Technology
Character Sets
Char Entity Names
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Char Entity Names
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From www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/sgml/entities.html See also: Entity Names at U. Toronto | Char Entity Ref at bigbaer.com |
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HTML supports character reference of the form (&#number;) where xxx is the decimal code for the character and entity references of the form ¢ using entity names. Some support existed in Navigator 2 but you generally
need Explorer 4 (and greater) and Navigator 5 (and greater) for more complete support. Some browsers support hexadeciman colde in the form &#xnumber; U+xxxx codes are Unicode values. ¬¾ See Entity References at the U. of Toronto.
Character entity references for ISO 8859-1 characters
128-159
nbsp   " " -- no-break space = non-breaking space,
U+00A0 ISOnum
iexcl ¡ "¡" -- inverted exclamation mark, U+00A1 ISOnum
cent ¢ "¢" -- cent sign, U+00A2 ISOnum
pound £ "£" -- pound sign, U+00A3 ISOnum
curren ¤ "¤" -- currency sign, U+00A4 ISOnum
yen ¥ "¥" -- yen sign = yuan sign, U+00A5 ISOnum
brvbar ¦ "¦" -- broken bar = broken vertical bar, U+00A6 ISOnum
sect § "§" -- section sign, U+00A7 ISOnum
uml ¨ "¨" -- diaeresis = spacing diaeresis, U+00A8 ISOdia
copy © "©" -- copyright sign, U+00A9 ISOnum
ordf ª "ª" -- feminine ordinal indicator, U+00AA ISOnum
laquo « "«" -- left-pointing double angle quotation mark
= left pointing guillemet, U+00AB ISOnum
not ¬ "¬" -- not sign, U+00AC ISOnum
shy ­ "" -- soft hyphen = discretionary hyphen, U+00AD ISOnum
reg ® "®" -- registered sign = registered trade mark sign, U+00AE ISOnum
macr ¯ "¯" -- macron = spacing macron = overline
= APL overbar, U+00AF ISOdia
deg ° "°" -- degree sign, U+00B0 ISOnum
plusmn ± "±" -- plus-minus sign = plus-or-minus sign, U+00B1 ISOnum
sup2 ² "²" -- superscript two = superscript digit two
= squared, U+00B2 ISOnum
sup3 ³ "³" -- superscript three = superscript digit three
= cubed, U+00B3 ISOnum
acute ´ "´" -- acute accent = spacing acute, U+00B4 ISOdia
micro µ "µ" -- micro sign, U+00B5 ISOnum
para ¶ "¶" -- pilcrow sign = paragraph sign, U+00B6 ISOnum
middot · "·" -- middle dot = Georgian comma
= Greek middle dot, U+00B7 ISOnum
cedil ¸ "¸" -- cedilla = spacing cedilla, U+00B8 ISOdia
sup1 ¹ "¹" -- superscript one = superscript digit one, U+00B9 ISOnum
ordm º "º" -- masculine ordinal indicator,
U+00BA ISOnum
raquo » "»" -- right-pointing double angle quotation mark
= right pointing guillemet, U+00BB ISOnum
frac14 ¼ "¼" -- vulgar fraction one quarter
= fraction one quarter, U+00BC ISOnum
frac12 ½ "½" -- vulgar fraction one half
= fraction one half, U+00BD ISOnum
frac34 ¾ "¾" -- vulgar fraction three quarters
= fraction three quarters, U+00BE ISOnum
iquest ¿ "¿" -- inverted question mark
= turned question mark, U+00BF ISOnum
Agrave À "À" -- latin capital letter A with grave
= latin capital letter A grave,
U+00C0 ISOlat1
Aacute Á "Á" -- latin capital letter A with acute,
U+00C1 ISOlat1
Acirc  "Â" -- latin capital letter A with circumflex,
U+00C2 ISOlat1
Atilde à "Ã" -- latin capital letter A with tilde,
U+00C3 ISOlat1
Auml Ä "Ä" -- latin capital letter A with diaeresis,
U+00C4 ISOlat1
Aring Å "Å" -- latin capital letter A with ring above
= latin capital letter A ring,
U+00C5 ISOlat1
AElig Æ "Æ" -- latin capital letter AE
= latin capital ligature AE,
U+00C6 ISOlat1
Ccedil Ç "Ç" -- latin capital letter C with cedilla,
U+00C7 ISOlat1
Egrave È "È" -- latin capital letter E with grave,
U+00C8 ISOlat1
Eacute É "É" -- latin capital letter E with acute,
U+00C9 ISOlat1
Ecirc Ê "Ê" -- latin capital letter E with circumflex,
U+00CA ISOlat1
Euml Ë "Ë" -- latin capital letter E with diaeresis,
U+00CB ISOlat1
Igrave Ì "Ì" -- latin capital letter I with grave,
U+00CC ISOlat1
Iacute Í "Í" -- latin capital letter I with acute,
U+00CD ISOlat1
Icirc Î "Î" -- latin capital letter I with circumflex,
U+00CE ISOlat1
Iuml Ï "Ï" -- latin capital letter I with diaeresis,
U+00CF ISOlat1
ETH Ð "Ð" -- latin capital letter ETH, U+00D0 ISOlat1
Ntilde Ñ "Ñ" -- latin capital letter N with tilde,
U+00D1 ISOlat1
Ograve Ò "Ò" -- latin capital letter O with grave,
U+00D2 ISOlat1
Oacute Ó "Ó" -- latin capital letter O with acute,
U+00D3 ISOlat1
Ocirc Ô "Ô" -- latin capital letter O with circumflex,
U+00D4 ISOlat1
Otilde Õ "Õ" -- latin capital letter O with tilde,
U+00D5 ISOlat1
Ouml Ö "Ö" -- latin capital letter O with diaeresis,
U+00D6 ISOlat1
times × "×" -- multiplication sign, U+00D7 ISOnum
Oslash Ø "Ø" -- latin capital letter O with stroke
= latin capital letter O slash,
U+00D8 ISOlat1
Ugrave Ù "Ù" -- latin capital letter U with grave,
U+00D9 ISOlat1
Uacute Ú "Ú" -- latin capital letter U with acute,
U+00DA ISOlat1
Ucirc Û "Û" -- latin capital letter U with circumflex,
U+00DB ISOlat1
Uuml Ü Ü "Ü" -- latin capital letter U with diaeresis,
U+00DC ISOlat1
Yacute Ý Ý "Ý" -- latin capital letter Y with acute,
U+00DD ISOlat1
THORN Þ "Þ" -- latin capital letter THORN,
U+00DE ISOlat1
szlig ß "ß" -- latin small letter sharp s = ess-zed,
U+00DF ISOlat1
agrave à "à" -- latin small letter a with grave
= latin small letter a grave,
U+00E0 ISOlat1
aacute á "á" -- latin small letter a with acute,
U+00E1 ISOlat1
acirc â "â" -- latin small letter a with circumflex,
U+00E2 ISOlat1
atilde ã "ã" -- latin small letter a with tilde,
U+00E3 ISOlat1
auml ä "ä" -- latin small letter a with diaeresis,
U+00E4 ISOlat1
aring å "å" -- latin small letter a with ring above
= latin small letter a ring,
U+00E5 ISOlat1
aelig æ "æ" -- latin small letter ae
= latin small ligature ae, U+00E6 ISOlat1
ccedil ç "ç" -- latin small letter c with cedilla,
U+00E7 ISOlat1
egrave è "è" -- latin small letter e with grave,
U+00E8 ISOlat1
eacute é "é" -- latin small letter e with acute,
U+00E9 ISOlat1
ecirc ê "ê" -- latin small letter e with circumflex,
U+00EA ISOlat1
euml ë "ë" -- latin small letter e with diaeresis,
U+00EB ISOlat1
igrave ì "ì" -- latin small letter i with grave,
U+00EC ISOlat1
iacute í "í" -- latin small letter i with acute,
U+00ED ISOlat1
icirc î "î" -- latin small letter i with circumflex,
U+00EE ISOlat1
iuml ï "ï" -- latin small letter i with diaeresis,
U+00EF ISOlat1
eth ð "ð" -- latin small letter eth, U+00F0 ISOlat1
ntilde ñ "ñ" -- latin small letter n with tilde,
U+00F1 ISOlat1
ograve ò "ò" -- latin small letter o with grave,
U+00F2 ISOlat1
oacute ó "ó" -- latin small letter o with acute,
U+00F3 ISOlat1
ocirc ô "ô" -- latin small letter o with circumflex,
U+00F4 ISOlat1
otilde õ "õ" -- latin small letter o with tilde,
U+00F5 ISOlat1
ouml ö "ö" -- latin small letter o with diaeresis,
U+00F6 ISOlat1
divide ÷ "÷" -- division sign, U+00F7 ISOnum
oslash ø "ø" -- latin small letter o with stroke,
= latin small letter o slash,
U+00F8 ISOlat1
ugrave ù "ù" -- latin small letter u with grave,
U+00F9 ISOlat1
uacute ú "ú" -- latin small letter u with acute,
U+00FA ISOlat1
ucirc û "û" -- latin small letter u with circumflex,
U+00FB ISOlat1
uuml ü "ü" -- latin small letter u with diaeresis,
U+00FC ISOlat1
yacute ý "ý" -- latin small letter y with acute,
U+00FD ISOlat1
thorn þ "þ" -- latin small letter thorn,
U+00FE ISOlat1
yuml ÿ "ÿ" -- latin small letter y with diaeresis,
U+00FF ISOlat1
Character entity references for symbols, mathematical symbols,
and Greek letters
fnof ƒ "ƒ" -- latin small f with hook = function
= florin, U+0192 ISOtech
Alpha Α Α "Α" -- greek capital letter alpha, U+0391
Beta Β "Β" -- greek capital letter beta, U+0392
Gamma Γ "Γ" -- greek capital letter gamma,
U+0393 ISOgrk3
Delta Δ "Δ" -- greek capital letter delta,
U+0394 ISOgrk3
Epsilon Ε "Ε" -- greek capital letter epsilon, U+0395
Zeta Ζ "Ζ" -- greek capital letter zeta, U+0396
Eta Η "Η" -- greek capital letter eta, U+0397
Theta Θ "Θ" -- greek capital letter theta,
U+0398 ISOgrk3
Iota Ι "Ι" -- greek capital letter iota, U+0399
Kappa Κ "Κ" -- greek capital letter kappa, U+039A
Lambda Λ "Λ" -- greek capital letter lambda,
U+039B ISOgrk3
Mu Μ "Μ" -- greek capital letter mu, U+039C
Nu Ν "Ν" -- greek capital letter nu, U+039D
Xi Ξ "Ξ" -- greek capital letter xi, U+039E ISOgrk3
Omicron Ο "Ο" -- greek capital letter omicron, U+039F
Pi Π "Π" -- greek capital letter pi, U+03A0 ISOgrk3
Rho Ρ "Ρ" -- greek capital letter rho, U+03A1
there is no Sigmaf, and no U+03A2 character either
Sigma Σ "Σ" -- greek capital letter sigma,
U+03A3 ISOgrk3
Tau Τ "Τ" -- greek capital letter tau, U+03A4
Upsilon Υ "Υ" -- greek capital letter upsilon,
U+03A5 ISOgrk3
Phi Φ "Φ" -- greek capital letter phi,
U+03A6 ISOgrk3
Chi Χ "Χ" -- greek capital letter chi, U+03A7
Psi Ψ "Ψ" -- greek capital letter psi,
U+03A8 ISOgrk3
Omega Ω "Ω" -- greek capital letter omega,
U+03A9 ISOgrk3
alpha α "α" -- greek small letter alpha,
U+03B1 ISOgrk3
beta β "β" -- greek small letter beta, U+03B2 ISOgrk3
gamma γ "γ" -- greek small letter gamma,
U+03B3 ISOgrk3
delta δ "δ" -- greek small letter delta,
U+03B4 ISOgrk3
epsilon ε "ε" -- greek small letter epsilon,
U+03B5 ISOgrk3
zeta ζ "ζ" -- greek small letter zeta, U+03B6 ISOgrk3
eta η "η" -- greek small letter eta, U+03B7 ISOgrk3
theta θ "θ" -- greek small letter theta,
U+03B8 ISOgrk3
iota ι "ι" -- greek small letter iota, U+03B9 ISOgrk3
kappa κ "κ" -- greek small letter kappa,
U+03BA ISOgrk3
lambda λ "λ" -- greek small letter lambda,
U+03BB ISOgrk3
mu μ "μ" -- greek small letter mu, U+03BC ISOgrk3
nu ν "ν" -- greek small letter nu, U+03BD ISOgrk3
xi ξ "ξ" -- greek small letter xi, U+03BE ISOgrk3
omicron ο "ο" -- greek small letter omicron, U+03BF NEW
pi π "π" -- greek small letter pi, U+03C0 ISOgrk3
rho ρ "ρ" -- greek small letter rho, U+03C1 ISOgrk3
sigmaf ς "ς" -- greek small letter final sigma,
U+03C2 ISOgrk3
sigma σ "σ" -- greek small letter sigma,
U+03C3 ISOgrk3
tau τ "τ" -- greek small letter tau, U+03C4 ISOgrk3
upsilon υ "υ" -- greek small letter upsilon,
U+03C5 ISOgrk3
phi φ "φ" -- greek small letter phi, U+03C6 ISOgrk3
chi χ "χ" -- greek small letter chi, U+03C7 ISOgrk3
psi ψ "ψ" -- greek small letter psi, U+03C8 ISOgrk3
omega ω "ω" -- greek small letter omega,
U+03C9 ISOgrk3
thetasym ϑ "ϑ" -- greek small letter theta symbol,
U+03D1 NEW
upsih ϒ "ϒ" -- greek upsilon with hook symbol,
U+03D2 NEW
piv ϖ "ϖ" -- greek pi symbol, U+03D6 ISOgrk3
General Punctuation
bull • "•" -- bullet = black small circle,
U+2022 ISOpub
bullet is NOT the same as bullet operator, U+2219
hellip … "…" -- horizontal ellipsis = three dot leader,
U+2026 ISOpub
prime ′ "′" -- prime = minutes = feet, U+2032 ISOtech
Prime ″ "″" -- double prime = seconds = inches,
U+2033 ISOtech
oline ‾ ‾ "‾" -- overline = spacing overscore,
U+203E NEW
frasl ⁄ "⁄" -- fraction slash, U+2044 NEW
Letterlike Symbols
weierp ℘ ℘ "℘" -- script capital P = power set
= Weierstrass p, U+2118 ISOamso
image ℑ "ℑ" -- blackletter capital I = imaginary part,
U+2111 ISOamso
real ℜ "ℜ" -- blackletter capital R = real part symbol,
U+211C ISOamso
trade ™ "™" -- trade mark sign, U+2122 ISOnum
alefsym ℵ "ℵ" -- alef symbol = first transfinite cardinal,
U+2135 NEW
alef symbol is NOT the same as hebrew letter alef,
U+05D0 although the same glyph could be used to depict both characters
Arrows
larr ← "←" -- leftwards arrow, U+2190 ISOnum
uarr ↑ "↑" -- upwards arrow, U+2191 ISOnum
rarr → "→" -- rightwards arrow, U+2192 ISOnum
darr ↓ "↓" -- downwards arrow, U+2193 ISOnum
harr ↔ "↔" -- left right arrow, U+2194 ISOamsa
crarr ↵ "↵" -- downwards arrow with corner leftwards
= carriage return, U+21B5 NEW
lArr ⇐ "⇐" -- leftwards double arrow, U+21D0 ISOtech
ISO 10646 does not say that lArr is the same as the 'is implied by' arrow
but also does not have any other character for that function. So ? lArr can
be used for 'is implied by' as ISOtech suggests
uArr ⇑ "⇑" -- upwards double arrow, U+21D1 ISOamsa
rArr ⇒ ⇒ "⇒" -- rightwards double arrow,
U+21D2 ISOtech
ISO 10646 does not say this is the 'implies' character but does not have
another character with this function so ?
rArr can be used for 'implies' as ISOtech suggests
dArr ⇓ "⇓" -- downwards double arrow, U+21D3 ISOamsa
hArr ⇔ "⇔" -- left right double arrow,
U+21D4 ISOamsa
Mathematical Operators
forall ∀ "∀" -- for all, U+2200 ISOtech
part ∂ "∂" -- partial differential, U+2202 ISOtech
exist ∃ "∃" -- there exists, U+2203 ISOtech
empty ∅ ∅ "∅" -- empty set = null set = diameter,
U+2205 ISOamso
nabla ∇ "∇" -- nabla = backward difference,
U+2207 ISOtech
isin ∈ "∈" -- element of, U+2208 ISOtech
notin ∉ "∉" -- not an element of, U+2209 ISOtech
ni ∋ "∋" -- contains as member, U+220B ISOtech
should there be a more memorable name than 'ni'?
prod ∏ "∏" -- n-ary product = product sign,
U+220F ISOamsb
prod is NOT the same character as U+03A0 'greek capital letter pi' though
the same glyph might be used for both
sum ∑ "∑" -- n-ary sumation, U+2211 ISOamsb
sum is NOT the same character as U+03A3 'greek capital letter sigma'
though the same glyph might be used for both
minus − "−" -- minus sign, U+2212 ISOtech
lowast ∗ "∗" -- asterisk operator, U+2217 ISOtech
radic √ "√" -- square root = radical sign,
U+221A ISOtech
prop ∝ "∝" -- proportional to, U+221D ISOtech
infin ∞ "∞" -- infinity, U+221E ISOtech
ang ∠ "∠" -- angle, U+2220 ISOamso
and ∧ "∧" -- logical and = wedge, U+2227 ISOtech
or ∨ "∨" -- logical or = vee, U+2228 ISOtech
cap ∩ "∩" -- intersection = cap, U+2229 ISOtech
cup ∪ "∪" -- union = cup, U+222A ISOtech
int ∫ "∫" -- integral, U+222B ISOtech
there4 ∴ "∴" -- therefore, U+2234 ISOtech
sim ∼ "∼" -- tilde operator = varies with = similar to,
U+223C ISOtech
tilde operator is NOT the same character as the tilde, U+007E,
although the same glyph might be used to represent both
cong ≅ "≅" -- approximately equal to, U+2245 ISOtech
asymp ≈ "≈" -- almost equal to = asymptotic to,
U+2248 ISOamsr
ne ≠ "≠" -- not equal to, U+2260 ISOtech
equiv ≡ "≡" -- identical to, U+2261 ISOtech
le ≤ "≤" -- less-than or equal to, U+2264 ISOtech
ge ≥ "≥" -- greater-than or equal to,
U+2265 ISOtech
sub ⊂ ⊂ "⊂" -- subset of, U+2282 ISOtech
sup ⊃ "⊃" -- superset of, U+2283 ISOtech
note that nsup, 'not a superset of, U+2283' is not covered by the Symbol
font encoding and is not included. Should it be, for symmetry?
It is in ISOamsn
nsub ⊄ "⊄" -- not a subset of, U+2284 ISOamsn
sube ⊆ "⊆" -- subset of or equal to, U+2286 ISOtech
supe ⊇ "⊇" -- superset of or equal to,
U+2287 ISOtech
oplus ⊕ "⊕" -- circled plus = direct sum,
U+2295 ISOamsb
otimes ⊗ "⊗" -- circled times = vector product,
U+2297 ISOamsb
perp ⊥ "⊥" -- up tack = orthogonal to = perpendicular,
U+22A5 ISOtech
sdot ⋅ "⋅" -- dot operator, U+22C5 ISOamsb
dot operator is NOT the same character as U+00B7 middle dot
Miscellaneous Technical
lceil ⌈ "⌈" -- left ceiling = apl upstile,
U+2308 ISOamsc
rceil ⌉ "⌉" -- right ceiling, U+2309 ISOamsc
lfloor ⌊ "⌊" -- left floor = apl downstile,
U+230A ISOamsc
rfloor ⌋ "⌋" -- right floor, U+230B ISOamsc
lang ⟨ 〈 "〈" -- left-pointing angle bracket = bra,
U+2329 ISOtech
lang is NOT the same character as U+003C 'less than'
or U+2039 'single left-pointing angle quotation mark'
rang 〉 "〉" -- right-pointing angle bracket = ket,
U+232A ISOtech
rang is NOT the same character as U+003E 'greater than'
or U+203A 'single right-pointing angle quotation mark'
Geometric Shapes
loz ◊ "◊" -- lozenge, U+25CA ISOpub
Miscellaneous Symbols
spades ♠ ♠ "♠" -- black spade suit, U+2660 ISOpub
black here seems to mean filled as opposed to hollow
clubs ♣ "♣" -- black club suit = shamrock,
U+2663 ISOpub
hearts ♥ "♥" -- black heart suit = valentine,
U+2665 ISOpub
diams ♦ "♦" -- black diamond suit, U+2666 ISOpub
Character entity references for markup-significant and
internationalization characters
quot " """ -- quotation mark = APL quote,
U+0022 ISOnum
amp & "&" -- ampersand, U+0026 ISOnum
lt < "<" -- less-than sign, U+003C ISOnum
gt > ">" -- greater-than sign, U+003E ISOnum
Latin Extended-A
OElig Œ "Œ" -- latin capital ligature OE,
U+0152 ISOlat2
oelig œ "œ" -- latin small ligature oe, U+0153 ISOlat2
ligature is a misnomer, this is a separate character in some languages
Scaron Š "Š" -- latin capital letter S with caron,
U+0160 ISOlat2
scaron š š "š" -- latin small letter s with caron,
U+0161 ISOlat2
Yuml Ÿ "Ÿ" -- latin capital letter Y with diaeresis,
U+0178 ISOlat2
Spacing Modifier Letters
circ ˆ "ˆ" -- modifier letter circumflex accent,
U+02C6 ISOpub
tilde ˜ "˜" -- small tilde, U+02DC ISOdia
General Punctuation
ensp   " " -- en space, U+2002 ISOpub
emsp   " " -- em space, U+2003 ISOpub
thinsp   " " -- thin space, U+2009 ISOpub
zwnj ‌ "" -- zero width non-joiner,
U+200C NEW RFC 2070
zwj ‍ "" -- zero width joiner, U+200D NEW RFC 2070
lrm ‎ "" -- left-to-right mark, U+200E NEW RFC 2070
rlm ‏ "" -- right-to-left mark, U+200F NEW RFC 2070
ndash – "–" -- en dash, U+2013 ISOpub
mdash — "—" -- em dash, U+2014 ISOpub
lsquo ‘ "‘" -- left single quotation mark,
U+2018 ISOnum
rsquo ’ "’" -- right single quotation mark,
U+2019 ISOnum
sbquo ‚ "‚" -- single low-9 quotation mark, U+201A NEW
ldquo “ "“" -- left double quotation mark,
U+201C ISOnum
rdquo ” "”" -- right double quotation mark,
U+201D ISOnum
bdquo „ "„" -- double low-9 quotation mark, U+201E NEW
dagger † "†" -- dagger, U+2020 ISOpub (also †)
Dagger ‡ "‡" -- double dagger, U+2021 ISOpub (also ‡)
permil ‰ "‰" -- per mille sign, U+2030 ISOtech
lsaquo ‹ "‹" -- single left-pointing angle quotation mark,
U+2039 ISO proposed
lsaquo is proposed but not yet ISO standardized
rsaquo › "›" -- single right-pointing angle quotation mark,
U+203A ISO proposed
rsaquo is proposed but not yet ISO standardized
euro € "€" € -- euro sign, U+20AC NEW
Astrological:
☼, ☽, ☾, ☿, ♀, ♁, ♂, ♃, ♄, ♅ , ♆, ♇ &sun; &leo;
Others without entity names: These work in Firefox and Safari ☐ ☐ -- check box - ballot box U+2610 o (Wingdings) ✆ ✆ -- public pay phone U+2706 shift-0 (Wingdings) ✈ ✈ -- airport jet airplane U+2708 shift-Q (Wingdings) ✉ ✉ -- envelope mail email U+2709 shift-8 (Wingdings) ✓ ✓ -- check mark U+2713 Optn-shift-Z (Wingdings) ✔ ✔ -- heavy check mark ✗ ✗ -- Ballot X U+2717 Optn-K (Wingdings) These do not work in Firefox ☎ ☎ -- phone number U+260E ☑ ☑ -- ballot box check mark U+2611 Optn-shift-X (Wingdings) ☒ ☒ -- ballot box with X U+2612 X (Wingdings) |
- ☼
- ☽
- ☾
- ☿
Venus - 
- ♁
- ♃
Saturn - 
- ♄
- ♅
Neptune - 
- ♆
Pluto - 
- ♇
