HOME......  Philosophical Works Archive Index This page is reserved for students of supremacist works. We hope our guests will agree that the famous thinkers and writers featured on this page do constitute a great wealth of literary and intellectual talent from which to renew our Western culture. We will of course be continuously upgrading this site and adding new entries so be sure to consult this listing regularly.

Alphabetical Order by Name of Authors-- click on a letter in the index link or browse the listing

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

Alphabetical Order by Name-- click on a name in the index link to go directly to the topic

Arndt - Bahegot - Bartels - Bergson - Chamberlain - Dahn - Darré - Darwin - Fichte - Fritsch - Gobineau - Goethe - Gentile - Heidegger - Heilscher - Hegel - Johst - Jünger (Ernst) - Jünger (Friedrich) - Kant - Lagarde - Lange - Marinetti - Michels - Mosca - Nietzche - Pareto - Roth - Schiller - Schopenhauer - Spencer - Spengler - Stapel - Ulmann - Wallace - Wilser - Winnig - Woltmann

	A
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			ARNDT, Ernest Moritz (1796-1860)
			Main Theory:
			Pan-Germanism
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			Historian and writer. During the struggle against Napoleon and for national unity Arndt was the most influential publicist of his day. Wrote pamphlets, patriotic songs, and other writings, in which he contrasted German character with that of the hated French and of the spirit of the French Revolution. He generated a feeling of national self-consciousness among the German poeple during the first half of the 19th century.

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			BAGEHOT, Walter (1826-1877)
			Main Theory:
			Social Darwinism applied to political theory
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			Walter Bagehot was an English social scientist and the editor of The Economist from 1860 until his death. He joined the family banking business in 1852 and went to The Economist six years later. His knowledge of the money market as it functioned between 1850 and 1870 formed the basis of his influential book Lombard Street (1873). Bagehot also wrote The English Constitution (1867), which depicted the daily workings of British government; Physics and Politics (1869), an application of Darwinism to political theory; and Economic Studies and Literary Studies, which appeared after his death.

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			BARTELS, Adolf (1862-1945)
			Main Theory:
			Folkish Culture
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			Professor and writer, author of numerous works on literary history (Geschichte der Deutschen Literatur, 2 vols., 1902), historical novels (Die Dithmarscher, 1898), dramas, and poetic works with a strong folkish and völkisch character. He associated literary criticism with an uncompromising anti-Semitism, especially in his periodical Deutsches Schrişttum (1919- ) and in a number of monographs (Lessing und die Juden, 1918; Die Berechtigung des Antisemitismus). Bartles identified himself very early with National Socialism (Der Nationalzialismus Deutschlands Rettung, 1924), but receded into the background after 1933.

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			BERGSON, Henri (1859-1941)
			Main Theory:
			Vitalism, organic life forces
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			This French philosopher was internationally known for his concepts of inner duration, creative evolution, and the limits of human intelligence. After beginning his teaching career at Clermont-Ferrand in 1883, he joined (1900) the College de France, where his lectures enjoyed unparalleled success until his retirement in 1921. As a student, Bergson was tempted to pursue a career in mathematics; he was also a disciple of the mechanist Herbert Spencer. But by the time of his doctoral thesis, Time and Free Will (1889), Bergson had rejected the primacy of mathematical and mechanical concepts. He pointed out that the flow of experienced duration cannot be measured and that human personalities, as they grow in duration, express themselves in acts that cannot be predicted. These key insights were expanded in Matter and Memory (1896) to include a theory of mind-body interrelations and in An Introduction to Metaphysics (1903), to include a theory of knowledge in which intuition (that which grasps the dynamic flux of duration) plays a central role. In Creative Evolution (1907), he applied his intuitive method to the problem of biological evolution, concluding that the expansive and creative thrust of life cannot be explained by Darwinian mechanism. In The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (1932), he described Christian tradition as a culminating point in human social evolution.

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			CHAMBERLAIN, Houston Stewart (1855-1929)
			Main Theory:
			Aryanism
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			British writer and cultural philosopher. After 1885 he became a German by choice and took up residence in Germany. He was a Wagner enthusiast and an admirer of the German spirit, from which he expected the salvation of the world. His writings, especially Die Grundlagen des 19. Jahrhunderts, 1899, with its glorofication of Aryan creativity, strongly influenced National Socialist ideology (such as Rosenberg's).

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			DAHN, Felix (1834-1912)
			Main Theory:
			Germanic Tribalism
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			Historical writer and the author of popular novels (Ein Kampf um Rom, 4 vols., 1876&endash;78) and ballads. He spread an unscholarly but heroic image of the prehistoric Völkerwanderlung, and of the early days of the Germanic tribes.

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			DARRÉ, Richard Walter (1895-1953)
			Main Theory:
			Agrarian racial theories
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			Graduate agronomist, specialist in animal husbandry. Advocated an agrarian ideology based on racist theories (Das Bauerntum als Lebensquell nordischer Rasse, 1928). He was the editor of the Nationalsozialische Landpost and of the Deutsche Agrarpost; Director of the Department of Agrarian Policies in 1933, also became Reich Peasant Leader and Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture, a position he held until 1942. Among his many ideological writings are the following: Neuadel aus Blut und Boden, 1933; Im Kampf um die Seele des deutschen Bauern, 1934.

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			DARWIN, Charles (1809-1882)
			Main Theory:
			Social Darwinism
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			Charles Darwin, a British naturalist, revolutionized biology with his theory of evolution through the process of Natural Selection. He also made significant contributions to the fields of natural history and geology. Social Darwinism was a late-19th-century sociological theory that was based on the theories of biological evolution and natural selection put forth by biologists Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace and on social philosopher Herbert Spencer's theory of sociocultural evolution, "survival of the fittest." The school originated with the appearance of Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872) and reached its most radical formulation in the works of the Austrian sociologist Ludwig Gumplowicz (1838-1909), notably in his Der Rassenkampf (The Racial Struggle, 1883). Bagehot sketched the historical development of social groups into nations by means of intergroup struggles; Gumplowicz formulated a universal law to the effect that all social evolution was a product of group conflict. Social Darwinists argued that societies--like organisms--evolved by a natural process through which the most fit members survived or were most successful. The theory went hand-in-hand with political conservatism; the most successful social classes were supposedly composed of people who were biologically superior. Social Darwinism was also used to support imperialism--peoples who viewed themselves as culturally superior, being allegedly more fit to rule those that they deemed less advanced. In the United States the foremost publicist of the theory was William Graham Sumner.

E

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			FICHTE, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814)
			Main Theory:
			State Socialism and state absolutism
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			Philosopher and political writer. As one of the last defenders of a rigorous state absolutism and state socialism (Der geschlossene Handelsstaat, 1800), and in the fight against Napoleon (Der Patriotismus und sein Gegenteil, 1807; Reden an die Deutsche Nation, 1807&endash;1808), he was the herald of a missionary feeling for German nationalism.

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			FRITSCH, Thedor Emil (1852-1933)
			Main Theory:
			Pre-Imperial anti-Semitism
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			Writer and publisher. Toward the end of the 19th century he founded an association of the middle class in Saxony. Author of numerous anti-semitic publications, especially the antisemiten-Katechismus, which appeared for the first time in 1887 and was thereafter frequently reprinted, and of the Handbuch der Judenfrage, 1907. He was also the editor of the anti-Semitic periodical Der Hammer, founder and owner of the völkisch anti-Semitic Hammer Societies and of the Reich Hammer League. He was one of the most active anti-Semites of the Imperial period and was celebrated by the National Socialists as the "Old Master" of their ideology.

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			GOBINEAU, Count Joseph-Arthur (1816-1882)
			Main Theory:
			Inequality of races
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			French diplomat and writer, a student of Auguste Comte. His most influential work, The Inequality of Human Races, 1853&endash;1855, was the first attempt at a historical philosophy based on racist theories in which the Aryans figured as an elite race. Gobineau's teaching fell on fertile soil in Germany. He counted among his adherents such men as Nietzsche, Wagner and Chamberlain.

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			GOETHE, Johann Wolfgang Von (1749-1832)
			Main Theory:
			German cult Poet
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			Generally recognized as one of the greatest and most versatile European writers and thinkers of modern times, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, profoundly influenced the growth of literary Romanticism. Best known for his lyrical poetry, for the far-reaching influence of his novels, and particularly for his dramatic poem Faust (Part 1, 1808; Part 2, 1832; Eng. trans., 1838), Goethe also made substantial contributions to biology and to the history and philosophy of science. For ten years a leading political figure, Goethe was an acute observer of the great social and intellectual revolutions of the late 18th century and one of the earliest thinkers to explore the implications of the Industrial Revolution.

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			GENTILE, Giovani (1875-1944)
			Main Theory:
			Actual Idealism
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			Gentile was the self-proclaimed philosopher of Italian Fascism and a major figure in the rise of Hegelian thought in Italy in the early decades of the 20th century. A professor of philosophy at the universities of Palermo and Pisa, he lectured at the University of Rome from 1917 until his death. As minister of education in Benito Mussolini's first cabinet, he presided over a purge of liberals and democrats from Italian education. Gentile's best-known works, The Theory of Mind as Pure Act (1916; Eng. trans., 1922) and his 1917 study, Logic as a Theory of Knowing, develop a philosophy that he called "actual idealism." While denying that any philosophy can transcend actual human experience through either an appeal to matter or a realm of timeless forms, he defended the view that human experience is fundamentally mental or spiritual. Human spirituality finds its fulfillment in the creation and defense of the state.

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			HEIDEGGER, Martin (1889-1976)
			Main Theory:
			aAtheistic Existentialism
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			This German philosopher was one of the most significant thinkers of the 20th century. Heidegger was affiliated with the University of Freiburg throughout his career except for a brief period as a professor at the University of Marburg. As rector of the university from 1933 to 1934, he was a vocal supporter of the Hitler regime, and he remained a member of the Nazi party until 1945. Heidegger's chief concern was ontology, or the study of being. His most important work, Being and Time (1927; Eng. trans., 1962), united two philosophical approaches--the Existentialism of Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche and the Phenomenology of Husserl--in an inquiry into being (Sein), specifically, human being (Dasein). Heidegger was concerned with negative aspects of human existence because they shed light on the nature of being. In his later works Heidegger stresses the decadence of the modern world, arguing that humanity has "fallen out of being." He traces this fall back to Greek philosophy. In the thought of the pre-Socratics, particularly Parmenides, he finds the only real understanding of being. By the time of Aristotle, that understanding was lost in the emphasis on human beings as rational creatures. Heidegger placed particular emphasis on language as the vehicle through which human beings can reencounter being and on the special role poetry plays in the development and function of language. The importance he attaches to poetry can be seen in his respect for the work of the German poet Friedrich Holderlin and in his invention of words with multiple meanings derived from their etymological roots.

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			HIELSCHER, Friedrich (1902-???)
			Main Theory:
			New Nationalism
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			Political writer. Before 1933 he belonged to the Ernst Jünger circle of the "new nationalism". During the Third Reich he deliberately entered service on Himmler's staff in order to prepare resistance measures from inside. Not politically active since 1945. Major works: Das Reich, 1931; Fünfzig Jahre unter Deutschen, 1954.

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			HEGEL, G.W. Friedrich (1770-1831)
			Main Theory:
			Fascist ideal of state
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			German idealist philosopher, Hegel has influenced most facets of modern Philosophy. For Hegel, the nature of Mind could most immediately and clearly be known in philosophy. Here Reason is truly revealed as reason and rational process. Through the concepts of philosophy, the philosopher may know Reason as it has been and as it is in itself. The history of philosophy thus reveals the development of Mind itself in its quest for its own unification and actualization. According to Hegel, absolute Mind manifests itself in the subjective consciousness of the individual, who undergoes a process of development from a purely materialistic and subjectivistic state to a state of universal and rational consciousness. At the same time, the individual passes through several objective phases--family, society, state--each of which represents a move from subjectivity to objectivity, from partiality to unity. Human history in general is the progressive move from bondage to freedom. Such freedom is achieved only as the partial and incomplete desires of the one are overcome and integrated into the unified system of the state in which the will of one is replaced by the will of all. In this doctrine of the priority of the state. Right-wing Hegelians, therefore, tended to stress the necessity of the unified state and thus contributed directly to the growth of nationalism and the unification of Germany.

I

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			JOHST, Hans (1890-???)
			Main Theory:
			Political and poetic literature
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			Writer and dramatist. Producer of at the Prussian State Theater, 1933, and president of the Academy for German Poetry; head of the Reich Chamber for Literature. He used his infuence in the creation of a new theater in the spirit of National Socialism.

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			JÜNGER, Ernst (1895-???)
			Main Theory:
			Heroic Realism
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			Poet and political writer. His influence after World War I rested on his war books (In Stahlgewittern, 1920; Der Kampf als inneres Erlebnis, 1922; and others), and on his book, Der Arbeiter, 1932, as well as on essays published in various magazines. These preached "heroic realism" and the "new nationalism". He avoided linking himself with the NSDAP and his novels developed covert criticism of Hitler and the Third Reich (Marmorklippen, 1939).

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			JÜNGER, Friedrich Georg (1898-???)
			Main Theory:
			Radical Nationalist Activism
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			Political writer and poet. Like his brother Ernst he was an advocate of radical nationalist activism before 1933. After 1933 he did not play a political role. Since 1945 he has achieved extensive recognition as a lyrical poet and cultural critic.

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			KANT, Immanuela (1724-1804)
			Main Theory:
			Categorical Imperative
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			A pivotal force in the history of philosophy, this German philosopher radically altered the nature of philosophic inquiry. By 1755, Kant had written Principiorum Primorum Cognitiones Metaphysicae Nova Dilucidato (The First Principles of Metaphysical Knowledge), which was somewhat critical of the Leibnizian philosophy. In 1781 he published the Critique of Pure Reason (Eng. trans., 1838), his most famous work. It is divided into two major parts: "The Transcendental Doctrine of the Elements," which deals with the sources of human knowledge, and the "Transcendental Doctrine of Method," which deals with the proper and improper uses of reason. In his aesthetic theory, Kant holds that judgments that ascribe beauty to something, although they rest on feeling, do have a claim to validity and are not merely statements of taste or opinion. When a person judges something to be beautiful, imagination, perception, and understanding are in harmony; there is an harmony of the experienced object with mental structure. The concepts involved in such judgments are purpose and purposiveness. In the moral sphere Kant says that he has denied knowledge to make room for faith. Because moral law cannot be justified by reason it can only be obeyed for its own sake. Kant's ethical theory thus rests on the concept of duty. A good person acts out of duty, not because he or she fears punishment or hopes for reward or happiness, but only because it is his or her duty. Like other concepts, moral laws are only mental structures, so the primary moral law will be a contentless form of judgment that can be applied universally; Kant calls this the Categorical Imperative. The categorical imperative states that a person should "act in such a way that it is possible for one to will that the maxim of one's action should become a universal law.

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			LAGARDE, Paul Anton de (1827-1891)
			Main Theory:
			Anti-materialist folkish idealism
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			Orientalist, philologist, and political writer. When criticizing the materialism of his time, Lagarde demanded the care and intensification of German ways and morals as the source of moral cleansing and of a new religion. His Deutsche Schriften (2 vols., 1878&endash;1881) served, especially after 1918, as the justification of an absolute völkisch nationalism and exercised a great influence.

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			LANGE, Friedrich (1852-1917)
			Main Theory:
			Puritanical Statism
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			Political writer. Founder of the anti-Semitic Deutschbund in 1894. Its constitution and ideology were presented in Lange's work Reines Deutschtum. In 1895 he founded the Deutsche Zeitung (Berlin) as the newspaper of all-German völkisch persuasion, which continued its existence into the Weimar period.

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			MARINETTI, Filippo Tommaso (1876-1944)
			Main Theory:
			Futurism
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			Italian playwright and poet Marinetti began the aesthetic movement Futurism in 1909, when his flamboyant, extraordinary "Futurist Manifesto" appeared in the Parisian daily Le Figaro. The manifesto exalted machines, speed, and war, which was defined as "the world's only hygiene." To exemplify his theories of words freed from the constraints of tradition, Marinetti eliminated all adjectives, adverbs, and punctuation from his plays and poems. He also proposed a break with metrical schemes, syntax, and every other convention of creative writing. Initially limiting these theories to literature, Marinetti soon extended them to painting, sculpture, architecture, and music. Largely because of his early support of fascism, he won nomination in 1929 to the newly reconstituted Royal National Academy, becoming its president after the death (1937) of the scientist Guglielmo Marconi. Marinetti's works include Mafarka the Futurist (1910; Eng. trans., 1972) and Zang Tumb Tumb; The Siege of Adrianople (1914; Eng. trans., 1972).

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			MICHELS, Robert (1875-1936)
			Main Theory:
			Oligarchy -- Equality Myths
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			Oligarchy (Greek, "rule by the few") is a form of government in which a small group of people holds ruling power. The Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote of several types of oligarchy: those in which property qualifications restrict voting or office holding to a few; those in which political power is based on birth; and those in which power is held by a small clique or junta. The military dictatorships in many countries of Latin America and Africa are contemporary examples of one type of oligarchy, as are the political machines that sometimes run city governments in democratic countries. Political theorists, notably Robert Michels and Vilfredo Pareto, have argued that even democratic membership groups will inevitably become oligarchies--a theory called the "iron law of oligarchy."

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			MOSCA, Gaetano (1858-1941)
			Main Theory:
			Equality Myths
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			Gaetano Mosca, was an Italian lawyer and political theorist. He taught at the universities of Palermo (1885-88), Rome (1888-96), and Turin (1896-1908), was elected to the chamber of deputies in 1908, and was made a senator for life in 1919. Mosca is best known for his theory, expounded in The Ruling Class (1896; Eng. trans., 1939), that societies are inevitably governed by elite minorities. He believed that every organized political society has a political formula that legitimizes the authority of the ruling class. In stable societies the ruling class might be founded on the collective interests of the society.

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			NIETZCHE, Friedrich (1844-1900)
			Main Theory:
			Ubermensch / Existencialism
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			German Philosopher, poet, and critic. Noted especially for his concept of the superman and his rejection of traditional Christian values. Chief works include: The Birth of Tragedy, 1872; Thus Spake Zarathrustra, 1883&endash;91; Beyond Good and Evil, 1886. His concept of the master ethic and his work like Wille zur Macht influenced völkisch and National Socialist interpreters, and were subsequently used to bolster various race theories.

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			PARETO, Vilfredo (1848-1923)
			Main Theory:
			Psychology of the masses
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			Vilfredo Pareto was a theorist of scientific sociology and an economist. Pareto graduated from the University of Turin in Italy and became professor of political economy at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland. In books such as Mind and Society (1916; Eng. trans., 1935), Pareto states that individual acts, because they are influenced by desires and illusions, are not guided by logic. But Pareto also writes that mass action becomes more logical the greater the number involved, because desires and illusions cancel out; rationality then becomes the motivating force. Society, like physics, is a system of forces in equilibrium, according to Pareto. Mathematics can therefore be applied to explain why the equilibrium holds, making a genuine science of society possible. Pareto was particularly interested in applying this science to the study of Elites. Pareto has influenced sociology to the present day--for example, in the contemporary emphasis on statistical analyses.

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			ROTH, Alfred (pseudonym: Otto Arnim) (1879-1940)
			Main Theory:
			Folkish Defense Activism
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			Writer and journalist. Propagandist for the German National Association of Sales Clerks (DHV); editor of the DHV organ, Die Deutsche Handelswacht, until 1910; in his position as Manager of the German Völkisch Protection and Defense League, of the Association of German Völkisch Leagues, Hamburg, and organizer of the annual German Day, Roth was one of the main organizers of German Völkisch endeavors. After 1933, he was editor of the Spirale (Hamburger Beobachter). Among his writings: So sah ich den Krieg, 1934; Kampf ums Deutschtum, 1936.

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			SCHILLER, Friedrich (1759-1805)
			Main Theory:
			Divine origin of law
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			The poet, dramatist, philosopher, and historian Friedrich Schiller stands with Goethe at the forefront of German literature. His writings, particularly his tragedies, represent the full flowering of the classic tradition in 18th-century Germany. The overriding theme in Schiller's work is liberty and dignity for all, and the skill of his rhetoric--its vigor and power to inspire an audience with these lofty ideals--has rarely been surpassed in dramatic literature. Among his masterpieces are William Tell, a drama that epitomizes the struggle of the oppressed for freedom, and the Ode to Joy (1785; Eng. trans., 1911), later immortalized by Beethoven in his Ninth Symphony. Although Schiller was a writer of tragedies (the only exception being William Tell), he held that comedy represented a higher form. Both as a man and as a dramatist, Schiller was the embodiment of willpower, and the sublimity of his characters consists in their freely willing their fates.

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			SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur (1788-1860)
			Main Theory:
			Extremism of Jewish Orthodoxy
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			The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer taught a cynical view of existence that placed emphasis on human will instead of intellect. In Weimar he met literary figures, including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, whose conversations inspired Schopenhauer's Uber das Sehn und die Farben (On Vision and Colors, 1816). The World as Will and Representation, his major work, appeared 2 years later (Eng. trans. of 3d ed., 1966). His writings, On the Will in Nature (1836; Eng. trans., 1888) and The Basis of Morality (1841; Eng. trans., 1901), develop concepts implicit in his earlier work. Not until the publication of Parerga and Paralipomena (1851; Eng. trans., 1974), a collection of essays and aphorisms, did fame and influence finally arrive. Although considering himself a follower of Immanuel Kant, Schopenhauer emphasized the will and its irrationality in a way Kant would have rejected. Kant had shown that the human mind organizes sensation into stable and coherent patterns, but he denied the possibility of going beyond these patterns to a knowledge of things as they really are. Schopenhauer agreed that individuals ordinarily conceive the world in this neat and stable fashion but held that it is possible to go beyond such pretty pictures to know the ultimate reality: the will. Humans are active creatures who find themselves compelled to love, hate, desire, and reject; the knowledge that this nature is so is irreducible. There is no escape from the will in nature; expressions of the will are seen throughout nature--in the struggles of animals, the stirring of a seed, the turning of a magnet.

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			SPENCER, Herbert (1820-1903)
			Main Theory:
			Survival of the fittest
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			Herbert Spencer, was the major Victorian English philosopher of biological and social evolution. Although he received no formal education and was derided by the academic establishment of his time, he won a large popular following for his optimistic view that evolution is synonymous with progress. His work significantly influenced 19th-century developments in biology, psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Spencer's book The Principles of Biology (1864-67) was used as a text at Oxford University; his The Principles of Psychology (1855) became a text at Harvard University; and at Yale University, his Study of Sociology (1873) was the textbook for the first course offered in the United States on sociology. Spencer's significance to these diverse disciplines is that he was one of the first to affirm that human society may be studied scientifically and that he did so from an evolutionary point of view based on the assumption that human behavior is socially determined. His evolutionary theories were conceived before those of Charles Darwin, and Spencer is thought to have coined the phrase "survival of the fittest." In his later 3-volume work, Principles of Sociology (1876-96), Spencer clarified his belief that social structures arise out of social functions. Spencer's Autobiography was published in 1904.

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			SPENGLER, Oswald (1880-1936)
			Main Theory:
			Decline of the West
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			Philosopher of history. Teacher in a Gymnasium (secondary school) in Hamburg, 1908&endash;1911; free lance writer in Munich after 1911. His major work The Decline of the West, 2 vols., 1918&endash;1922, became an international success. However, Spengler's political influence is based on his smaller works such as Preussentum und Sozialismus, 1919; Neubau des Deutschen Reiches, 1924; Politische Pflichten der deutschen Jugend, 1924; Politische Schriften, 1932; Reden und Aufsätze, 1937.

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			STAPEL, Wilhelm (1882-1954)
			Main Theory:
			Combating anti-German sectarianism
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			Political writer. Manager of the Dürer League and editor of Kunstwart, 1911&endash;1916; director of the Hamburg People's Home, 1917&endash;1919; later free lance journalist in Hamburg; editor of the Deutsches Volkstum, 1919&endash;1938. Among his writings: Avenarius-Buch, 1916; Volksbürgerliche Erziehung, 3rd edition, 1927; Antisemitismus und Antigermanismus, 1927; Die Fiktion der Weimarer Verfassung, 1927; Die Kirche Christi und der Saat Hitlers, 1933; Volkskirche oder Sekte?, 1934; Die literarische Vorherrschaft der Juden, 1937.

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			ULMANN, Hermann (1884-1958)
			Main Theory:
			European Germandom
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			High school teacher. Editor of the Kunstwart, 1908&endash;1912; editor of Deutsche Arbeit, 1912; department chairman of the Association for Germandom Abroad (VDA), 1918; editor-in-chief of Deutsche, 1920&endash;1923; editor of the Politische Wochenschrift, 1924&endash;1931; employed in the directorate of the publishing house Scerl, 1926&endash;1929; one of the leaders of the VDA, 1933. Among his writings are: Das werdende Volk, 1929; Durchbruch zur Nation. Geschichte des deutschen Volkes, 1929 bis 33, 1933; Das Südostdeutschtum, 1935; Das 19. Jahrhundert. Volk gegen Masse im Kampf um die Gestalt Europas, 1936.

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			WALLACE, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)
			Main Theory:
			Survival of the fittest
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			The English naturalist and philosopher developed a theory of Evolution by natural selection independently of Charles Darwin. After expeditions to the Amazon and the Malay Archipelago, Wallace wrote "On the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species" (1855), in which he theorized that "species... come into existence coincident both in space and time with preexisting closely allied species." Speculating on the possibility that Malthus's economic theory of "survival of the fittest" might be applicable to biological evolution, he shared his ideas with Charles Darwin--who had meanwhile developed the same ideas independently--in March 1858. The two naturalists presented their ideas jointly in July 1858. Wallace's major works include Malay Archipelago (1869), Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection (1870), Island Life (1880), and Man's Place in the Universe (1903).

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	N/A		Name:
			WILSER, Ludwig (1850-1923)
			Main Theory:
			Race History
			Details:
			Physician and race researcher. Author of popular writings on race history, among them Die Herkunft der Deutschen, 1885; Stambaum und Ausbreitung der Germanen, 1895; Germanischer Stil und deutsche Kunst, 1899; Herkunft und Urgeschichte der Arier, 1899; Die Germanen, 1904.

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	N/A		Name:
			WINNIG, August (1878-1956)
			Main Theory:
			Corporatist Christian Idealism
			Details:
			Politician and writer. Chairman of the German Construction Workers Association, 1913; Plenipotentiary for the Baltic Area and Reich Commissar for East and West Prussia, 1918; President of East Prussia, 1918. Expelled from the Social Democratic Party in 1920 because of his participation in the Kapp Putsch; member of the Old Socialists (Altsozialisten), 1927; joined the People's Conservatives in 1930. His departure from Marxism and adherence to a corporativist Christian ideal of a national community temporarily attracted him to Nazism, which tolerated his public activities and his work as a publicist. During World War II, Winnig had connections with various German resistance groups, but did not become an active participant. Among his writings: Vom Proletariat zum Arbeitertum, 1930; Heimkehr, 1935; Aus 20 Jahren, 1947.

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	N/A		Name:
			WOLTMANN, Ludwig (1871-1907)
			Main Theory:
			Political Anthropology along Gobineau lines (see GOBINEAU)
			Details:
			Physician, journalist, and anthropologist. Supported the interpretation of history based on Gobineau's race theories; founded the Politisch-Anthropologische Revue, 1902; his major work: Politische Anthropologie, 1903.

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