Untitled Document

1. àÃÒä´éÁÒ¶Ö§ ³ ·Õè¹Õè¡Ñ¹ä´éÍÂèÒ§äÃ ? áÅÐ
2. ·Ò§ÃÍ´¢Í§àÃÒÁÑ¹ÍÂÙè·ÕèäË¹ ?

ÊÔè§·Õèà»ç¹µé¹©ºÑºÍÑ¹ÁÒ¡ÁÒÂ¡èÒÂ¡Í§à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¡ÒÃ¢Ò¹ÃÑºã¹¡ÅØèÁ¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Ò «Öè§ä´éµÍº¤Ó¶ÒÁ¢éÒ§µé¹äÁèä´éÇÒ§ÍÂÙèº¹¡Ô¨¡ÃÃÁ·Ò§¡ÒÃàÁ×Í§ ËÃ×Íã¹¢ºÇ¹¡ÒÃ»¯ÔÇÑµÔáÃ§§Ò¹ áµèÁÑ¹ÇÒ§ÍÂÙèã¹»ÃÒ¡®¡ÒÃ³ì·Õè«èÍ¹àÃé¹ ÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ ÈÔÅ»Ðá¹Ç avant-garde art (ËÁÒÂ¶Ö§á¹Ç·Ò§ÈÔÅ»Ð·Õè¡éÒÇË¹éÒ), ÈÒÊµÃì·Ò§´éÒ¹¨ÔµÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì, »ÃÑªÒÇÔÀÒÉÇÔ¸Õ, áÅÐÈÃÑ·¸Ò·Ò§ÈÒÊ¹Ò messianic (àÁç«ä«ÍÐ¹Ô¤ ËÁÒÂ¶Ö§ÅÑ¡É³Ð¤ÇÒÁàª×èÍàÃ×èÍ§·Õè¨ÐÁÕ¾ÃÐà¨éÒÁÒâ»Ã´).

¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Ò - ´Óà¹Ô¹ä»ÀÒÂãµéª×èÍ·ÕèÃÙé¨Ñ¡¡Ñ¹·ÑèÇä»ÇèÒ "Critical Theory" (·ÄÉ®ÕÇÔ¾Ò¡Éì) - ·Õè´ÓÃ§ÍÂÙèã¹·èÒÁ¡ÅÒ§ÊÔè§«Öè§ÊÒÁÒÃ¶·Õè¨Ð»Ô´»éÒÂ©ÅÒ¡ä´éÍÂèÒ§àËÁÒÐÊÁÇèÒ interdisciplinary (ÊËÇÔ·Â¡ÒÃ), ÁÑ¹à»ç¹¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨ÍÂèÒ§¶èÍ§á·é·Õèä´éâÍºÃÑ´áÅÐÃÇÁàÍÒ¾×é¹·Õè·Ò§¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒã¹ËÅÒÂæÊÒ¢ÒÇÔªÒà¢éÒÁÒÍÂÙè´éÇÂ¡Ñ¹. â´Âã¹ªèÇ§àÇÅÒ¹Ñé¹ ¼Å§Ò¹µèÒ§æ·ÕèÊØ¡§ÍÁÍÂèÒ§àµçÁ·Õè¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Ò «Öè§â´´à´è¹ÁÒ¡¡ç¤×Í¼Å§Ò¹¢Í§ Horkheimer áÅÐ Adorno ã¹àÃ×èÍ§ Dialectic of Enlightenment.

ºÃÃ´ÒÊÁÒªÔ¡¢Í§á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ «Öè§¼ÅÔµ¼Å§Ò¹ÍÍ¡ÁÒà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡ äÁèä´éÍéÒ§ÍÔ§§Ò¹¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢ÒÇèÒà»ç¹»ÃÑªÒ, ÊÑ§¤ÁÇÔ·ÂÒ, ÊØ¹·ÃÕÂÈÒÊµÃì ËÃ×Í¨ÔµÇÔ·ÂÒ; áµèÁÑ¹à»ç¹ª×èÍàÃÕÂ¡§èÒÂæÇèÒ "·ÄÉ®Õ"(Theory)

2. About Wiggerhaus' book: à¡ÕèÂÇ¡ÑºË¹Ñ§Ê×Í¢Í§ Wiggerhaus
(ã¹àÃ×èÍ§ The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance)

¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÍÑ¹¤ÇÃä´éÃÑº¡ÒÃÊÃÃàÊÃÔáÅÐ¨´¨Ó¢Í§ Rolf Wiggershaus ã¹àÃ×èÍ§à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ ä´éàµÃÕÂÁáÅÐ¨Ñ´ËÒÀÒ¾·Ñé§ËÁ´à¡ÕèÂÇ¡ÑºàÊé¹·Ò§à´Ô¹¢Í§Ê¶ÒºÑ¹·Ò§¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´¹ÕéÍÍ¡ÁÒà¼Âá¾Ãèä´éÍÂèÒ§´ÕàÂÕèÂÁ... ÁÑ¹à»ç¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í·ÕèÊÁºÙÃ³ì·ÕèÊØ´àÅèÁË¹Öè§ ÊÓËÃÑº¤¹·ÕèÊ¹ã¨àÃ×èÍ§à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº·ÄÉ®Õ·Ò§ÊÑ§¤ÁáÅÐ¡ÒÃàÁ×Í§ÃèÇÁÊÁÑÂ. (Douglas Kellner ¼Ùé«Öè§Ê¹ã¨§Ò¹·Ò§´éÒ¹¹Õé¶×ÍÇèÒ Ë¹Ñ§Ê×ÍàÅèÁ´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇà»ç¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í·ÕèºÑ§¤ÑºÍèÒ¹(compusory reading)ÊÓËÃÑºã¤Ã¡çµÒÁ·ÕèµéÍ§¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒËÃ×Íà¢ÕÂ¹àÃ×èÍ§ÃÒÇà¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº "á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ")

Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung ÍÑ¹¹Õéà»ç¹¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ·Õè¹èÒàª×èÍ¶×ÍáÅÐ¹èÒäÇéÇÒ§ã¨ä´éÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº»ÃÐÇÑµÔÈÒÊµÃìáÅÐ¡ÒÃ»ÃÐÊº¤ÇÒÁÊÓàÃç¨¢Í§ á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ. ÁÑ¹ä´éãËéÀÒ¾µÑÇºØ¤¤Å·Õèà¢ÕÂ¹¶Ö§ÍÂèÒ§§´§ÒÁ áÅÐà»ç¹¤¹ÊÓ¤Ñæã¹»ÃÐÇÑµÔÈÒÊµÃì¢Í§ á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ àªè¹à´ÕÂÇ¡Ñº¡ÒÃÊÓÃÇ¨·ÑèÇä»à¡ÕèÂÇ¡ÑºÊ¶Ò¹ÀÒ¾áÅÐ·ÔÈ·Ò§ÍÑ¹ËÅÒ¡ËÅÒÂ ·Õè¾Ç¡à¢Òä´é¾Ñ²¹Ò¢Öé¹ÁÒ¨Ò¡»ÕáËè§¡ÒÃ¡èÍµÑé§ »ÃÐÁÒ³ËÅÑ§Ê§¤ÃÒÁâÅ¡¤ÃÑé§·ÕèË¹Öè§ ¨¹¡ÃÐ·Ñè§ÁÒ¶Ö§á¡è¡ÃÃÁ¢Í§ Theodor Adorno ã¹»Õ 1969.

Ë¹Ñ§Ê×ÍàÅèÁ¹Õéä´éÇÒ§¾×é¹°Ò¹ÍÂÙèº¹à¹×éÍËÒ´éÒ¹àÍ¡ÊÒÃáÅÐªÕÇ»ÃÐÇÑµÔ·ÕèËÒÍèÒ¹ä´éàÁ×èÍàÃçÇæ¹Õé ÁÑ¹à»ç¹¡ÒÃºÃÃÂÒÂä»àÃ×èÍÂæ â´Â¡ÒÃµÒÁÃÍÂÊ¶ÒºÑ¹ÇÔ¨ÑÂÊÑ§¤ÁáËè§¹Õé¨Ò¡ Frankfurt ä»ÂÑ§ Geneva áÅéÇä»·Õè New York, áÅÐ Los Angeles ÊØ´·éÒÂä´éÇ¡¡ÅÑºÁÒÂÑ§ Frankfurt ÍÕ¡¤ÃÑé§. Wiggershaus ÂÑ§ä´éä»âÂ§¶Ö§ÇÔÇÑ²¹Ò¡ÒÃ¢Í§á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ¹Õé¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§ã¹ºÃÔºÃÔº·µèÒ§æ·Ò§´éÒ¹ÊµÔ»ÑÒ áÅÐºÃÔº··Ò§¡ÒÃàÁ×Í§«Öè§ÁÑ¹»¯ÔºÑµÔ¡ÒÃÍÂÙè. ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Õé à¢ÒÂÑ§·Ó¡ÒÃ¤ÅØ¡à¤ÅéÒàÃ×èÍ§ÃÒÇµèÒ§æ¢éÒ§µé¹à¢éÒ´éÇÂ¡Ñ¹¡Ñºº·ÊÃØ»·ÕèáËÅÁ¤Áã¹ÊèÇ¹·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¼Å§Ò¹ÊÓ¤Ñæ«Öè§à¢ÕÂ¹¢Öé¹ÁÒâ´Â Horkheimer, Adorno, Benjamin, Fromm, Kirchheimer, Lowenthal, Marcuse, Neumann, Pollock, and Habermas. ¡ÅèÒÇä´éÇèÒ Ë¹Ñ§Ê×ÍàÅèÁ¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¾ÃÑ¡¾ÃéÍÁã¹µÑÇàÍ§áÅÐÊÒÁÒÃ¶ÁÒ·ÓË¹éÒ·ÕèÃÑºãªéã¹°Ò¹Ð·Õèà»ç¹¡ÒÃá¹Ð¹ÓËÃ×Í¡ÒÃàÃÔèÁµé¹à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¡ÒÃ·Ó¤ÇÒÁÃÙé¨Ñ¡¡Ñº á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ ä´éà»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§´Õ

â´Â·ÑèÇæä» Ë¹Ñ§Ê×ÍàÅèÁ¹Õé ä´éÁÕ¡ÒÃ¹éÍÁ¹Ó¼ÙéÍèÒ¹·Ñé§ËÅÒÂà¢éÒä»·Ó¤ÇÒÁÃÙé¨Ñ¡¡Ñº"·ÄÉ®ÕÇÔ¾Ò¡Éì"(critical theory), áµèÍÂèÒ§äÃ¡çµÒÁ ÁÑ¹ÂÑ§ÁÕ¤Ø³¤èÒÍ×è¹´éÇÂ ã¹°Ò¹Ð·Õèä´éãËé¢éÍÁÙÅãËÁèæá¡è¤¹àËÅèÒ¹Ñé¹«Öè§¤Øé¹à¤Â¡Ñº¢¹º»ÃÐà¾³Õ¹ÕéÍÂÙèáÅéÇ áµèµéÍ§¡ÒÃ·Õè¨ÐàÃÕÂ¹ÃÙéÁÒ¡¢Öé¹à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº»ÃÐÇÑµÔÈÒÊµÃìáÅÐ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒàªÔ§ºÃÔº·¢Í§ÁÑ¹à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´·Ò§ÊÑ§¤Á¢Í§àÂÍÃÁÑ¹ÃèÇÁÊÁÑÂ

¼Å¡ÃÐ·º¢Í§"á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ"·ÕèÁÕµèÍ¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´·Ò§ÊÑ§¤ÁÇÔ·ÂÒ, ¡ÒÃàÁ×Í§, áÅÐÇÑ²¹¸ÃÃÁ µèÍ¤ÃÔÊµÈµÇÃÃÉ·Õè 20 ¹Ñé¹à»ç¹ä»ÍÂèÒ§ÅÖ¡«Öé§. ¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´ã¹ÅÑ¡É³ÐÇÔÀÒÉÇÔ¸Õ à»ç¹»ÃÐÇÑµÔÈÒÊµÃì·ÕèÊÓ¤ÑÍÑ¹Ë¹Öè§¢Í§â¤Ã§¡ÒÃ·Ò§ÇÑ²¹¸ÃÃÁáÅÐ·Ò§»ÑÒ·Õèâ´´à´è¹ «Öè§ä´éºÑ¹·Ö¡ÍÂÙèã¹¤ÇÒÁ·Ã§¨Óã¹ªèÇ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§»ÕáÃ¡¢Í§ÁÑ¹ã¹»ÃÐà·ÈàÂÍÃÁÑ¹¹ÕáÅÐã¹ÊËÃÑ°ÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò.

ã¹ÊèÇ¹¢Í§º·¹Ó¹Ñé¹, Martin Jay (ÈÒÊµÃÒ¨ÒÃÂì·Ò§´éÒ¹»ÃÐÇÑµÔÈÒÊµÃì, ÍÂÙè·ÕèÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑÂ California, Berkeley) ä´éàÊ¹Íº·¹ÓãËÁè·ÕèàµçÁä»´éÇÂá¡è¹ÊÒÃÊÓËÃÑº¡ÒÃ¨Ñ´¾ÔÁ¾ì¢Öé¹ÁÒ¤ÃÑé§¹Õé «Öè§à¢Òä´éÊÐ·éÍ¹ãËéàËç¹¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁÊÍ´¤ÅéÍ§µèÍà¹×èÍ§¡Ñ¹à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¼Å§Ò¹¢Í§á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅàÍÒäÇéÍÂèÒ§¹èÒÊ¹ã¨. ¨Ñ´ä´éÇèÒ The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance à»ç¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í·ÕèÊÓ¤ÑàÅèÁË¹Öè§ÍÑ¹àµçÁä»´éÇÂà¹×éÍËÒ áÅÐÁÕÅÑ¡É³Ð¢Í§¤ÇÒÁäµÃèµÃÍ§ã¹¡ÒÃ¾Ô¹Ô¨¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò¢Í§ÁÑ¹ «Öè§ÁÑ¹ä´é·Óàªè¹¹Ñé¹àÍÒäÇéÍÂèÒ§ÁÒ¡ÁÒÂ. áÅÐ¼Å¢Í§¡ÒÃ¹Õé äÁèà¾ÕÂ§·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹ä»ä´éã¹¡ÒÃ´Ù´«Ñº¼Å§Ò¹¢Í§"á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ"â´ÂÊÒ¸ÒÃ³ª¹·ÕèÁÕÊµÔ»ÑÒà·èÒ¹Ñé¹ áµèÁÑ¹ÂÑ§·ÓãËé»ÃÐà´ç¹»ÑËÒ·Õè¼Å§Ò¹¢Í§¡ÅØèÁ¹Ñ¡¤Ô´á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ¹ÓàÊ¹ÍµèÍÊÒ¸ÒÃ³ª¹ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁªÑ´à¨¹ÁÒ¡¢Öé¹´éÇÂ. 000000000 3.

·Ó¤ÇÒÁÃÙé¨Ñ¡¡Ñº á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ
á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ à»ç¹ªØÁª¹·Ò§ÇÔªÒ¡ÒÃªØÁª¹Ë¹Öè§ «Öè§»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¹Ñ¡¤Ô´¤¹ÊÓ¤ÑËÅÒÂ¤¹. ã¹·èÒÁ¡ÅÒ§¡ÅØèÁ¹Ñ¡¤Ô´¢Í§Ê¶ÒºÑ¹áËè§¹Õé ·Õèâ´´à´è¹ÁÒ¡æ¡ç¤×Í Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, áÅÐ Walter Benjamin.

ãËéàÃÒ¨Ô¹µ¹Ò¡ÒÃ¶Ö§ËéÍ§æË¹Öè§ àÁ×èÍÁÍ§à¢éÒä»ÀÒÂã¹ËéÍ§«Öè§àµçÁä»´éÇÂ¤ÇÑ¹ºØËÃÕè¢Í§ÈµÇÃÃÉ·Õè 19. ËéÍ§æ¹Ñé¹¨Ðà»ç¹Ê¶Ò¹·Õè«Öè§ÁÕ¡ÒÃÊ¹·¹Ò¡Ñ¹ÍÂèÒ§¡ÇéÒ§¢ÇÒ§áÅÐ¢ÂÒÂÇ§ÍÍ¡ä»ÁÒ¡ÁÒÂ. ÁÑ¹à»ç¹¡ÒÃÊ¹·¹Ò¡Ñ¹ã¹ÅÑ¡É³Ðà´ÔÁæ·Õè«Öè§¡ÅØèÁ¤¹á¡èæ¨ÐÁÒµÑé§¤Ó¶ÒÁµèÒ§æ¢Öé¹ áÅÐÁÕ¡ÒÃ»ÃÑº¹éÓàÊÕÂ§¢Í§¡ÒÃÊ¹·¹Ò¡Ñ¹µÅÍ´àÇÅÒ. ·Ø¡æ¤¹ã¹ËéÍ§¹Ñé¹, ´éÇÂÁÒÃÂÒ·ºÒ§ÍÂèÒ§ ¡ÓÅÑ§áÊ´§»¯Ô¡ÃÔÂÒ¢Ò¹ÃÑº¡ÑºäÍà´ÕÂËÃ×Í¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´µèÒ§æ¢Í§¤¹á¡èàËÅèÒ¹Ñé¹. ¤ÇÒÁÅÖ¡«Öé§ÍÂèÒ§á·é¨ÃÔ§, à»ç¹àÃ×èÍ§·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁá»Å¡ãËÁè, áÅÐºÒ§¤ÃÑé§¡çÍÍ¡¨Ð´Ù·Õè¾Ô¡ÅáÅÐÃÙéÊÖ¡»ÃÐËÅÒ´æ ¹Ñè¹¤×ÍÀÒ¾·Õèä´éàËç¹áÅÐä´éÂÔ¹ áÅÐºÒ§¤ÃÑé§¡çÁÕ¤¹¾ÂÒÂÒÁ·Õè¨Ðá·Ã¡à¢éÒä»ã¹¡ÒÃÊ¹·¹Ò¡Ñº¡ÅØèÁªÒÂªÃÒàËÅèÒ¹Ñé¹. ¼Ùé¤¹ÁÒ¡ÁÒÂµèÒ§·ÂÍÂà¢éÒáÅÐ·ÂÍÂÍÍ¡¨Ò¡ËéÍ§. ºÒ§¤¹¡çÁÒÃÇÁ¡Ñ¹ÍÂÙè¡Ñº¤¹·Õè¡ÓÅÑ§¾Ù´¶Ö§àÃ×èÍ§«Öè§µ¹ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÃÙéÊÖ¡ª×è¹ªÍº, áÅÐºÒ§¤¹¡ç¶Ù¡´Ö§ä»ÊÙè¡ÅØèÁºÒ§¡ÅØèÁâ´Âà©¾ÒÐ à¹×èÍ§ÁÒ¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊ¹ã¨ÃèÇÁ¡Ñ¹ºÒ§àÃ×èÍ§·Õè¤ÅéÒÂ¡Ñ¹.

ËéÍ§´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ¤×Í·Ñé§ËÁ´¢Í§»ÃÑªÒµÐÇÑ¹µ¡. ªÒÂªÃÒ¤¹¹Ñé¹¡ç¤×Í ºÃÃ´Ò¹Ñ¡»ÃÑªÒ¤ÅÒÊÊÔ¤ ÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ âÊ¡ÃÒµÕÊ áÅÐ à¾Åâµ. ¤ÇÒÁÅÖ¡«Öé§, ¤ÇÒÁá»ÅãËÁè áÅÐ¤ÇÒÁÃÙéÊÖ¡¾Ô¡Å»ÃÐËÅÒ´æ ¡ç¤×ÍºÃÃ´Ò¹Ñ¡¤Ô´ÊÁÑÂãËÁè¡ÇèÒ ÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ àÎà¡Å áÅÐ ÁÒÃì¡«ì. ã¹·éÒÂ·ÕèÊØ´, ºÃÃ´ÒÊÁÒªÔ¡¢Í§á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ ·ÕèàËÁÒÐ¡Ñº»ÃÐàÀ·¢Í§¤¹àËÅèÒ¹Ñé¹«Öè§ÁÒÃÒÂÃÍº¤¹¾Ù´·Õè¾Ç¡à¢Òª×è¹ªÍº. á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅäÁèãªèÊ¶Ò¹·Õè áµèà»ç¹Ê¡ØÅ·Ò§¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´¡ÅØèÁË¹Öè§¢Í§·ÄÉ®ÕµèÒ§æ·Õè¤ÅéÒÂæ¡Ñ¹ «Öè§ä´éâ¿¡ÑÊÅ§ä»ÂÑ§ËÑÇ¢éÍËÃ×ÍËÑÇàÃ×èÍ§à´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹.

4. The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance
¨Ò¡ÁØÁÁÍ§¢Í§ David Weininger
[ËÁÒÂàËµØ: ÊÓËÃÑºË¹Ñ§Ê×ÍàÃ×èÍ§ The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance ¢Í§ Rolf Wiggershaus ä´éÃÑº¡ÒÃá»Åà»ç¹ÀÒÉÒÍÑ§¡ÄÉâ´Â Michael Robertson ¤ÇÒÁÂÒÇ¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í 787 Ë¹éÒ]

ÊÓËÃÑººØ¤¤Å·Ñé§ËÅÒÂ·Õèä´éà¢éÒÁÒÊÙèàÇ·Õ·Ò§ÊµÔ»ÑÒ «Öè§ÁÕà»éÒËÁÒÂ·Õè¨ÐÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìâÅ¡áÅÐÊÑ§¤Á - äÁèÇèÒ¾Ç¡à¢Ò¨Ð·Óàªè¹¹Ñé¹â´Â¤ÇÒÁªèÇÂàËÅ×Í¢Í§ÇÃÃ³¤´Õ, ÊÑ§¤ÁÇÔ·ÂÒ, »ÃÑªÒ, àÈÃÉ°ÈÒÊµÃì ËÃ×Í ¨ÔµÇÔ·ÂÒ¡çµÒÁ - ºØ¤¤ÅàËÅèÒ¹Ñé¹¨ÐµéÍ§»ÃÐÊº¡Ñº»ÑËÒË¹Öè§«Öè§à»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁµèÒ§æ·ÕèÁÒ¤ÃÍº§Ó áÅÐÂÑ§ä»à¡ÕèÂÇ¾Ñ¹¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§ ·ÄÉ®ÕáÅÐ¡ÒÃ»¯ÔºÑµÔ´éÇÂ. ¤Ó¶ÒÁ¹Ñé¹¡ç¤×Í

- ÍÐäÃ¤×Í¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂ·Õè§Ò¹·Ò§ÊµÔ»ÑÒä´éä»¼Ù¡ÁÑ´ ?
- ¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´áÅÐ¡ÒÃ¡ÃÐ·Ó¤×ÍÊÔè§·ÕèÁÕÍÔÊÃÐã¹µÑÇÁÑ¹àÍ§ãªèäËÁ, ËÃ×ÍÁÑ¹à¤Âà»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§¹Ñé¹ãªèËÃ×ÍäÁè ?
- ¶éÒà¼×èÍÇèÒ·ÄÉ®ÕÁÑ¹ÁÕ¹ÑÂÊÓ¤Ñã¹·Ò§»¯ÔºÑµÔ ËÒ¡à»ç¹àªè¹¹Ñé¹ ¶ÒÁÇèÒ ÁÑ¹¤×ÍÍÐäÃ ?

Rolf Wiggershaus ¤èÍ¹¢éÒ§ÃÐÁÑ´ÃÐÇÑ§ã¹¡ÒÃºÑ¹·Ö¡¶Ö§ÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕÂ´ÍÂèÒ§¶Õè¶éÇ¹à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº»ÃÐÇÑµÔÈÒÊµÃì¢Í§á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ ¹Ñº¨Ò¡àÃÔèÁµé¹äÅèàÅÕÂ§¢Öé¹ÁÒ¨¹¶Ö§ÁÃ´¡µ¡·Í´¢Í§ÁÑ¹ã¹ºÃÃ´Ò¹Ñ¡ÇÔªÒ¡ÒÃ·Ñé§ËÅÒÂ ¼Ùé«Öè§ÂÑ§¤§¡ÃÐ©Ñº¡ÃÐà©§ÍÂÙè ÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ Jurgen Habermas ¹ÑºÇèÒÁÕ¤ÇÒÁâ´´à´è¹·ÕèÊØ´.

Ë¹Ñ§Ê×ÍàÃ×èÍ§ The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance ÅéÓË¹éÒä»ä¡Å¡ÇèÒàÃ×èÍ§ The Dialectical Imagination ¢Í§ Martin Jay - «Öè§à»ç¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í·Õè¾Ù´¶Ö§»ÃÐÇÑµÔÈÒÊµÃì¢Í§á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅÍÕ¡àÅèÁË¹Öè§ - ã¹ÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕÂ´à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹ÁÒáÅÐ¡ÒÃÁÕà¨µ¹Ò·Õè¨Ð¼Ù¡ÁÑ´¡Ñºà¹×éÍËÒ·Õè¡ÓÅÑ§¾Ù´¶Ö§ÍÂÙè¹ÕéÍÂèÒ§ÊÓ¤Ñ. Ê¶ÒºÑ¹ÇÔ¨ÑÂÊÑ§¤Áä´éÃÑº¡ÒÃ¡èÍµÑé§ã¹àÁ×Í§ á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ· ã¹»Õ ¤.È. 1924 ã¹°Ò¹Ð·Õèà»ç¹Ê¶ÒºÑ¹·ÕèÍØ·ÔÈãËé¡Ñº¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÍÂèÒ§à»ç¹ÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒÊµÃìà¡ÕèÂÇ¡ÑºÅÑ·¸ÔÁÒÃì¡«ÔÊÁì. ¼Ùé·ÕèãËé¡ÒÃÍØ»¶ÑÁÀìáÅÐºÃÔ¨Ò¤à§Ô¹ãËé¡ÑºÊ¶ÒºÑ¹¹Õé¤×Í Felix Weil ¹Ñ¡ÇÔªÒ¡ÒÃ¤ÃÖè§µÑÇ¼ÙéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÁÑè§¤Ñè§¼Ùé«Öè§àÅç§àËç¹ÇèÒ ¡ÒÃÁÕÊ¶Ò»¹ÒÊ¶ÒºÑ¹áËè§¹Õé¢Öé¹ÁÒ¹Ñé¹ ÁÑ¹¨Ðà»ç¹¡ÒÃ»ÃÐ¹Õ»ÃÐ¹ÍÁ¡Ñ¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§"Ê¶Ò¹ÀÒ¾·Ò§ª¹ªÑé¹¢Í§à¢Ò" ¡Ñº "¤ÇÒÁàËç¹Í¡àËç¹ã¨¢Í§à¢Ò·ÕèÁÕµèÍ¼Ùé¹ÔÂÁ«éÒÂ".

Ê¶ÒºÑ¹´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ - ä´éÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡Ñ¹ÍÂèÒ§ËÅÇÁæ¡Ñº the University of Frankfurt ÁÒµÑé§áµèµé¹ - «Öè§ä´é¡ÅÒÂÁÒà»ç¹(àÁ×Í§)àÁç¡¡ÐÊÓËÃÑºªÒÇàÂÍÃÁÑ¹·Õè¹ÔÂÁ«éÒÂ. à¾ÃÒÐÊ¶ÒºÑ¹´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇä´éà»Ô´ãËéÁÕ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒà¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº"àÈÃÉ°ÈÒÊµÃì¡ÒÃàÁ×Í§áººÁÒÃì¡«ÔÊ·ì" áÅÐ"»ÃÐÇÑµÔÈÒÊµÃì¢Í§¢ºÇ¹¡ÒÃáÃ§§Ò¹" ã¹ÃÐ´ÑºÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑÂ¢Öé¹ÁÒà»ç¹¤ÃÑé§áÃ¡.

áµè¡ÃÐ¹Ñé¹¡çµÒÁ ÁÑ¹¡çÂÑ§äÁèä´éÊØ¡§ÍÁÍÂèÒ§àµçÁ·Õèã¹·Ò§¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ ¨¹¡ÃÐ·Ñè§ä´éÁÕ¡ÒÃáµè§µÑé§ Max Horkheimer ¢Öé¹´ÓÃ§µÓáË¹è§¼ÙéÍÓ¹ÇÂ¡ÒÃÊ¶ÒºÑ¹ã¹»Õ ¤.È.1930. Horkheimer, «Öè§ä´éÈÖ¡ÉÒÁÒ·Ò§´éÒ¹»ÃÑªÒ à¢Òà»ç¹¼Ùé·Õèâª¡âª¹áÅÐàªÕèÂÇªÒà¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¡Ñº¢¹º»ÃÐà¾³ÕáººàÂÍÃÁÑ¹·Ñé§ËÁ´¨¹ÁÒ¶Ö§ Hegel, áÅÐà¢Òä´éÍéÒá¢¹ÃÑºÅÑ·¸ÔÁÒÃì¡«ÔÊÁìÍÂèÒ§äÁè¤èÍÂàµçÁã¨¹Ñ¡.

"µÒÁ¡ÒÃà¢éÒÁÒÁÕÊèÇ¹ÃèÇÁ¢Í§¢éÒ¾à¨éÒ..., ¢éÒ¾à¨éÒ¨ÐàÃÔèÁµé¹µÃÐàµÃÕÂÁÃÐºº¡®à¡³±ìà¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº§Ò¹·ÕèÁÕ¡ÒÃÇÒ§á¼¹àÍÒäÇéº¹"¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´·Ò§»ÃÑªÒ" áÅÐ "»ÃÐÊº¡ÒÃ³ì¹ÔÂÁã¹·ÄÉ®Õ·Ò§ÊÑ§¤Á"à¤ÕÂ§¢éÒ§¡Ñ¹... à¾×èÍÃÇºÃÇÁ¡ÒÃ¤é¹¤ÇéÒµèÒ§æàÍÒäÇé º¹¾×é¹°Ò¹à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¤Ó¶ÒÁµèÒ§æ·Ò§»ÃÑªÒ·Õèá¾ÃèËÅÒÂÍÂÙè·ÑèÇä» «Öè§ºÃÃ´Ò¹Ñ¡»ÃÑªÒ·Ñé§»Ç§ ¹Ñ¡ÊÑ§¤ÁÇÔ·ÂÒ ¹Ñ¡àÈÃÉ°ÈÒÊµÃì ¹Ñ¡»ÃÐÇÑµÔÈÒÊµÃì áÅÐ¹Ñ¡¨ÔµÇÔ·ÂÒ·Ñé§ËÅÒÂÊÒÁÒÃ¶ÁÒÃÇÁµÑÇ¡Ñ¹ä´é ã¹¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹ÃèÇÁ¡Ñ¹ä»â´ÂµÅÍ´".
([T]o set up, along with my associates..., a regime of planned work on the juxtaposition of philosophical construct and empiricism in social theory....[To] organize inquiries, on the basis of current philosophical questions, in which philosophers, sociologists, economists, historians and psychologists can unite in lasting co-operation. )

´éÇÂà»éÒËÁÒÂ´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ à¢Ò¨Ö§ä´éÃÇºÃÇÁ¹Ñ¡ÇÔªÒ¡ÒÃ¡ÅØèÁµèÒ§æÃÒÂÃÍºà¢Ò à¾×èÍÁÒÊÃéÒ§ÃÐººÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒã¹áººÊËÇÔ·ÂÒ¡ÒÃ¢Öé¹ÁÒ: ÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ Erich Fromm, ¹Ñ¡ÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìã¹á¹Çáºº¿ÃÍÂà´ÕÂ¹áÅÐ¼Ùé¹Ó½èÒÂ«éÒÂ·Õèà¢éÁá¢ç§; Friedrich Pollock ¨Ñ´ÇèÒà»ç¹¹Ñ¡àÈÃÉ°ÈÒÊµÃìá¹ÇÁÒÃì¡«ÔÊ·ìáººÍÍÃì¸Í´çÍ¡«ì; Adorno à¢Ò¨º»ÃÔÒàÍ¡·Ò§´éÒ¹»ÃÑªÒ áµèã¹àÇÅÒ¹Ñé¹ä´é¶Ù¡¨éÒ§ãËé·Ó§Ò¹ã¹°Ò¹Ð¹Ñ¡ÇÔ¨ÒÃ³ì·Ò§´éÒ¹´¹µÃÕ; Marcuse, ¹Ñ¡»ÃÑªÒáÅÐÍ´Õµà¤Âà»ç¹¹Ñ¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒ¢Í§ Martin Heidegger. Benjamin ¼Ùé«Öè§äÁèà¤Âà»ç¹ÊÁÒªÔ¡¶ÒÇÃ¢Í§Ê¶ÒºÑ¹áËè§¹ÕéàÅÂ ºÒ§·Õ¨Ðà»ç¹¤¹·ÕèÂØè§ÂÒ¡ÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ã¹¡ÒÃ¨Ð¨Óá¹¡§Ò¹¢Í§à¢Ò «Öè§ä´éâÍºÅéÍÁáÅÐä»ã¡Åéà¤ÕÂ§¡ÑºÊÒ¢ÒÁ¹ØÉÂÈÒÊµÃì áÅÐÊÑ§¤ÁÈÒÊµÃì.

ÃÒ¡°Ò¹·ÕèÁÑè¹¤§µèÍÁÒ¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Ò¡ç¤×Í"ÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑÂâ¤ÅÑÁàºÕÂ"ã¹¡ÃØ§¹ÔÇÂÍÃì¤ â´Â¡ÒÃ·Õè¾Ç¡à¢Òä´é¡èÍµÑé§ÊÁÒ¤ÁæË¹Öè§¢Öé¹ÁÒ »ÅÒÂæ¡Ã¡®Ò¤Á 1934 «Öè§ÍÂÙèÁÒ¨¹¡ÃÐ·Ñè§¶Ö§ªèÇ§µé¹æ»Õ ¤.È. 1943 (ÊÔé¹ÊØ´Å§ã¹ªèÇ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§Ê§¤ÃÒÁâÅ¡¤ÃÑé§·ÕèÊÍ§). ¡ÒÃÊ¹ÑºÊ¹Ø¹·Ò§¡ÒÃà§Ô¹¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Ò ÂÑ§¤§µéÍ§ÍÒÈÑÂ¡ÒÃºÃÔ¨Ò¤áÅÐ¡ÒÃÊ¹ÑºÊ¹Ø¹´éÒ¹à§Ô¹·Ø¹¨Ò¡ Weil ÍÂÙè, ´éÇÂàËµØ¹Õé ·ÓãËé¾Ç¡à¢ÒÊÒÁÒÃ¶·Õè¨ÐÂÑ§¤§¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹ÍÔÊÃÐáÅÐÁÕàÊÃÕÀÒ¾ÍÂÙè¤èÍ¹¢éÒ§ÁÒ¡ ·Õè¨Ð´Óà¹Ô¹§Ò¹ÇÔªÒ¡ÒÃ¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢ÒàÍ§ä»¨¹ºÃÃÅØ¼ÅÊÓàÃç¨

¡ÒÃà¹Ãà·È¡ÅØèÁ·Ò§¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´ á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ ¤èÍ¹¢éÒ§¨ÐäÁèãªèÊÒÃÐÊÓ¤Ñáµè»ÃÐ¡ÒÃã´ à¾ÃÒÐÁÑ¹´ÙàËÁ×Í¹ÇèÒ¨ÐäÁèä»¡´´Ñ¹ËÃ×ÍÊè§¼Å¡ÃÐ·º¡Ñº·ÔÈ·Ò§µèÍ§Ò¹ÇÔªÒ¡ÒÃ¢Í§¡ÅØèÁ¹Ñ¡¤Ô´¹ÕéáµèÍÂèÒ§ã´. ¢³Ð·Õè¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒã¹ªèÇ§áÃ¡æ¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Ò¹Ñé¹ ÍÑ¹·Õè¨ÃÔ§ÁÕà»éÒËÁÒÂ·Õè¨ÐÃÇºÃÇÁ"§Ò¹·Ò§·ÄÉ®Õ"áÅÐ"§Ò¹·Ò§»ÃÐÊº¡ÒÃ³ì¹ÔÂÁ"à¢éÒ´éÇÂ¡Ñ¹. â´Âã¹ªèÇ§»ÅÒÂ·ÈÇÃÃÉ·Õè 30s ¼Å§Ò¹¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Òä´é»ÃÐÊº¡Ñº¡ÒÃà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§ÍÑ¹ÅÖ¡«Öé§ 2 »ÃÐ¡ÒÃ...

»ÃÐ¡ÒÃáÃ¡, ÅÑ¡É³Ð·Ò§·ÄÉ®Õ(theoretical) ä´éÁÒº´ºÑ§ËÃ×Í¢èÁÃÑÈÁÕ¢Í§¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´»ÃÐÊº¡ÒÃ³ì¹ÔÂÁ(empirical)ÍÂèÒ§ªÑ´à¨¹. äÁèÁÕ¡ÒÃãªéàÍ¡ÊÒÃ·ÕèºÃÃ¨Ø¤Ó¶ÒÁ(ËÃ×Í·ÕèàÃÒàÃÕÂ¡¡Ñ¹ÇèÒ questionnires)·Õè¨Ðá¨¡¨èÒÂÍÍ¡ä»à¾×èÍà»ç¹¡ÒÃÃÇºÃÇÁ¢éÍÁÙÅ, áÅÐäÁèÁÕ¡ÒÃ¹ÓàÍÒàÃ×èÍ§¢Í§Ê¶ÔµÔµèÒ§æÁÒÃèÇÁ¾Ô¨ÒÃ³ÒËÃ×Í»ÃÖ¡ÉÒ´éÇÂ - á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ ¡ÓÅÑ§ÅèÍ§ÅÍÂËÃ×ÍÃÐàËàÃèÃèÍ¹ÍÂèÒ§ÃØ¹áÃ§ä»ÊÙèÅÑ¡É³Ð·Ò§»ÃÑªÒ. ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ â´ÂÁÙÅàËµØ¹Õé áÅÐ¼Å·ÕèµÒÁÁÒ¢Í§¡ÒÃà¤Å×èÍ¹äËÇ´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ, Horkheimer, Adorno áÅÐ Marcuse ¨Ö§¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹¡ÅØèÁºØ¤¤Å·Õèà»ç¹ÈÙ¹Âì¡ÅÒ§¼ÙéãËé¡ÒÃÊ¹ÑºÊ¹Ø¹à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¼Å§Ò¹¢Í§Ê¶ÒºÑ¹.

ã¹·Ò§¡ÅÑº¡Ñ¹ ÁØÁÍ§·Ò§·ÄÉ®Õ¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢ÒÁÑ¹¤èÍ¹¢éÒ§Á×´ÁÑÇàÍÒÁÒ¡æ. ¡ÒÃ»ÃÑº·ÔÈ·Ò§¢Í§ÁÒÃì¡«ÔÊ·ìä´éÂÍÁãËé¡Ñº(áÅÐá¼èä»¶Ö§)¡ÒÃÃÇÁàÍÒºØ¤¤ÅµèÒ§æÍÂèÒ§ Nietzsche áÅÐ Freud à¢éÒÁÒ´éÇÂ. ¡ÒÃà¤Å×èÍ¹ä»ÊÙè¹Ñ¡¤Ô´àËÅèÒ¹Õé áÊ´§ÍÍ¡¶Ö§¢éÍÊ§ÊÑÂÍÑ¹Ë¹Öè§·ÕèÍÂÙè¢éÒ§ãµé"¼ÅÊÐ·éÍ¹¢Í§»Ñ¨à¨¡ª¹ «Öè§ÁÕ¾ÅÑ§ÍÓ¹Ò¨«èÍ¹àÃç¹·ÕèÍÑ¹µÃÒÂá½§ÍÂÙè «Öè§à»ç¹à§×èÍ¹ä¢ËÃ×Í»Ñ¨¨ÑÂ¢Í§áÃ§¡ÃÐµØé¹·ÕèÊÓ¤Ñ·ÕèÊØ´ã¹¡ÒÃ¡ÃÐ·Ó¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Ò".

ºÃÃ´Ò¹Ñ¡¤Ô´·ÄÉ®ÕÇÔ¾Ò¡Éì(The Critical Theorist)·Ñé§ËÅÒÂ ä´é¢ÂÒÂ¢éÍàÊ¹ÍÍÑ¹¹ÕéÍÍ¡ä» áÅÐãËéàËµØ¼ÅÇèÒ ¢ºÇ¹¡ÒÃà¤Å×èÍ¹äËÇ´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ«Öè§Á¹ØÉÂªÒµÔ¾ÂÒÂÒÁ·Õè¨Ð»Å´»ÅèÍÂµÑÇ¢Í§µÑÇàÍ§ãËéà»ç¹ÍÔÊÃÐ¹Ñé¹ ÁÑ¹à»ç¹ÊÔè§·Õèà¹èÒà»×èÍÂ¼Ø¾Ñ§µèÍá¡è¹á¡¹ÍÑ¹¹Õé áÅÐä´éºÃÃ¨ØàÍÒàÁÅç´¾Ñ¹¸Øì¢Í§¤ÇÒÁËÒÂ¹Ðã¹µÑÇ¢Í§¾Ç¡ÁÑ¹àÍ§àÍÒäÇé.

¢éÍ¤Ô´àËç¹´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇä´é¶Ù¡ãËé¤ÓÍ¸ÔºÒÂÍÑ¹·Ã§¾ÅÑ§ÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´¢Í§ÁÑ¹ã¹ÇÔÀÒÉÇÔ¸Õà¡ÕèÂÇ¡ÑºÂØ¤ Enlightenment. ¡ÒÃ¹ÓàÊ¹Í¢Í§ÁÑ¹à»ç¹áºº¨ÓÅÍ§¢¹Ò´àÅç¡(micro-model)¢Í§¹éÓàÊÕÂ§áÅÐÊäµÅìà¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁÃÙéÊÖ¡¢Á¢×è¹¢Í§¡ÅØèÁ. ÁÑ¹ä´éÊÐ·éÍ¹¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´·ÕèÍÂÙèÀÒÂãµéÍÔ·¸Ô¾Å¤ÃÍº§ÓÍÑ¹»ÃÒÈ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃ´Ôé¹Ã¹ã´æ.

"ã¹¤ÇÒÁÃÙéÊÖ¡·ÑèÇæä»ÊèÇ¹ãËèà¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´·Õè¡éÒÇË¹éÒ, ÂØ¤ÊÁÑÂ Enlightenment ÁÑ¡¨ÐÁÕà»éÒËÁÒÂÍÂÙè·Õè¡ÒÃ»Å´»ÅèÍÂÁ¹ØÉÂìãËéà»ç¹ÍÔÊÃÐ¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁËÇÒ´¡ÅÑÇáÅÐä´éÊ¶Ò»¹ÒÍÓ¹Ò¨Í¸Ô»äµÂ¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Ò¢Öé¹ÁÒ. ¡ÃÐ¹Ñé¹¡çµÒÁ âÅ¡·Õè¶Ù¡·ÓãËéÊÇèÒ§ËÃ×Íµ×è¹¢Öé¹ÁÒÍÂèÒ§àµçÁ·Õè(fully enlightened earth) ¨Ðá¼èÃÑ§ÊÕ¤ÇÒÁËÒÂ¹ÐÍÍ¡ÁÒã¹ÅÑ¡É³Ð¢Í§¼ÙéÁÕªÑÂª¹Ð... ÊÔè§·ÕèÁ¹ØÉÂìµéÍ§¡ÒÃàÃÕÂ¹ÃÙé¨Ò¡¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ¡ç¤×Í ¨ÐãªéÁÑ¹ÍÂèÒ§äÃ à¾×èÍ·Õè¨Ð¤ÃÍº§Ó¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔáÅÐÁ¹ØÉÂì¤¹Í×è¹æàÍÒäÇéä´é·Ñé§ËÁ´...â´Â»ÃÒÈ¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁàÁµµÒËÃ×ÍÊ§ÊÒÃ, ¶Ö§áÁéÇèÒã¹µÑÇÁÑ¹àÍ§, ÂØ¤ÊÇèÒ§ËÃ×Í Enlightenment ¨Ð·ÓãËéÃèÍ§ÃÍÂã´æà¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁ»ÃÐËÁèÒáÅÐ¢ÇÂÍÒÂã¹µ¹àÍ§ÊÔé¹ÊØ´Å§¡çµÒÁ"

(In the most general sense of progressive thought, the Enlightenment has always aimed at liberating men from fear and establishing their sovereignty. Yet the fully enlightened earth radiates disaster triumphant....What men want to learn from nature is how to use it in order wholly to dominate it and other men....Ruthlessly, in despite of itself, the Enlightenment has extinguished any trace of its own self-consciousness.)

Ë¹Ñ§Ê×ÍàÅèÁ¹Õé´Óà¹Ô¹µèÍä»à¾×èÍáÊ´§ãËéàËç¹¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁÅèÁÊÅÒÂ¢Í§µÑÇÁÑ¹àÍ§¢Í§ÂØ¤ Enlightenment ã¹º· the Odyssey, Sade's Juliette, Cuture Industry, áÅÐÍÂèÒ§à¨çº»Ç´·ÕèÊØ´ ¹Ñè¹¤×Í ¡ÒÃµèÍµéÒ¹ªÒÇÂÔÇÊÁÑÂãËÁè (modern anti-semitism). ÁÑ¹à»ç¹¤ÇÒÁá»Å¡»ÃÐËÅÒ´ÍÑ¹Ë¹Öè§, à»ç¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í·ÕèÂÒ¡áÅÐÁÕÅÑ¡É³Ðà©¾ÒÐ·ÕèÃÇÁàÍÒÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃà¢éÒËÒËÃ×ÍÈÖ¡ÉÒÍÂèÒ§ËÅÒ¡ËÅÒÂÁÒ¡. ÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃË¹Öè§·Õè¶Ù¡¹ÓÁÒÂÑèÇ¹éÓÅÒÂ¢Í§¼Ùé¤¹¡ç¤×Í ÊÔè§«Öè§¾Ç¡àÃÒã¹·Ø¡ÇÑ¹¹ÕéàÃÕÂ¡¢Ò¹ÁÑ¹ÇèÒ "¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ·Ò§´éÒ¹ÇÑ²¹¸ÃÃÁ"(Cutural Studies). [ËÁÒÂàËµØ: semitism ËÁÒÂ¶Ö§¤¹·ÕèÍÒÈÑÂÍÂÙèã¹´Ô¹á´¹µÐÇÑ¹ÍÍ¡¡ÅÒ§(ÂÔÇáÅÐÍÒËÃÑº) ã¹·Õè¹ÕéËÁÒÂ¶Ö§ªÒÇÂÔÇÊÁÑÂãËÁè]

Wiggershaus ä´éãËéÀÒ¾ÍÂèÒ§´ÕàÂÕèÂÁ à»ç¹á¹Ç·Ò§·ÕèÃÍº´éÒ¹ÊÓËÃÑºË¹Ñ§Ê×Í·Õè·éÒ·ÒÂàÅèÁË¹Öè§ áÅÐã¹á§èÁØÁ´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇâ´ÂÅÓ¾Ñ§ Ë¹Ñ§Ê×ÍàÅèÁ¹Õéä´éºÃÃ¨ØàÍÒà¹×éÍËÒ·ÕèãËèÁÒ¡ã¹§Ò¹à¢ÕÂ¹ÃÐ´Ñº·ØµÔÂÀÙÁÔ. ÂÔè§ä»¡ÇèÒ¹Ñé¹ à¢ÒÂÑ§áÊ´§ãËéàËç¹ÇèÒ á¹ÇàÃ×èÍ§¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ ÁÑ¹ä´é¡èÍãËéà¡Ô´¼Å§Ò¹áÅÐ¤ÇÒÁàÍÒã¨ãÊèã¹ªèÇ§áÃ¡¢Í§¡ÅØèÁ¹Ñ¡¤Ô´á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ¢Öé¹ÁÒä´éÍÂèÒ§äÃ ? Â¡µÑÇÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ ã¹¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡Ñ¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§ ¡ÒÃµèÍµéÒ¹¤¹ÂÔÇ(anti-Semitism) ¡Ñº ÅÑ·¸Ô·Ø¹¹ÔÂÁ(capitalism)

Wiggershaus ä´éªÕé¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁàÃÕÂ§ã¹ªèÇ§áÃ¡¢Í§ Horkheimer ã¹àÃ×èÍ§ "The Jews and Europe,"(ªÒÇÂÔÇ¡ÑºÂØâÃ»), »ÃÐâÂ¤áÃ¡æ·Õèà»ç¹¡ÒÃà»Ô´µÑÇ¢Í§¤ÇÒÁàÃÕÂ§¹Õé¢Í§à¢Ò ¹ÑºÇèÒà»ç¹¤Ùèá¢è§¢Í§»ÃÐâÂ¤à»Ô´àËÅèÒ¹Ñé¹ã¹àÃ×èÍ§ Dialectic of Enlightenment ã¹ÅÑ¡É³Ð·Õèµ×è¹àµé¹àËÁ×Í¹¡ÑºÅÐ¤ÃáÅÐàµçÁä»´éÇÂ¤ÇÒÁàª×èÍÁÑè¹:

"äÁèÁÕã¤ÃÊÒÁÒÃ¶·Õè¨Ð¢ÍÃéÍ§ãËé¼ÙéÍ¾Â¾(ªÒÇÂÔÇ)·Ñé§ËÅÒÂÂ¡¡ÃÐ¨¡à§ÒºÒ¹Ë¹Öè§¢Öé¹ à¾×èÍÊèÍ§´ÙâÅ¡·Õèä´éÊÃéÒ§ÃÐººà¼´ç¨¡ÒÃ¿ÒÊ«ÔÊÁìº¹´ÒÇà¤ÃÒÐËì´Ç§¹Õé¢Öé¹ÁÒ «Öè§¾Ç¡à¢Ò¶Ù¡µéÍ¹ãËéà¢éÒä»ÍÂÙèã¹Ê¶Ò¹·ÕèÊÓËÃÑº¼ÙéÅÕéÀÑÂ. áÅÐ¤¹àËÅèÒ¹Õé¼Ùé«Öè§äÁè»ÃÒÃ¶¹Ò·Õè¨Ð¾Ù´¶Ö§ÅÑ·¸Ô·Ø¹¹ÔÂÁ ¤ÇÃ¨Ðà§ÕÂºæàÊÕÂà¡ÕèÂÇ¡ÑºÃÐººà¼´ç¨Ò¡ÒÃ¿ÒÊ«ÔÊÁì."

ÊÓËÃÑº·ÄÉ®ÕÇÔ¾Ò¡Éì(Critical Theory)¨Çº¨¹¶Ö§»Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹, ä´é¼ÅÐÍÍ¡ÁÒÁÒ¹Ò¹áÅéÇáÅÐ¤èÍ¹¢éÒ§ä¡ÅËèÒ§¨Ò¡"¡ÒÃÃÇÁ¡Ñ¹¢Í§àÃ×èÍ§·Ò§"·ÄÉ®Õ"¡Ñº"ÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒÊµÃìµèÒ§æã¹àªÔ§»ÃÐ¨Ñ¡Éì(empirical sciences)]" «Öè§¤ÃÑé§Ë¹Öè§ Horkheimer ä´éãËé¡ÒÃÊ¹ÑºÊ¹Ø¹. áÅÐ´Ñ§·Õèã¤ÃæÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÇÑ§à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¡ÒÃà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§ã¹àªÔ§¤Ø³ÀÒ¾, ã¤ÃÊÑ¡¤¹ÍÒ¨¨Ðàª×èÍÇèÒ ºÃÃ´Ò¹Ñ¡à¢ÕÂ¹·Ñé§ËÅÒÂ¨ÐÂ×¹ËÂÑ´µèÍä»¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁäÁèÁÕµÑÇµ¹ÍÑ¹¹Ñé¹

ÀÒÂËÅÑ§Ê§¤ÃÒÁ, ÁÕà¾ÕÂ§ Horkheimer áÅÐ Adorno à·èÒ¹Ñé¹·Õèä´éËÇ¹¡ÅÑºÁÒÂÑ§á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ· ÊèÇ¹¤¹Í×è¹æÂÑ§¤§ªÍº·Õè¨Ð¾Ó¹Ñ¡ÍÂÙèã¹ÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò. (¹èÒàÈÃéÒ·Õè Walter Benjamin äÁèà¤ÂËÅºË¹ÕÍÍ¡¨Ò¡ÂØâÃ»àÅÂã¹ªèÇ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§Ê§¤ÃÒÁ áÅÐã¹·ÕèÊØ´ä´é¡ÃÐ·ÓÍÑµÇÔ¹ÔºÒµ¡ÃÃÁµ¹àÍ§ã¹»ÃÐà·ÈÊà»¹ã¹ªèÇ§»Õ 1940). ¹éÓàÊÕÂ§à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¼Å§Ò¹µèÒ§æ¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Ò áÁé¨Ðáµ¡µèÒ§¡Ñ¹ÍÂÙèºéÒ§ áµèÊèÇ¹ãËèáÅéÇ¤èÍ¹¢éÒ§·Õè¨ÐË´ËÙèáÅÐàÈÃéÒÊÃéÍÂ ´Ñ§·Õè¾ÇÇ¡à¢ÒµÃÐË¹Ñ¡ÇèÒ ÇÑ²¹¸ÃÃÁ¢Í§»ÑÒª¹ German-Jewish «Öè§ä´é»ÃÒ¡¯ÍÍ¡ÁÒ ÁÑ¹ä´éÊÙÊÅÒÂáÅÐÁÅÒÂä»ÍÂèÒ§ÊÔé¹àªÔ§. áµèÍÂèÒ§äÃ¡çµÒÁ ¾Ç¡à¢Ò·Ñé§¤Ùè¡çä´éÃÑºµÓáË¹è§·Ò§ÇÔªÒ¡ÒÃ·Õèá¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ· áÅÐÂÑ§¤§·Ó§Ò¹·Ò§·ÄÉ®Õ¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Ò¡Ñ¹µèÍä», «Öè§ -â´Âà©¾ÒÍÂèÒ§ÂÔè§ Adorno- ¤èÍ¹¢éÒ§»ÃÑºµÑÇÁÒ¡ä»ÊÙè¤ÇÒÁ·Ã§¨ÓáÅÐ¡ÒÃäµÃèµÃÍ§ã¹Í´Õµ·Õè¼èÒ¹ÁÒ ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ·Õè¨Ð»ÃÑºä»ÊÙè¡ÒÃÇÔ¹Ô¨©ÑÂËÃ×ÍµÃÇ¨µÃÒà¡ÕèÂÇ¡ÑºÀÒÇ¡ÒÃ³ì»Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹.

ÍÑ¹¹ÕéÁÕËÅÑ¡°Ò¹ÍÂÙèã¹ËÑÇ¢éÍÃÍ§¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×ÍàÅèÁË¹Öè§ã¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×ÍªèÇ§ËÅÑ§æ¢Í§ Adorno: Minima Moralia: ÀÒ¾ÊÐ·éÍ¹µèÒ§æ¨Ò¡ªÕÇÔµ·Õè¶Ù¡·ÓÅÒÂãËéàÊÕÂËÒÂ. ã¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×ÍàÅèÁ´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ à¢ÒÃÙéÊÖ¡âÈ¡àÈÃéÒ¶Ö§ÇÑ²¹¸ÃÃÁ·Õèä´é¶Ù¡·ÓÅÒÂâ´Âà¼´ç¨¡ÒÃ¿ÒÊ«ÔÊ·ì ¢³Ð·Õè¾ÂÒÂÒÁ¨Ð¢ÑºäÅèÁÅ·Ô¹¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¢Í§µÑÇà¢ÒàÍ§ÍÍ¡ä»à¾×èÍ¤ÇÒÁÍÂÙèÃÍ´ã¹Ê§¤ÃÒÁ. ·Ñé§ËÁ´¹Õé à¢Òä´é·Ó¡ÒÃÊÃØ»ÊÒÃÐÊÓ¤Ñä´éÍÂèÒ§§´§ÒÁã¹»ÃÐâÂ¤Ë¹Öè§´Ñ§¹Õé : "¡ÒÃà¢ÕÂ¹º·¡ÇÕ¢Öé¹ÁÒÀÒÂËÅÑ§¨Ò¡ Auschwitz (¤èÒÂ¡Ñ¡¡Ñ¹ªÒÇÂÔÇ¢Í§¹Ò«Õã¹â»áÅ¹´ì) ¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹ÊÔè§·Õè»èÒà¶×èÍ¹" ...ã¤ÃÊÑ¡¤¹ÍÒ¨·Í´ÊÒÂµÒä»ÁÍ§"á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ"´éÇÂ¤ÇÒÁÊ§ÊÑÂ áÅÐâµé¡Ñº»ÃÐâÂ¤´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇÇèÒ "¡ÒÃà¢ÕÂ¹·ÄÉ®Õ¢Öé¹ÁÒã¹ªèÇ§ Auschwitz à»ç¹àÃ×èÍ§·ÕèàËÅÇäËÅÊÔé¹´Õ".

äÁè¡Õèà´×Í¹¡èÍ¹·Õèà¢Ò¨Ð¶Ö§á¡è¡ÃÃÁ, Adorno ¡ÓÅÑ§ºÃÃÂÒÂÍÂÙè·ÕèÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑÂá¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ· ¢³Ð¹Ñé¹ÁÕ¹Ñ¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒËÔ§¡ÅØèÁË¹Öè§«Öè§à»ç¹ÊÁÒªÔ¡ËÑÇÃØ¹áÃ§«Öè§àÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ Separatist (¾Ç¡·ÕèáÂ¡µÑÇÍÍ¡ä»¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´àËç¹¢Í§¤¹ÊèÇ¹ãËè)ä´é¾ÃÇ´¾ÃÒ´¢Öé¹ÁÒ·Õèâ¾à´ÕÂÁ(á·è¹·ÕèãªéÊÓËÃÑºÂ×¹¾Ù´ã¹ËéÍ§»ÃÐªØÁ), ¾Ç¡à¸ÍµèÒ§à»Å×ÍÂÍ¡, áÅÐà¢éÒ¨Ùèâ¨Áà¢Ò´éÇÂ¡ÒÃà¢éÒÁÒÅÙºäÅé¡Í´¨Ùºã¹ÅÑ¡É³ÐÊèÍà¤éÒ·Ò§¡ÒÁÒÃÁ³ì. à¢Òä´é¼ÅÐ¨Ò¡àÇ·Õ´éÇÂ¤ÇÒÁâ¡Ã¸áÅÐÃÙéÊÖ¡¢ÒÂË¹éÒÁÒ¡.

¹Ñ¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒËÔ§¡ÅØèÁ¹Ñé¹ä´é»ÃÐ¡ÒÈÇèÒ "ã¹°Ò¹ÐÊ¶ÒºÑ¹áËè§¹Õé, Adorno ä´éµÒÂä»áÅéÇ". àÃ×èÍ§ÃÒÇÍÑ¹¹Õéä´é¹Óä»ÊÙèÀÒÇÐ¤ÅÒÂµÑÇÍÂèÒ§àµçÁ·Õè ÃÐËÇèÒ§¤ÇÒÁáµ¡µèÒ§¢Í§·ÄÉ®Õ/»¯ÔºÑµÔ «Öè§ÁÑ¡¨Ðä´éÃÑº¡ÒÃ»ÅØ¡àÃéÒ¢Öé¹ÁÒ äÁèÇèÒ¨Ðã¹¡ÒÃÊ¹·¹ÒËÃ×Í¡ÒÃ¾Ù´¤ØÂã´æ¢Í§á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅ. ¢ºÇ¹¡ÒÃ¹Ñ¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒªÒÇàÂÍÃÁÑ¹ã¹ªèÇ§·ÈÇÃÃÉ·Õè 1960s ä´é»¯ÔàÊ¸·ÄÉ®ÕÇÔ¾Ò¡Éì(Critical Theory)ÍÂèÒ§âµé§æ à¾ÃÒÐà¹×èÍ§ÁÒ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃäÁèÊÒÁÒÃ¶ãªé§Ò¹ä´é¢Í§ÁÑ¹¹Ñè¹àÍ§. ÍÐäÃ¤×Í¤Ø³¤èÒ·Õè·ÄÉ®ÕÇÔ¾Ò¡Éì·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇ¡ÑºÊÑ§¤ÁÁÕ ¶éÒà¼×èÍÇèÒÁÑ¹äÁèä´éºÃÃ¨ØàÍÒÊÔè§«Öè§à¡ÕèÂÇ¾Ñ¹¡Ñº¡ÒÃà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§ã¹ÅÑ¡É³Ð·Õèà»ç¹¡ÒÃ»¯ÔÇÑµÔâ´Â·Ñ¹·ÕàÍÒäÇé ?

Critical Theory ¨ÐºÍ¡¡ÑºàÃÒÇèÒ "¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´ã¹µÑÇÁÑ¹àÍ§"¹Ñé¹ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÓ¤ÑÁÒ¡ÂÔè§¡ÇèÒÊÔè§·Õè¶×ÍÇèÒà»ç¹"¡ÒÃ»¯ÔºÑµÔ·ÕèäÁèÊÓ¤Ñ". Wiggershaus ªÕéá¨§ÇèÒ Habermas áÅÐºÃÃ´Ò¹Ñ¡·ÄÉ®Õ Critical Theorists ÃØè¹àÂÒÇì·Ñé§ËÅÒÂ ¤èÍ¹¢éÒ§·Õè¨ÐÁÕ¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºä»ÊÙè¡ÒÃ¡ÃÐ·Ó·Ò§ÊÑ§¤ÁÂÔè§¡ÇèÒÊÁÒªÔ¡¢Í§á¿Ã§¤ìà¿ÃÔ·Ê¤ÙÅÍ×è¹æ, ¹Ñè¹¤×Í ÊèÇ¹ãËèà¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº"¹ÑÂÊÓ¤Ñ·Ò§¡ÒÃàÁ×Í§"( political significance) ¢Í§ Horkheimer and Adorno. ÁÑ¹ÂÑ§¤§à¹é¹áÅÐÂ×¹ÂÑ¹ÍÕ¡¤ÃÑé§¶Ö§ÊÔè§·Õè¾Ç¡à¢Ò·Ó: ¹Ñè¹¤×Í ·ÄÉ®Õ(Theory).

à¡ÕèÂÇ¡ÑºµÑÇ¼Ùéà¢ÕÂ¹
David Weininger, a graduate of Oberlin College, has previously reviewed Edmund White's biography of Genet for the Boston Book Review. He lives in Cambridge, MA. As for the variants and alterations to "the theory" in the course of this history, the scope of these is so large, and they are so unsynchronized, that a division into phases for the 'Frankfurt School' is virtually impossible. The best we can do is to speak of various tendencies to drift apart: the drifting apart of theory and praxis, of philosophy and science, of the critique of reason and the rescuing of reason, of theoretical work and the work of the Institute, of the refusal to be reconciled and the refusal to be discouraged.

¡ÅÑºä»Ë¹éÒáÃ¡¢Í§ÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑÂà·ÕèÂ§¤×¹ I ÊÁÑ¤ÃÊÁÒªÔ¡ I ÊÒÃºÑà¹×éÍËÒ

e-mail : midnightuniv@yahoo.com