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Sexual intercourse
Sexual intercourse could be vaginal, anal, or oral. Vast majority of infections is seen in heterosexual intercourse. Passage of HIV appears to be more efficient from men to women than vice versa.
Blood and blood products
Before the danger of transmission was recognized, many persons had received blood and blood product containing infectious virus. Screening blood donors is mandatory. Even screening may not completely eliminate the danger as the early infectious case may be missed, but the risk reduced considerably.
Tissue and organ donation
If infected organs or tissues such as cornea, bone marrow, kidney, semen can infect the normal.
Contaminated needles
Intravenous drug misuse, injections, needle stick injuries may cause HIV infection. In practice of sharing needles and syringes for intravenous drug, use continues to be a major route of transmission. Iatrogenic transmission from needles and syringes in developing countries is reported. Health care workers have a risk of approximately 0.3% following a single needlestick injury with known HIV infected blood.
Mother to baby
HIV transmission from mother to baby may be in prenatal, perinatal period or during breast-feeding. European studies suggest that 14% of babies born to HIV infected women are likely to be infected although rates of up to 40% have been reported from Africa and USA. Transmission can occur in utero, during childbirth or via breastmilk.
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NOTE |
| Normal social and domestic contact does not transmit the infection. Shaking hands, hugging, putting cheeks together or dry kissing is safe. There has been no confirmed case of transmission through saliva, though the virus may be present in the saliva of infected persons. Wet kissing is considerably risky. Sharing rooms, bathroom, cooking and eating facilities are not considered dangerous. There is no evidence that mosquitoes, bed bugs or other blood sucking insects can transmits the virus. Infection is not transmitted through air, food, water or fomites. |
Clinical effects are due to following reasons.
(1) Primary to viral cytopathology.(2) Secondary to failure of immune responses.
An exception to this may be the dementia and other degenerative neurological lesions seen in AIDS. It has been suggested that these may be due to the direct effect of HIV on the central nervous system
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