ESSENTIALS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

Chapter 10: Leadership

 

Leadership

The ability to influence a group

toward the achievement of goals.

 

Difference between LEADERSHIP and MANAGEMENT ?

• Let’s see what Jennifer Fox, General Manager, Sheraton Park Central Hotel, has to say...

Trait Theories of Leadership

• Seek to differentiate leaders from non-leaders by who they are
• Overlook needs of followers
• Fail to clarify trait's relative importance
• Don't separate cause from effect
• Ignore situational factors

Behavioral Theories of Leadership

• Seek to differentiate leaders from non-leaders by what they do:
• Initiating structure--Consideration
• Employee oriented--Production oriented
• Development oriented
• Still ignore situational factors

Contingency Theories of Leadership

• Fiedler Model
• Hersey and Blanchard Theory
• Leader-Member Exchange Theory
• Path-Goal Theory
• Leader Participation Model

Fiedler Contingency Model

• Identify leadership style
• Task oriented vs. Relationship oriented
• Define the situation
• Leader-member relations
• degree of trust and respect
• Task structure
• predictability of job assignments
• Position power influence over selection and promotion

Fiedler Contingency Model (continued)

• Match leaders and situations
• Assumes leader can be chosen to fit conditions.
• Assumes conditions can be assessed.
• EXAMPLE: Use task orientation
• TASK ORIENTED best in High, Medium task uncertainty
• RELATIONSHIP ORIENTED best in low task certainty situations

Hersey and Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory

Leader-Member Exchange Theory

Recent Approaches to Leadership

• Attribution Theory
• leadership is in the eye of the follower
• Charismatic Leaders
• followers attribute leadership abilities to people who exhibit certain leadership qualities
• Transactional Leaders
• guide followers toward established goals
• Transformational leaders
• provide stimulation toward new development and reinvention of the group

Characteristics of Charismatic Leaders

• Self-confidence
• A vision
• Ability to articulate the vision
• Strong convictions about the vision
• Behavior that is out of the ordinary
• Perceived as being a change agent
• Environment sensitivity

Transactional Leader

• Gives rewards in exchange for performance
• Manages by looking for deviations from rules
• Intervenes only if standards aren’t met
• Abdicates responsibilities

Transformational Leader

• Charismatic
• Inspirational
• Intellectually stimulating
• Considers each person individually

Contemporary Issues in Leadership

• Gender
• Empowerment
• Followership
• National Culture
• Biology

Leadership Differences Between
Males & Females

• More directive
• Emphasis on command and control
• Rely on formal authority
• More democratic
• Encourage participation
• Share power and information
• Enhance follower’s self-worth
• Lead through inclusion

Leadership Summary

• Trait views
• Behavioral views
• Contingency models
• Transactional and transformational leadership
• Contemporary Issues