Directories
Mental Health at: Google, Yahoo.
Relationships at: Google, Yahoo
See other links below.

Personality
Myers Briggs Personality Type Indicator (Distinguishes between - Extraversion/Introversion; Sensing/Intuitive; Thinking/Feeling; Judgement/Perception and gives you one of 16 types e.g. ESTJ)

Personality type A/B
Personality type is a modified version of the Jenkins Activity Survey originally designed to detect behaviors which lead to heart attacks.

• Type A personality generally refers to hard workers who are often preoccupied with schedules and the speed of their performance.
• Type B personalities may be more creative, imaginative, and philosophical.

Multitasking

Marriage
I heard an interview with John Gottman, author of many marriage books including ("The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work : A Practical Guide from the Country's Foremost Relationship Expert", 1988) which prompted me to google some of the topics he discussed.

Gottman's studies showed that all couples argue and get angry with each other. Successful couples did not put their partners on the defensive and moved toward resolution rather than escalation in an argument.

See:
Creating a Strong and Satisfying Marriage missouri.edu
Helping Couples Negotiate Work/Life Balance

Divorce Stats

Ailments - Treatment

International Classification of Diseases (ICD):
Numbers below refer to the category in the Mental and behavioural disorders (F00) section of the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders (F0)
   Dementia in Alzheimer's disease
   Dementia (Vascular, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease) 
   Delirium
   
Psychotic disorders (F2)
  Schizophrenia
  Hallucinations
  Delusions and paranoia
  
Mood or Affective disorders: (F3)

An estimated 10 percent of men and 25 percent of women will suffer major depression during their lifetimes. At any given time, 2.4 percent of men and 4 to 6 percent of women will be experiencing major depression.
12-15% of men over 65 are depressed and 20% of women over 65 are depressed.
Depression at HealthfulLife.umdnj.edu
www.depressionsupportgroup.com

  Major depression
  Bipolar depression (manic-depressive illness)
      [mania = extreme joy and escessive energy]
  Post Partum Depression
  Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
  
Anxiety disorders - Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders  (F4)
  Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
  Phobias: [claustrophobia (small spaces), acrophobia (heights), and arachnophobia (spiders),
             Agoraphobia (open spaces or any place outside of one's  safe zone), ...]
  Panic disorder [episodic paroxysmal anxiety]
  Dissociative Disorders - Loss of change of identity.
    Psychogenic amnesia
    Multiple Personality Disorder
 
  Somatoform disorders
     Hypochondriacal
     Persistent somatoform pain disorder
     
See: Causes of stress.
     
Adult personality disorders and behaviour - (F6)
   Paranoid personality disorder
   Pathological fire-setting [pyromania]
   Pathological stealing [Kleptomania]
   Narcissistic personality disorder
   Sadistic personality disorder / Sadomasochism
   Fetishism
   Sexual disorders
   Addictions
     Substance abuse (F1)
      e.g. Alcahol, stimulants, including caffeine, tobacco,
      opioids [morphine (e.g., Kadian, Avinza), codeine, 
               oxycodone (e.g., OxyContin, Percodan, Percocet), and related drugs],
      cocaine
      cannabinoids [marijuana]
      hallucinogens [LSD, mescaline (peyote cactus), psilocybin, DMT, Phencyclidine (PCP)]
      sedatives or hypnotics
      Stimulants, including caffeine
     Other: sex/pornography, gambling, computers/internet, work

Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors (F5)
  Eating Disorder: Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa
  Sleep Disorder: Insomnia, hypersomnia
  Sexual dysfunction
  
Childhood and adolescence behavioural and emotional disorders  (F9)

  These usually start in childhood but carry over to adult life.
   ADD / ADHD: Attention Deficit & Hyperactivity Disorder
   Conduct disorders
   Separation anxiety, ...
   Stuttering
   Other (body-rocking, head-rocking, hair-plucking, hair-twisting, Nail-biting,
    Nose-picking, Thumb-sucking 
    
Developmental disorders (F8)
  Autism
  Epilepsy
  Dyslexia 
  Language, Reading, arithmetical skills, disorder of motor function
Mental retardation (F7)
 
Insanity is a legal term denoting that a person should not be criminally responsible
                for his actions.

• Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence: (Retardation, Learning, Communication, ...)
• Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders:
• Mental Disorders Due to a General Medical Condition:
• Substance-Related Disorders: (Alcohol, Amphetamine, Caffeine, Cannabis, Cocaine, Hallucinogen, Inhalant, Nicotine, Opioid, Phencyclidine, Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic
• Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders: (Delusional Disorder, )
• Mood Disorders: (Depression, ...)
• Anxiety Disorders: (Acute Stress, Agoraphobia, Phobias [claustrophobia, acrophobia, arachnophobia, ...], ...)
• Somatoform Disorders: (Hypochondriasis)
• Factitious Disorders: (Intentionally feigning symptoms of another sick person)
• Dissociative Disorders: (Amnesia, )
• Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders: (Aversion, Hypoactive, Dysfunction, Exhibitionism, Fetishism, Pedophilia, Voyeurism, ...)
• Eating Disorders:
• Sleep Disorders:
• Impulse-Control Disorders Not Elsewhere Classified: (Intermittent Explosive Disorder, Kleptomania, Pathological Gambling, Pyromania)
• Adjustment Disorders: (Anxiety and Depression from significant life events)
• Personality Disorders: (Paranoid, Schizoid, Antisocial, Narcissistic, Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive, ...)
• Other: (Medication Induced Tremor or movement disorder, Relational problems, Child abuse, Bereavement, anti-social behavior)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition - Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) at BehaveNet ®

Other diseases/disorders related to the brain:

• Strokes and Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA's) are ischemic - blockage of a blood vessel supplying the brain, and hemorrhagic - bleeding into or around the brain. Stroke patients may have difficulty controlling their emotions or may express inappropriate emotions. Depression is a common side effect which frequently goes untreated. Strokes can be caused by hypertension (high blood pressure), atherosclerosis (arterial sclerosis or hardening of the arteries) causing a clot (embolism) which travels from some other part of the body to the brain. Ischemic stroke can also occur when too much plaque (fatty deposits and cholesterol) clogs the brain's blood vessels.
• Parkinson's disease (PD) belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders, which are the result of the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells. The four primary symptoms of PD are tremor, or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face; rigidity, or stiffness of the limbs and trunk; bradykinesia, or slowness of movement; and postural instability, or impaired balance and coordination. Approximately 20% of people with Parkinson's disease will develop dementia, usually after the age of 70.
• Lupus, an autoimmune disease causing inflammation of the connective tissues, can affect many parts of the body, including the joints, skin, kidneys, lungs, heart, nervous system, and blood vessels. It may have symptoms similar to some mental illnesses.
• Multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease of the central nervous system where communication between the brain and other parts of the body is disrupted. Many investigators believe MS to be an autoimmune disease. Most MS patients experience muscle weakness in their extremities and difficulty with coordination and balance. Approximately half of all people with MS experience cognitive impairments such as difficulties with concentration, attention, memory, and poor judgment.
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), sometimes called Lou Gehrig's disease, attacks motor neurons located in the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord that serve as controlling units and vital communication links between the nervous system and the voluntary muscles of the body.
• Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. There are many types of encephalitis, most of which are caused by infection with viruses. Mental symptoms include seizures, sudden severe dementia, memory loss, withdrawal from social interaction, and impaired judgement.
• Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes (called meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis may be caused by many different viruses and bacteria, or by diseases that can cause inflammation of tissues of the body without infection (such as lupus). Symptoms include changes in behavior such as confusion, sleepiness, and difficulty waking up.
• Lyme disease is caused by a bacterial organism that is transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected tick. Some problems which may not appear until weeks, months, or years after a tick bite, include decreased concentration, irritability, memory and sleep disorders, and nerve damage in the arms and legs.
• Hypoglycemia or an insulin reaction, is a problem with diabetics when blood glucose level drops below 60 to 70 mg/dl. Mental symptoms can include; dizziness and confusion, irritability, personality change, confusion or poor concentation.
• Huntington's disease (HD) results from genetically programmed degeneration of brain cells, called neurons, in certain areas of the brain. This degeneration causes uncontrolled movements, loss of intellectual faculties, and emotional disturbance.
• Cerebral palsy (CP) is an umbrella-like term used to describe a group of chronic disorders impairing control of movement that appear in the first few years of life and generally do not worsen over time.
• Cancer - Many cancers in other parts of the body will metastize and spread to the brain. About 50% of brain cancers are metastatic (secondary) as opposed to primary brain cancer which originates in the brain. Symptoms of brain cancer depend on the location in the brain; They can include: Behavioral and emotional changes, Impaired judgment, Memory loss, Reduced mental capacity (cognitive function), Drowsiness.
• Pituitary Tumors - (Tthe pituitary gland, a small organ--about the size of a dime and located in the center of the brain--which makes hormones that affect growth and the functions of other glands in the body.) Symptoms of pituitary tumors may include headaches, vision problems, nausea and vomiting.
• Hodgkin's disease is a type of lymphoma distinguished by the presence of a particular kind of cancer cell called a Reed-Sternberg cell; It can cause depression.

Books:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), by the American Psychiatric Association

See:
National Alliance for Mental Illness (NAMI)
Mental illness at wikipedia.org
Information on Brain Disorders and Brain Diseases
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) at World Health Organization (WHO)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association.
Mental Illness at wikipedia.org

Famous Mental Health Consumers.

Psychotherapy

Treatments

• Drug Treatament
• Psychotherapy
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
• Psychosurgery or Neurosurgery

Psychotherapy

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) 1980
Since the 1980s, many therapists have begun to use cognitive-behavioral therapy to change clients' unhealthy behavior by replacing negative or self-defeating thought patterns with more positive ones. They do not deny that problems may be rooted in the past but treat them differently.

Psychodynamic theories presume that the maladaptive cognitions arise from specific internal needs (such as the need for affection, acceptance, sexual gratification, etc.), or from unresolved developmental conflicts from childhood. The cognitive therapists presume that the maladaptive cognitions may arise from faulty social learning, or from a lack of experiences that would allow adaptive learning (such as the development of coping skills) to occur, or from dysfunctional family experiences, or from traumatic events, etc. In other words, psychologists using a cognitive therapy approach recognize that psychological problems such as depression can develop from a variety of life experiences, depending on the individual.

Cognitive therapy was developed by Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy in the 1960s.
The treatment is based on the principle that maladaptive behavior (ineffective, self-defeating behavior) is triggered by inappropriate or irrational thinking patterns, called automatic thoughts. Instead of reacting to the reality of a situation, an individual automatically reacts to his or her own distorted view of the situation. Cognitive therapy strives to change these thought patterns (also known as cognitive distortions), by examining the rationality and validity of the assumptions behind them. This process is termed cognitive restructuring.

Behavior therapy focuses on observable behavior and its modification in the present, in contrast to the Freudian Psychoanalytic method.
The therapy drew on a variety of theories and research, including the classical conditioning principles of the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), the work of American B. F. Skinner (1904-1990), and the work of psychiatristJoesph Wolpe (1915-1997).

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) 1980 A psychological method developed by Marsha M. Linehan, a psychology researcher at the University of Washington, to treat persons with borderline personality disorder (BPD). DBT combines standard cognitive-behavioral techniques for emotion regulation and reality-testing with concepts of mindful awareness, distress tolerance, and acceptance largely derived from Buddhist meditative practice. DBT is the first therapy that has been experimentally demonstrated to be effective for treating BPD. Research indicates that DBT is also effective in treating patients who represent varied symptoms and behaviors associated with spectrum mood disorders.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) 2005
A unique intervention approach based on Relational Frame Theory (RFT) that illuminates the ways that language entangles us into futile attempts to wage war against our own inner lives.
Through metaphor, paradox, and experiential exercises clients learn how to make healthy contact with thoughts, feelings, memories, and physical sensations that have been feared and avoided. Clients gain the skills to recontextualize and accept these private events, develop greater clarity about personal values, and commit to needed behavior change.

See: ACT at ContextualPsychology.org

The patient is given medications to induce sleep, relax the muscles. An electrical stimulus is administered through electrodes to the head. The electrical stimulus produces brain wave (EEG) changes that are characteristic of a grand mal seizure.

Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939)

"The Interpretation of Dreams"
Id - What we want to do
Superego - What we are told by society and parents that we should do
Ego - Resolve conflict between above

Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

The first well-known dissenter from Freud's school of thought. Adler became the father of what he called "individual psychology." He shifted the motivational emphasis from biological instincts to social relationships. (Adler is also considered a humanist.)

Jung, Carl (1875-1961)

He submitted that attention must be given to man's religious, aesthetic, and other such needs. (the seeds of modern day existentialism). He is also noted for his work with the concepts of introversion/extroversion and archetypes.

Binet, Alfred (1857-1911)

He is most widely known for his contributions to intelligence.

Horney, Karen (1885 - 1952)

Goodenough, Florence (1886-1959)

Draw-A-Man Man Test (1926).
A pioneer in psychology and the study of gifted children.

Piaget, Jean (1896 - 1980)

Genetic epistemology, meaning the study of the development of knowledge.

Maslow, Abraham (1908-1970)

Fromm, Erich (1900 - 1980)

Erikson, Erik H. (1902-1994)

Skinner, B. F. (1904 - 1990)

Indiana U. and Harvard.
System is based on operant conditioning. A reinforcing stimulus following an action creates tendency to repeat the behavior in the future.

See also: History of Neuroscience including Nobel Prize winners.