MBTI factoids:

• 100 questions
• There are lots of "Wannabee’s"  e.g., PSI inventory
• You can CHANGE profiles over time, e.g., Extrovert turning into an introvert

Internal versus External Locus of Control

• Internals think, "I’m in control of my destiny."
• Externals think, "Stuff always happens to me... its really out of my hands."

Authoritarianism

• Belief in power differences between, among individuals
• Machiavellianism = Ends justify means
• McClelland’s studied this
• High need for power = High "NPow"

Self-monitoring

• Snyder’s studies on high self monitors
• Sensitive to external cues
• Behave differently in different situations
• More capable of conforming

Risk propensity

• High risk people make decisions rapidly
• May lead to more effective performance in SOME industries, e.g., stock trading

Emotions: What are they?

• Affect

• Generic term covers broad range of feelings.
• An umbrella concept

• Emotions

• Intense feelings that are directed at someone or something

• Moods

• Feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions, and lack a contextual stimulus

Emotional Labor

• When an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions.
• Developed with regard to service jobs.
• Flight attendants expected to be cheerful
• Leaders are expected to "charge the troops," using emotional labor

Felt versus Displayed Emotions

• Felt emotions are actual emotions
• Displayed emotions are required and considered appropriate in a given job

The point is…

•  Many take what they see as TRUTH,
• May lead to trouble working with others
• Need to be able to EXTRACT felt emotions, and to distinguish between two types

6 Universal Emotions

• Happiness
• Surprise
• Fear
• Sadness
• Anger
• Disgust

Gender and Emotions

• Women SHOW more emotion than men
• WHY?
• Socialization
• Better innate ability to read others and present their emotions than men… the biological argument
• May have a greater need for social approval, and thus display emotions that are positive, e.g., happiness

International differences with regard to emotion:

• Cashiers in Israel discouraged from smiling… why?

• Sign of inexperience

• In China one does not show an open mouth when smiling or laughing

• In India it is expected that all visitors to the home (expected or unexpected) be treated warmly, and greeted as long-lost relatives

EIQ

• Why?
• What?
• How?

What is Emotional Intelligence?

• Body of theory promoted by Daniel Goleman.

• Examines individuals’ ability to handle their emotions and life complexity in ways that are healthy and effective.

• Based on fact that there are widespread exceptions to the idea that IQ predicts success.

Emotional IQ, continued . . .

• 95 grads from Harvard were followed into middle age. (All men.)

• Men with highest test scores were NOT successful, as compared with lower-scoring peers.

• Study of valedictorians and saltatorians from 1981 class in Illinois schools.

• Though they got good grades in college, by late 20’s they achieved only average levels of success.

Characteristics of Emotional IQ:

• Able to motivate oneself, persist in face of frustrations
• Control impulse and delay gratification
• Regulate moods
• Keep distress from swamping ability to think
• Ability to Empathize, Hope

Different than Standard measures of IQ,
e.g., Stanford Binet

• Whereas many decades of research have been based on traditional IQ measures, Emotional IQ is NEW

• E-IQ Can be more powerful than traditional IQ

• Conclusions are that we can’t change traditional measures, but there IS evidence that we can TEACH E-IQ !!