһѨغѹдشҷش ͧ 觷١ѡ㹰ҹСɮշҧѧͧçԷʤ(the Frankfurt School of Social theory).
Habermas Ѻ Frankfurt School
çԷʤ ͧ͡ôҹѡѪҷդѹѺʶҺѹԨѧçԷ(the Institute of Social Research in Frankfurt) ͵駢Ҥá㹪ǧ·ɷ 1920s. 㹷ҧҹ ֧ Max Horkheimer, ç˹觼ӹ¡ú»բͧʶҺѹѧ йѡԴʹա Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin. Ҫԡͧ繷ѡҡش - ͪ繷ش, Դաҹ˹ Herbert Marcuse, ӫ㹪ǧ¢ͧɷ 1960s.
ôҪԡͧ çԷʤ ҧ繾ǡ졫ʷ Ѻͧ㹰ҹ蹹; ҧá ǡҡԹҺôҪ졫ʷ ǷҧẺյ ʹ͡. ǡҶѷ졫觷״ 繡Ҷ֧֡ҷҧҹѧӤѭ Ըա÷µҨǧԴͪشͧ. ǡѹѺûѺا¡¹觷繷 ѺôҪ졫ʷ줹ǹ˭ ӤѭǷҧѷ졫 㹰ҹзҧԴ ǹӷҧûԺѵ㹷ҧͧ.
ôҹѡԴçԷʤ¤, ҧ çҹǡѹ繡ѧع 繾ѧͧûѵա. ԴѧǴҨêѴਹШ٧ʹǡѺѷ졫ҡҹ ѺôҪ졫ʷẺյӹǹҡ ѹǤԴͧǡ͡յ֧Ѻͤ· з觺Ѵ.
çԷʤ ˵ؼ ѷԷع¹ŧҡ Ѻؤ¢ͧ졫繵 ǤԴͧ졫ӹǹҡ١ ҧ·ش١¹ҧ֧ҡ. ҹͷȹеҧͧ Habermas 蹡ѹ. Ҷҵͧ졫ʷ줹˹, ֧ ôҼµҷҨҡ«¨ҧ ¡ҧҡѷ졫ҡ ٭鹤ǢͧѺѹԧ. Habermas ҧ Ҽ١ѹѺͿǡѺѷѵعѵʵ Եͧѹ˹觢ͧѷ졫ʹͧç繡Ѻšءѹ: ͧʧ Ҩٴ蹹 ҡѧ졫ʷ줹˹觢ѺѹҢͧǡ. µҧʹ繷趡§ѹҡҧҨա§, ǡѹ·ػ ѹöԴ͡ѧҢǡѺФӤѭҹ.
Ҩդ§µçѺ çԷʤ Ҩͧ Habermas §㹰ҹм÷ҧԴ١Ѻҹ: ҧкԴѹ˹ - á ͷءҧä˹ҨФԴ - 觤ҧⴴҡ
кѹдѺ, ѡɳ繢ͺࢵҷҧҧ ҧ¡ѹ Encyclopaedic scope. Ѻ㹷 ҾҨо絪ҾǤԴѡҧҧ, ҹҧԴ ¢Ѵ͡ѹͧ͡ 觨ҡûԹѹǹҹ, ͧʧ ѹѺáþԨóդӤѭѹ.
Habermas Ѻ Marxism
ȵɷԺ, 졫ҷɮբͧʹԸա㹡ǡѺѧع Ըա¹ŧѹԧԺѵ ¼ҹûѵԢͧ鹡Ҫվ.
ûѵѧԴ С蹹. Habermas ѺԸա÷١Ҵ졫 ѧ繴¡ѺçԷʤŴ Ҿµ ҧշش §ѡɳзԴٻԴҧ仢ͧѧẺ"ѧ". ǡöôһȷ¢ͧûѹ͡繵Ẻ蹨ͧͧٻẺѹ֧öǡѺѧ Ҥ÷еͧҧ ѹ繵Ǫ觶֧ȷҧҨ 觺ôѧع¤èҤ.
Ѻ˵ؼҹ ǤԴͧ졫ǡѺ͡ҾͧɮСûԺѵ ѹ§㹪ǧ¢ͧȵɷԺ. ѹеͧѺäԴա鹰ҹҧҧҡ. ҹǾѹѺ駢ͨӡѴҧҧѪǡѺԴͧ졫 ѵٻҡ 觵ͧѺҧ㹤سѵԷѡɳТͧҵǡѺѷԷع
дѺͧѪ, Habermas ͧ ҹ¹ҧͧ졫ѧͧ ١͡ǹٻẺҧͧѪҷ졫ʷӹǹҡ ѺҡȵɷԺҼҹҶ֧ءѹ. ֧ѹդҡ㹧ҹͧ졫, ǹ˭ ҤԴ֧觷з㹰ҹзԷʵ.
繢ͧ Habermas, ѹҨ蹹 Ѻ˵ؼŵҧ ͷӤ ѹԹҾѲǷҧԾҡѹ˹ǡѺԴԧѪ繨ӹǹҡ, ǡѺѲҧ͡仢ͧѧ蹡ѹ.
ѹͧ觷ԴҴǡѺö ֡ǡѺԵҧѧͧͧͧԷʵѡɳзѺԷʵҵԵҧ. 蹤 ѹҧȹзԴҴǡѺѺ "繼зӷ˵ؼ ҧǡѺ ǡҨ֧зҧǡҷ".
ͼԴҴաС˹觡 ѹʹѺʹعѹ˹觫 Habermas ͧͧѲҧʵԻѭͶ͡ѹ ¡ûԹسǡѺҷͧԷʵ٧Թ 㹰ҹз觤§Դ 觾ǡöǡѺšҵšҧѧ. 㹢ͷͧѺӤѭѺ Habermas, ѹ§ѺͧǡѺشԷ.
ûԺѵԵ֡͡ҷҧҹ"ѧ" Ѻ "Էʵ", Habermas , 졫кô졫ʷʶҹóѡɳѹ˹ ҡӺҡҴҤ͡·. ҡѷԷع¹ŧ - 觷졫¹ͧ- ""(iron laws) ѡɳТͧѷԹѵԹ(仵˵ػѨ)ǡѺࡳͧԷʵҵ, ѹͧѺç˹ Ѻԡҷյ͡ѹͧǡѺеҡͧǡ ? ˵֧Ѻè졫ʷ价 ĵԡͧ١Ǻ¡ࡳҨ¹ŧ͵ҹҹ, ѹ÷ǡö ǡѺҧѵʵͧͧٻҧ ¡áҧ秢ѹǡѺѹ.
㹰ҹзԷʵѹ˹, ѷ졫֧Թµ觫 Habermas ¡ "зѺͧǵ"(self-reflection) "ԡҵաѺ»Ȩҡӹ֡"(reflexivity)ͧ. 蹡, ѹöШѴáѺ˹ ѡɳӤѭ㹡ù 觷.
ѹ繢稨ԧ Ҥ觷öзѺѺѵʵͧͧ, 㹰ҹлѨਡ㹰ҹҪԡͧѧ˭; ǡѺзѺѹҧ١ͧ¹鹷ҧͧѵʵ. ҧͧѹ ١Ҵ㹷ءٻẺͧѪзɮշҧѧ - ҧ֧㹰ҹзѷԻҹ(Ҩҡҷ-Էʵ) - 觾ТѴѧŧԷʵҵ.
Habermas Ѻعѹ
ѧ¨ªѾҡ÷ҧʵԻѭҷҡСҧҧ, ش Habermas ҧ֧ٴ㨵ͧҹ¹ҧͧ Max Weber. 蹹鹴µҷԾҡ. Weber ҧش鹷çѹ˹ ŧ仺觷¡"÷˵ؼŢͧѲ"(rationalization of culture), ١͡件֧ʹҵҧͧš, 鹾ѲҡѷԷعͧѹ.
ҧ Weber ʸ¡Сʴ͡ǡѺ÷˵ؼ(rationalization) աѹдѺ͡ҡѹ; Ǥ ֡ ٻẺ١˵ؼҡѹ˹觢ͧԵҧѧ ѹ÷¡ͧԭ ˹͡ٻẺ١˵ؼŹ¡ҧ.
Ѻ Habermas, ѹ觷ҨѺ. "÷˵ؼ"(rationalization)¶֧ â͡ǡѺǹ͡ʵҧ Ѻö§(argumentation), ѲҡâͧѹѡɳзູҡѹҺèѹѺԭԺⵢͧ˵ռ. Weber 觪Ѵਹ ֧˹ҧ ÷˵ؼŢͧѹᵡҧ仨ҡسѡɳТͧ¸˹ҹҧ ?
- post-conventional (ѧ)
Դͧ Habermas, ѹ, Ӿѧ, ١ҡѴ ¤ⴴ蹢ͧѹ˹͡¸ҡ. ѹǧ"ҳࢵҧǡѺѺẺѧ" (post-conventional cognitive domains). ٻẺҧͧѧǡѺẺἹʶҺѹ(institutional order) ҹ 觵Ǣͧѹͧ ԧǡШҡäͺӢͧѡࡳյǡѺоĵ, ١Ǻ仵ѡõҧѺѺ. ǹҧͧʶҺѹⴴҡش 觡кǹѹ˹ҡ ԷʵС¹ͧ
˵عѺ Habermas ѹ֧繤֡ԧѹ˹觷 ѹشʹ. 㹡ʹѺʹعȹѹ, ҧӹ֡㹴ҹç §ѷѷҹ - 㹤㴡Ҩ١ҧ˵ؼ - ѧ觵çѺʡŤԴҧѧ ִҾѲҡâͧѷԷعѹ 繻ҡóѹ;·.
, դʹͧѺѧѹ. 㹷ҧç, ѷԷعѧʴ ѹٻẺ˹觢ͧѧѺéաͼ͡¤֧´ФѴ駵ҧ. ҡ Habermas ѧͧ÷ѡһѨ·ͧԴẺ졫ʷ ѷԷعẺѺѹ˹觢ͧѧ. ˹͡Ңͧѹ ʹѺʹعǡѺúض֧ẺѺ٧ѹ˹觢ͧẺἹҧѧ. ͧǡѺҵԢͧѷԷع ж˭ͧ¹ŧҧѧѹ ᵡҧҧ֧蹨ҡǤԴẺԤͧ졫ʷ.
ɮԾҡѹ, Habermas ʹ, ǾѹѺͧҷҧҧԷʵʴ㹡þѲҹѺǧҢͧ졫 - ¢ͧԷʵ㹷 Էʵҵ. ǡҴçѧ˹觫Էʵҧ¡ѹ͡, Էʵ§˹شҧ觷졫¡ӹҨüԵ(force of production). Էʵ 㹴ҹ˹觹 ѹѧҳࢵҧͧ.
ѧع Էʵ١ѧ¹ ͤǺҢͧҧ蹤ФԺҧɰԨҧ͡. ͺࢵҧͧ ¾鹰ҹ ŴӶ˹ŧ öзɰԨշش - ѹ˹觢ͧõѴԹ㹷ҧԤ.
Ҩ繡ѹա ѷ졫Ẻ ҧ͡ԧԾҡҧ㹻繹. Ѻ¹ӷӤѭͧҾµҹ ͧ÷СǷѹ ˹ҵѹҧͧþѲҷҧɰԨ. 觷 Habermas ¡ "ͧա÷Էʵ"(scientisation of politics) Թѧҧͧûѹ͡ ѹѺûѹ.
㹷ȹТͧ Habermas, 稨ԧ ͧ繪Դ˹觢ͧѹѺͧ ˹ٻѡɳҧشóѡҧͧѷع. 觷ôҹѡ¹㹰ҹШشͧشó - кͧ͡سشԷءҹ㹡繴ʹѺʹعѰŷִǷҧ鹡ûԺѵ, õ÷ͼǪҭ(pragmatic, technocratic government) - Habermas Ӥѭͧ觷شó. ѺͧǾѹѺõ˹ͤسشҹ öԵ仴¤Ѻ. СͤǺ㹻ҹ(ẺԷʵ), 㹻ŷҧԤҡͧɮշҧѪѧ, ѹ繢ͧѹѺСǺ㹻ҡҡͧԵ.
ѹ㨡ҧӤѭͧ͡ Habermas ǡѺ֧´ФѴ駫ǢͧѺѧع㹷ءѹ. Habermas ѡҷȹТͧ졫ʷ÷ж ѷԷعѧѧѹ˹, ѧ¡ҧ"鹷ԷԾŤͺ" Ѻ 鹷ͧ"͡ҡѹ. ҧá դ"鹡Ҫվ" 繡ͧ˹Ңͧûѵա, Ѵ駷ҧ繵鹵ѡ ֧ͧ´ءʶҾͧѷԷعա, 觷ҷҡشͧ¹ŧͧѧ.
ȹТͧ졫ǡѺѴ駷ҧ, µҢͧ Habermas, 觷ѺѷԷعȵɷ 19. ȵɷ 19 , ԵҧɰԨѧѡɳзçҧҡҴ ١ͺ¤ѹҧҧҧͧԭͧж֡; ôҹ·عФҹ༪ԭ˹ҡѹСѹ㹵Ҵ 㹰ҹФûѡعçԧѡҾ.
Ѩغѹ ؤͧѷԹ١Ǻ. ѹѧѯѡõҧҧɰԨ ѹѺ÷Ŵŧҧ֧ ¡áͧѰ㹡ôԹ÷ҧɰԨ. ֧´١ҧ¡¡ҧ ١ҧҧŧҧʹͧ¡ùʹǡѺ ẺԸաõҧҵðҹͧԹҤҶ١ҧҹصˡ СõѴԹҴ.
졫¹˹ѧ͢㹪ǧҢͧ"عẺ"(liberal capitalism) - 觺ҷͧѰ㹪ԵҧɰԨ١ӡѴ, еҴ觢ѹ١ͺ. ѷԷع㹷ءѹ繷عẺѴ(organized capitalism). ͻѨµҧѹҡ١Ǿѹ㹡¹ҹҡѹ˹աաѹ˹, ֧ǹ١͡价ѺûԺѵѰ 㹡ԨҧɰԨաҧº(regulating economic activity), ʶҾǡѺѹҧ 繼ѾͧҨҡͧԸա÷ҵðҹǡѺõѴԹҧҹصˡ.
Ҵ觢ѹҧ١ѴҤ¡äͺӷ鹢ͧѷҴ˭ҧ, ¡ûҹѹѺἹâͧѰԹѺɰԨẺٹҧҡ. ¡ûСѹҤ, , ٻẺͧäǺͧԹ, ¡Ңͧصˡµçٻҧͧ÷ǹдѺҵ, ѰʹѺʹع䢵ҧѺ蹤ͧع.
Ѱá㹡ôԹ价ҧɰԨ, ҹѺǡѹ繡ͧԷʵ, ¤ ɮբͧ졫ǡѺŤǹԹ֧Ҩ䢻Ѩغѹ. 졫ҧǡѺͧͧѷԷعŧɮշ ѧҹçҹҹ鹷ҧŤ, мšѹ鹷ҨҡǹԹͧŤ ôҹ·عö觨ҡôҤҹ. ѰҤǺ㹴ҹ֡, Էʵ, ѰʹáԷԾѹ, ѹ觼šзŤҢͧԹ ˹ҧö١ҧ仵ɮպ ѡࡳҧͧѷ졫ẺԤ.
ؤͧ졫, Habermas Ѻ âѴ駷ҧ繵鹵ѡӤѭ֧ͧ´ҧѧ ѡҾ㹡¹ŧѧ. ʹǧ˹ȵɷҹ, ŢͧҡǡѺ¡ҧ鹡觷ŧ عçùѡ. ѹպҧԴ㹻ȵҧҧѹ ¡"ûйջйҧ"(a class compromise), ѹ¶֧ѹѹ˹ҧǹǷҧҹçҹ, áԨҴ˭ Ѱ. ôҼҾçҹмӷҧáԨèҡѹͧҨҧҡ èǡѺѭҵҧѹµç ҧҡһѹѡɳзԴ繡õѴԹ͡˹µҴ. ѹ㴷ѺҴçҹ觢ѹѹҧ, ,ҡ仡ҵҴͧ觢ѹѹҹԹ.
çҹѴ, ٻͧäѧҧ, պҷӤѭѰ. ҧǹ繼ͧҨҡ, ѷԷعѴ駷Ҩ¡ҧ "ѷԷعʴԡ"(welfare capitalism). ͺࢵѹ˹觢ͧἹôҹʴԡ лͧ硤¨ҡͧҴ Ť纻 оԷѡŻª繸, èԹѺѺèҧҹ .
˵ع ͺࢵѹҧ鹨֧зСѹҧѧѹԴȵɷ 19; ѧ鹢ǹçҹ㹷ءѹ᷹ѡͧ¹ŧҧѧ. 㹡ػѹ, ȹеҧͧ Habermas ͧͧѺôҹѡԴѧѴѺʡçԷ, ٴ֧ҧ㹪ǧ.
ҧá, µҧͧ Habermas 㹷Դѹѡɳзʹѹ˹. ֧´ҧǡѹѺ¡ҧ, ʹ, ѹѺ᷹ǹ, ҡաٻ¹͡ᵡҧ ҧٻẺͧǹ÷㹷ҧç.
ѧعѧǹѺԴͺԡĵóҧɰԨ Ѵ駵ҧдѺɰԨµçѹդӤѭŧҤѴ駷ԴʶҺѹҧ. 㹷ءѹ ôԹ÷ҧɰԨ ǹ˭ѺèѴ§Ѱ, 㹡͡ѺѷҴ˭ҧ. ˵ع ԡĵóҧɰԨ֧ѡҾԡĵóҧͧҧǴ.
㹷ȹТͧ Habermas ҹѧءкҡ觡һѭҵҧҧɰԨա ҷͧ÷ҧͧ öҧѡѡշ֡˹蹵ºẺἹҧͧ.
ִͧͧͧͷҧҹûԺѵǹ˭, Ū繻Ъҡ֡ դѭͤ١ѹԧкͧ оѡСš¡ҡѹ ҡкѹǷиçѡҢػ᤺ͧѹ - ¡ҧ йǡѺԭԺҧɰԨ.
ʶҹóҧ蹹, Habermas ѹ¡ҧ͡ҡ кͧ༪ԭ˹ҡѺ觷¡ "ԡĵóǡѺͿѧҧ"(crises of Legitimation). Ǥ, ͧҡͨӡѴͧѹ, ҷͧ÷, ºẺἹҧ֧ͧҴ«ӹҨѹͺҧ ѹ繷ͧâͧѰ.
ҡ仡ҤѴ駡ѹҧɰԨ, ͧԡĵͿѧ Ѻ Habermas 繤Ѵ駷ͧͽѧ֡شѷԷع. ºѹҧ¡ҧ Ѻ ʶҾҧɰԨԴǹôҹçҹȵɷ 19, ѧ Ѵ駷ҡǢҹ ֧Фʹ Դǹ÷ҧѧȵɷ 20.
ҹ͢ǹõҧ觾áѺԵҧͧ سҵҧѹ٭ - ¡ҧ ǡѺѹҧѺšҵ, 㹰ҹлѨਡ Ѻ ա˹. ѹѹǾѹ֧سҵҧҧҹŸ¾鹰ҹ, ѹͨ͢ӡѴҧдѺѧ ѹ١ͧŧ衮ࡳ͢ͺѧѺͧ÷. ͨӡѴѹ, ǹõҧ㹴ҹçԴҫӡõաѺ
Ϳ鹤سҵҧ٭ ¹ŧôçѹ˹. ǹÿ鹿ٷҧҹԷʹѺùʹ Habermas ѧҧҧ, 蹷ҡ㹺ҧǹͧǹǢͧôҹѡ¡ͧԷʵշ.
ػҹ¹ͧ Habermas
ѹԧ ͺࢵҹ¹ҧͧ Habermas 觷, ѹ§ӴѺҨҡѭҫ繹ҡشҧҹѪ Ҷ֧ٻǡѺ繻ѭѧСͧ. ѹԹ仡ҤӶлԹǡѺҹ¹ҹѡɳ鹡зѴѴ ǡѺҹѧҹ.
ͧʧ Habermas ¹ŧѧҧҹʵԻѭҨҡǷҧҪվͧ价, ѹôҼԨóҹͧҷµͧʺѺҡҧҡ.
Ѻҹͧ¹͡ҧҧҧ, ¤ Habermas ֧зѡɳ§ԺẺѡɳ 㹻繷ҹ ҨеͧäաǡѺ˵ռǡѺ觷ٴ.
Ҿػҧա駶֧ѹҧ Habermas Ѻ Marxism, 觢Ҿѡ㹡ǺǡѺ§鹹. ¢ͧ Habermas ѡҹ شҧ͡ҧ֧蹨ҡѷ졫ٻẺͧѹ. ѹ˹һʺ㹡ǺɮԸաûԺѵԢ ˹ҧʹͧѺ¡ͧҧǡѺؤ¢ͧ ? ѹԧ ѧͧ졫Ѻؤ¢ͧա ? ҧ ѷ졫١Ƿ, 㹰ҹз繷ɮ˹觫㹷ءѹͧҳҡ ?
ѺӶҧ, ѹբʧ¤ҧҡẺἹѹ. ǾѹѹҧԧԺѵǡѺҹ¹ҧͧ Habermas 稨ԧ · - ֧ҾǡѹǾѹѺʹѺʹعѡɳзաûѺҡѺǹ÷ҧѧҧ 觢Ҿ觨ҧ֧. ѹҧ繷ʧ 袺ǹõҧѹ鹨ö蹡Ѻҷѵʵš졫ͧͧ价誹鹡Ҫվ.
仡ҹ, Habermas º͡ - ҧ зǹз - ȹТͧѹѺǤԴẺյͧѷѧ. ѹ繷Ѵਹ ôѧûѹ͡ ١ẺҧѺѧдԹµ, ѹҡ Habermas öҷиçѡҷȹǡѺѧ ººѺѺִ졫.
ɮԾҡѧ Habermas ҧҾ ѹҴ§µçѺ觷졫 ҧ"ԴҢͧ鹡Ҫվ" "شҨա§ͧѷԷع". 㹧ҹҧͧ Habermas ѹ繷Ѵਹ ӹҨҧѧöѷԷعŧ, ШѧẺ˹·᷹ѹ.
ҧá 㹤Դ繢ͧҾ ѹ繡üԴҴͧ ѹ͢ͺͧ觷 Habermas ٴ. çѹ, ѹѺþԨҳ㹰ҹѭҹǡѺǢͧ졫ѷ졫. Ѻ졫 觷¡ "ѹͧɮлԺѵ"١˹ع¡Ѻͧҧѵʵ÷. ªТͧ鹡Ҫվ, աӾٴ˹觹, ١ҹ繡úض֧ششʹҧӤѭͧûѴҴѵʵš, ҧѧ.
ҡ졫·ҧѡɳдѹѧբ;ٹǷҧԧͧѵʵ, ش·ǡҵͧá졫Ѻؤ¢ͧ ٻͧѷʵԹ, Ҥ˹觢ͧ ҧšзҡҡȵɷ 20 .
ҹͧ Habermas, ¡ûͧҧ֧ҡǡѺҾͧ, 繤ѹ˹觷༪ԭ˹ҡѺԧͧšҧѵ
˹ѧҹ
ҹ¹ҧͧ
Habermas ˹ѧҹ Ш繡ôշش¡鹨ҡþٴ͢Ţ鹷ͧ(¶֧ҹ鹩Ѻ
繧ҹ¹Ժ¤)ѹҡǡѺҹͧҫ觻Ѩغѹӹǹ˹.
˹㹧ҹ㨧ҧ١ͧҡشҹ Introduction to Critical Theory : Horkheimer to Harbermas (London) Ҥͧͧ Held (1980). ˹ѧèͧǷ价繻ªҡشǡѺҹͧ Habermas 㹰ҹйѡԴçԷʤ. ҹա˹觷ҧҡҡ, 繡þٴ֧ʹҧջҡ Marxism and Totality (Cambridge), Jay, M.(1984) [ 9].
ǹͧǷӤҡشǡѺ¢ͧ Habermas 㹧ҹͧ The Critical Theory of Jurgen Habermas ͧ McChathy, T.(1984). ǹ˹ѧ͵ҧͧ Habermas ͧ, 觹ҨӤѭش Knowledge and Human Interests (1971), Legitimation Crisis (1973) The Theory of Communicative action (2 vols., Vol. I (1984), Vol.II).
ŧҹҧҹѺҹӴѺª˹ѧ ͷӤ㨤˹ǡѺԴͷȹеҧͧ Habermas. ǹҹ¹ԧԾҡӤѭҴ˭ҡǡѺ Habermas ҡ мҹèԺѹҴ¤. աԨóҡ ҧ ǧ, ǡѺͺࢵҹͧ Habermas ´չѡ.
ҹ¹ѡҧ鹢ͧ Habermas ѧѺѧ, ѹ繢ͨӡѴ㹡Ҷ֧óж١ͧ§ҧ, ҡԾҡԨó觷ҹʹ. ԨóǡѺ Habermas ҡ зطǧ ҹҹ鹢ͧ Thompson and Held (1982), ͧ Habermas: Critical debates (London).
㹷ҧҹ¹շشѧ ѧա Habermas 's Consensus Theory In Truth ͧ Hesse, M. (1979); Paul Ricoeur "Hermenuetics and the Critique of Ideology", ͧ Hermeneutics and the Human Science ͧ Ricoeur (1981); On Tools and Language: Habermas on Work and Interaction, New German Critique 6, 82-100.
ǹҹͧ Geuss (1981) ͧ The Idea of the Critical Theory (Cambridge) ʹ õդͧ¹ǡѺȹеҧ 繡ԨóͧѹѡɳзͧӶҡ.
Ũҡ : 7 "Jurgen Habermas" by Anthony Giddens
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