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The established powers, under the course of half a century, had ample time to give us the promised paradise that a world without populism would bring. Barbarism after 1945 was to be vanquished so that Liberal/Marxist/Masonic powers could prevail.
The UN--like its ill fated predecessor the League of Nations--was to herald universal peace, religious tolerance and racial harmony for humankind.
It is high time to give a verdict, to sum the loss of human lives, tally the failings of a barbaric reign and to turn the page on what has been a disastrous (if not monstrous) sociopolitical experiment.
The results cannot be contested and speak for themselves: crimes against peace; against community; against nature; against morality; against humanity... The United Nations' mandate, after 1945, has served to further genocide, ethnic cleansing, population removal, condoning preemptive wars, the use of atomic bombs and today even concentration camps (see: The New Camps of Old Democracies).
Barbaric populist policies of the past have been condemned because they caused wars and millions of needless deaths, yet about 50 Million people died (one thousand every hour, 17 per minute) under Soviet rule; after 1945 there has been a world conflict or war occurring every single year without respite; today AIDS alone has KILLED 40 MILLION!!!
We are, in fact, currently witnessing the total deterioration of our way of life with destructive policies menacing every living soul on the planet. In just a few decades we have seen the Western hemisphere become a vast refugee centre for displaced people due to the wars increasingly being waged by extremists in the Middle East.
Shall citizens stand idly by and let the new world order regime decimate our cultural heritage, invade lands, wage racist wars, conduct gene manipulation (deemed barbarous in the past), contaminate every living soul without anyone raising an objection?
There comes a time when good sense simply rejects the lies of a corrupt, decadent system and the atrocities being committed in its name. Crimes are punishable and responsibility must be taken, or does this rule only apply to populist regimes?
If the viability of a doctrine is solely measured by its ability to preach morality then it is time the populist movements present their case to the world.

 

Edelweiss Media Admin.

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Barbarity n., pl. -ties.

1. the state or condition of being barbaric or barbarous.
2. a brutal, vicious or monstruous act.
3. an act, trait, or custom characterized by ignorance or crudity.
4. crudeness or lack of restraint by an insensitive, uncultured person; a boor.

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Table 1

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NEW WORLD ORDER REGIME

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The aim to study a regime necessarily implies coming to terms with its intended historical goals and measure its achievements socially, economically and militarily.
One can presently--either be for, or against--the current US war initiatives...if we believe, what President Bush, said in his ultimatum to the world: ("You are either for us, or against us!").
This totalitarian position--characteristic of the World Order regime--should really be the departure, for any ground theory, that defines; and analyses the new system of governance.
The subject, provides ways, to explain its coming to power, categorise its attributes, grasp the intended aims and measure the level of zeal, on the battlefield.

Some intellectuals continue to lament the appalling acts of utter barbarity committed by so-called dictatorships in history but do not realise the impeding horrors to be initiated by "democratic" regimes at a world scale.

Racial tensions and religious confrontations are about to escalate into a world war.

They do not see this fact, or decide not to believe in the fears spoken by some, precisely because modern democracies are considered to be freedom loving nations, democratic principles means perceivably adhering to international laws and conventions.
No matter which political background one has, the obvious psychological block we all share is in the admission that countries like the U.S. are not what they seem to be, or perhaps never were.

The world, may like to think: it is multicultural; respectful, and tolerant of all races, and ethnic traditions--adhering to Human Rights; and U.N. conventions--but this today is clearly deceptive cynicism. The new world order regime has steadily distanced itself from multicultural ideals (surprisingly in an era of global emancipation). In the past decade Liberal-worldists cloak themselves in very Conservative-Nationalist shrouds: concerns for own security, financial stability, even cultural survival. These slogans call for self-sacrifice, for glories of empires and ways to achieve world order, they also seem to be imbued with populist sentiment as they imply notions of cultural self-preservation.
The problem is that these same principles have once been condemned as barbaric, racist, or fascist ideals, they were unanimously recognised as militarist rhetoric used by dictators of colonial or populist regimes of the last world order to concentrate power for their cliques; they were said to be totalitarian decrees ordained to effectively bypass democratic rule of law; they were ideological mechanisms meant to stifle opposition and maintain control of all government operations.
Today our cherished international institutions meant to preserve world peace and promote multilateral decision making processes or dialogue between countries and cultures, are openly condoning and encouraging unilateral policies, preemptive military attacks, invasions of Third World countries, forced exile of ethnic factions, deportations of thousands of religious groups, and the establishment of a regime of terror, bent on systematic destruction by way of planned executions inside camps.

Until the end of the Afghan war little attention has been given to what the new world order regime hoped to achieve in its struggle against world terrorism. Only sketchy plans had been announced by earlier official press statements, but they amounted to no more than restatements of the good intentions of western democracies. Yet an important change of policy was that long prison terms in unspecified types of camps to hold alleged criminals, 'asocial', 'recidivist' terrorists had now been approved of by wide sections of the population and even world opinion, including many who supposedly find offensive the idea of detention and torture of political or ideological opponents to any regime.
It seems vital that world powers clearly outline their plans and intentions, that they would state a clear intent and purpose. For if we are to embark on a war of religion or create a clash of civilisations--even if this occurs unintentionally--at least we would be better prepared. As is the case at present the global war on terrorism has no set objectives or end goals--we know when it begins, but do not know when it ends (if ever). We lack even a clear definition of who the enemy is: is it the Arabs (making this a racial war); is it Muslims (this would make it a religious war); is it an ethnic, political, economic, fundamentalist, cultural group? If the category is too broad i.e., those posing a threat to the state, we may well include every activist in the world.

It is a war to the death without really knowing who's--who should be killed, who deserves to be, upon what criteria of choice, ours or theirs, and what is the extent and scope of the elimination process. It should be a total war, but no one is ready to admit its totality. If the powers that be are not willing to, how can ordinary citizens? This obviously makes any victory very difficult if not impossible to achieve.
Global regimes today recognise the need to control all aspects of national as well as international life, including the beliefs and attitudes of all people (locally and abroad). International laws adopted readily promote sets of ideas that everyone is expected to embrace without local popular consent or elections. This is how governments of the new world order regime concentrate authority in the hands of their ruling elites that are then free to develop a cult of personality of their own. Global leaders are now credited with almost infallible wisdom, because no one dares question their motives for fear to deprive the world regime of its authority.

Populist movements simply do not adhere to these principles, they do not recognise the anonymity of shadow regimes that promote puppet leaders who disavow any responsibility for their actions.
Populist movements, now as in the past, categorically renounce the dictates of established unions which use lies and aggression to further capitalist gains and Marxist territorial expansion worldwide.
Today, populism utterly rejects the usurpation of the nationalist cause toward the expansion of those same regimes (US-UK-USSR) which, in 1945, proclaimed to fight barbarity in the name of humanity--but willingly used wars, nuclear weapons, Gulags and camps against enemy opponents as viable tools of democracy building.
The populist movement sixty years on continues to fight social injustices, the lies and the extremism of the new world order regime; it fights a political extremism that seeks to define forms of popular expression into opposing ideological left/right blocks; it fights an extremism that sanctions religious intolerance, persecutions, wars and inquisitions in the Middle East; it seeks an end to an extremism that promotes racial conflicts without instituting reciprocal laws (pacts) insuring mutual tolerance and respect between all ethnicities, religions and nationalities worldwide.

 

 

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War as a type of Genocide

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Dimension
War
Degenerate war
Genocide
as a type of social action

 

destruction of the power of an organized, armed enemy

destruction of the power of social groups linked to an organized, armed enemy

destruction of the power of an enemy social group

as a type of social conflict

mutual contest of two organized armed forces

mutual contest of two organized armed forces with targeting of enemy society

campaign of violence by an organized armed force against a social group as such, with resistance by the threatened group

legitimacy

generally legitimate:
open ideological mobilization

contested legitimacy:
illegitimate elements cloaked in general legitimacy; semi-open mobilization

illegitimate:
mobilization gives way to denial and cover-up in critical stages

battle

armed clash with mutual killing of armed forces

armed clash with mutual killing of armed forces, combined with attacks on largely unarmed civilians

largely one-sided killing of largely unarmed civilians

outcome

victory of more powerful of two contending armed forces

victory of more powerful of two contending armed forces

victory of genocidists unless more powerful external armed force intervenes

Source: Shaw, Martin (2003) War & Genocide, Polity Press, p. 45

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**** CRIMES AGAINST PEACE ****


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INDEX

1945 - 1946 - 1947 - 1948 - 1949 - 1950 - 1951 - 1952 - 1953 - 1954 - 1955 - 1956 - 1957 - 1958 - 1959 - 1960 - 1961 - 1962 - 1963 - 1964 - 1965 - 1966 - 1967 - 1968 - 1969 - 1970 - 1971 - 1972 - 1973 - 1974 - 1975 - 1976 - 1977 - 1978 - 1979 - 1980 - 1981 - 1982 - 1983 - 1984 - 1985 - 1986 - 1987 - 1988 - 1989 - 1990 - 1991 - 1992 - 1993 - 1994 - 1995 - 1996 - 1997 - 1998 - 1999 - 2000 - 2001 - 2002 - 2003 - 2004

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1945
  • Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin meet at the Yalta Conference.
  • Mass Allied air attacks on Germany.
  • Germany and Austria are divided between the Allies into 4 zones of occupation.
  • The U.S. dops atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima killing some 80, 000.
  • B-29 Superfortress bomber drops second bomb that hit Nagazaki killing about 40, 000.
  • The Soviet iron curtain divides Europe into Western and Eastern blocks

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1946

  • EAM-ELAS Communist forces resume civil war in Greece.
  • The Viet Minh begin a guerrilla war against the French in Indochina (Vietnam).
  • Nuremberg Trial convict 13 officials and officers for crimes against humanity.
Back To Top
1947
  • The United Nations elect to partition Palestine into Arab and Jewish states; Arabs reject plan.
  • Gheorghui-Dej heads the Romanian Communist party.
  • The first india-Pakistan War begins when Pakistani tribesmess invade Kashmir.
  • First Arab-Isreali war as a civil conflict between Palestinian Jews and Arabs.
  • British offensive against Arab Liberation Army in northern Palestine.
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1948
  • Communist leader Kim II Sung establishes the People's Republic of Korea (N. Korea).
  • Indian leader Mahata Gandhi is assassinated by Hindu fanatic.
  • The Malaysian Communist party begins an insurrection against British rule.
  • War between Israel and the Arab League (1948-1949).
  • Stalin expels Yugoslavia from the Communist bloc.
  • The Communist party assumes power in Hungary under Matyas Rakosi.
  • Coup by Czech Communist Party.
  • The Soviet blockade West Berlin; Britain and the U.S. begin the Berlin Airlift.
  • Palestinian Jews proclaim the independent state of Israel; state recognized by the U.S. and USSR.
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1949
  • Communists under Mao defeat the Nationalists and form the People's Republic of China.
  • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is formed to deter Soviet aggression.
  • Israel admitted to the United Nations.
  • The Republic of Germany is established by the Western powers.
  • After the Western powers the Soviets establish the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).
  • The Soviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb.
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1950
  • Chinese forces invade Tibet (which is officially annexed in 1951).
  • Communist North Korean forces invade South Korea.
  • President Truman orders the development of the hydrogen bomb.
  • Senator Joseph McCarthy begins his inquiry into un-American activities.
  • The UN sanctions military assistance in South Korea.
  • UN forces cross into North Korea but are repulsed by the Chinese army.
  • UN forces land at Inchon
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1951
  • A frontline is established at the 38th parallel in Korea.
  • King Abdullah of Jordan is assassinated.
  • Leopold III of Belgium is forced to abdicate because of his wartime conduct.
  • UN General Assembly brands Communist China an aggressor in the Korean War.
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1952
  • Coup returns Fulgencio Batista to power in Cuba.
  • Hostilities continue in Korea with increased UN air strikes against the North.
  • King Farouk of Egypt is overthrown in a revolution led by Gen. Muhammad Naguib.
  • Free Officer revolt led by Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt.
  • The Mau Mau uprising begins in Kenya.
  • The U.S. tests the first hydrogen bomb in the Pacific.
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1953
  • Armistice divides the country of Korea into North and South.
  • East Berlin uprising (June).
  • Redstone rocket is tested at Cape Canaveral.
  • First Soviet H-bomb test.
  • Fidel Castro leads an attack on an army barracks in Cuba.
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1954
  • A Supreme Court decision prohibits racial segregation in U.S. public schools.
  • French forces are defeated at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in North Vietnam.
  • Chinese bombardement of Quemoy and Matsu.
  • National Liberation Front (FLN) raids on French property spark the Algerian War.
  • The Geneva Conference establishes the partition of Vietnam into North and South.
Back To Top
1955
  • A military coup in Argentina deposes president Juan Peron.
  • The Warsaw Pact establishes a military alliance of European Communist nations.
  • Soviet-Egyptian arms deal concluded; Baghdad Pact created with Great Britain, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Pakistan as members.
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1956
  • Britain, France and Israel agree on a secret joint action against Egypt.
  • Fidel Castro and Che Guevara land in Cuba and begin a guerilla war.
  • Britain, and France bomb and land paratroopers in the Suez Canal zone.
  • Israeli forces under Moshe Dayan seize the Gaza Strip and invade the Sinai Peninsula.
  • President Anastasio Somoza Garcia is assassinated in Nicaragua.
  • President Ngo Dinh Diem refuses to hold elections in South Vietnam.
  • Poznan uprising in Poland (June).
  • Anti-Soviet militants win control of key Hungarian institutions (October).
  • Assurances that the United States would offer no practical help to the new Hungarian government, encourage the Soviets to reassert control.
  • Hungarian Uprising is suppressed by Soviet troops tens of thousand die.
Back To Top
1957
  • The Viet Cong begin acts of rebellion in South Vietnam.
  • Eisenhower Doctrine: PResident granted congressional authority for U.S. intervention in event of communist aggression in the Middle East.
  • Launching of first Soviet ICBM.
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1958
  • Civil war breaks out in Lebanon
  • Gen. Muhammad Ayub Khan seizes control in Pakistan.
  • China threatens Taiwan.
  • The Algerian crisis prompts the recall of Charles de Gaulle as president of France.
  • The French army and settlers in Algiers revolt over the Algerian War stalemate.
  • Antimonarchical revolt in Iraq.
  • Crisis in Lebanon and Jordan.
  • American Marines land in Beirut.
  • The first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is launched in the U.S.

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1959

  • Fidel Castro ousts Cuban leader Fulgencio Batista in a Communist revolution.
  • President of Ceylon assassinated in Bandaranaika.
  • The Dalai Lama flees to India after China crushes uprising in Tibet.
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1960
  • Military coup in Turkey; Prime Minister Adnan Menderes is executed (1961).
  • Paris summit fails (May).
  • Student uprising forces resignation of Syngman Rhee, president of South Korea.
  • Congo (Zaire) premier Patrice Lumumba is ousted by Joseph Mobutu and murdered.
  • The Congo crisis begins with the secession of Katanga province under Moise Tshombe.
  • The Soviets shoot down a U-2 spy plane over USSR.
  • The first submerged firing is made of a Polaris submarine-launched missile.
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1961
  • Agostinho Neto and Holden Roberto lead insurrections in Portugese Angola.
  • American-aided Cuban exiles attempt unsuccessful Bay of Pigs invasion.
  • India annexes the Portugese territories of Goa, Daman, and Diu.
  • President Kennedy begins to increase the U.S. military presence in Vietnam.
  • President Rafael Trujillo is assassinated in the Dominican Republic.
  • Premier Lumumba in Congo is assassinated.
  • The Kurds begin a guerilla war against Iraq to gain independence for Kurdistan.
  • Berlin Wall is constructed, separating East and West Berlin.
Back To Top
1962
  • The Cuban Missile Crisis begins in October; Soviet missiles are withdrawn from Cuba.
  • The U.S. Supreme Court rules that school prayers are a violation of the 1st Amendment.
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1963
  • UN military forces crush secession attempt of Katanga province (Shaba).
  • Black nationalist Joshua Nkomo is imprisoned in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe).
  • President Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, Texas.
  • President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam is assassinated.
  • The Profumo sex scandal undermines government in Britain.
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1964
  • Frelimo begins a war of independence against the Portuegese in Mozambique.
  • Fighting breaks out on Cyprus between Greek and Turkish Cypriots.
  • North Vietnam allegedly attacks U.S. vessels in the Gulf of Tonkin.
  • Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev is forced from office.
  • The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is formed.
  • The Tonkin Gulf Resolution escalates the use of U.S. personnel in Vietnam.
  • The U.S. Surgeon General reports that smoking is a health hazard.
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1965
  • An attempted Communist coup leads to military rule in Indonesia under Suharto.
  • Civil war breaks out in the Dominican Republic; U.S. troops intervene.
  • Mobutu Sese Seko seizes control in the Congo (Zaire) for the second time.
  • More than 180, 000 U.S. troops are deployed in Vietnanm by the end of the year.
  • North Vietnamese army units are in action in South Vietnam for the first time.
  • Race riots begin in the Watts section of Los Angeles.
  • Black Muslim leader Malcolm X is assassinated in New York City.
  • Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) makes a unilateral declaration of independence from Britain.
  • Singapore secedes from Malaysia.
  • The Second India-Pakistan War begins in Kashmir.
  • The Vietnam War escalates as the U.S. begins bombing North Vietnam.

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1966

  • Gen. Yakubu Gowon heads a military government after a countercoup in Nigeria.
  • Mao Tse-tung begins China's Cultural Revolution.
  • Nigerian prime minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa is killed in a military coup.
  • President De Gaulle withdraws French forces from NATO.
  • President Kwame Nkrumah is ousted in a military coup in Ghana.
  • South African prime minister Hendrik Verwoerd is assassinated.
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1967
  • Civil war breaks out in Nigeria after the secession of the state of Biafra.
  • A military junta seizes control in Greece; King Constantine II is exiled.
  • Britain force to concede independence to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen.
  • Six-Day War: Israel occupies the Sinai, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and the Golan Heights.
  • Adoption of UN Resolution 242 calling for Israeli withdrawal from occupied Arab lands; Palestinian demands referred to only as the "refugee" problem.
Back To Top
1968
  • More than 500, 000 U.S. troops are deployed in Vietnam.
  • Omar Torrijos Herrera overthrows the government of Arnulfo Arias in Panama.
  • Civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated.
  • Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is assassinated.
  • Student-worker revolts almost topple the government of Charles de Gaulle in France.
  • The Viet Cong launch the Tet Offensive in Vietnam.
  • U.S. troops massacre Vietnamese civilians at My Lai (Mar. 16, 1968); Some 300 unarmed Vietnamese villagers--mostly women, children, and old men--were herded into ditches, where they were shot at point range.
  • Warsaw Pact forces invade Czechoslovakia to counter increasing liberalization.
Back To Top
1969
  • Catholics and Protestants clash in Northern Ireland; British troops intervene.
  • War of attrition.
  • Col. Muammar al-Qaddafi seizes control in Libya; King Idris is deposed.
  • Gen. Gaafar al-Nimeiry seizes power in Sudan.
  • IRA provisionals launch a terrorist campaign against British troops in Ireland.
  • Nixon begins Vietnam withdrawal.
  • The Stonewall Riots spark the modern gay rights movoment.
  • The immigration of Salvadorans into Honduras leads to a border war.
Back To Top
1970
  • Civil war begins in Jordan.
  • Former defense minister Hafez al-Assad seizes power in Syria.
  • Ohio national guardsmen kill four Kent State students during an anti-war protest.
  • President Nixon orders an incursion into Cambodia to combat the Khmer Rouge.
  • Riots in Poland force Wladyslaw Gomulka to resign.
  • The Khmer Rouge seize the western provinces; Sihanouk is deposed in Cambodia.
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1971
  • Col. Hugo Banzer Suarez seizes power in Bolivia in a military coup.
  • East Pakistan declares its independence from West Pakistan, beginning a civil war.
  • Prime minister Brian Faulkner begins internment of alledged IRA supects in Northern Ireland.
  • Prime minister Milton Obote is ousted by Idi Amin Dada in Uganda.
  • South Vietnamese troops and U.S. aircraft combat government forces in Laos.
  • Communist China gains its permanent UN seat; the Republic of China (Taiwan) is ousted.
  • India wins independence for East Pakistan (renamed as Bangladesh).
Back To Top
1972
  • American B-52 aircraft bomb Hanoi and Haiphong in North Vietnam.
  • Alabama governor George Wallace assassinated.
  • President Ferdinand Marcos imposes martial law in the Philippines.
  • President Nixon makes historic trip to Peking to meet Mao Tse-Tung.
  • British government assumes direct rule of Northern Ireland.
  • The Viet Cong and North Vietnamese renew their offensive in South Vietnam.

Back To Top


1973

  • Military coup overthrows Chilean Marxist government.
  • Israel and Egypt in fourth major war since 1948.
  • Juan D. Peron returns to power as president of Argentina.
  • The American Indian Movement occupy the site of Wounded Knee in political protest.
  • The U.S. begins total military withdrawal from South Vietnam.
Back To Top
1974
  • Military coup in Portugal.
  • Archbishop Makarios is deposed, prompting a Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
  • Emperor Haile Selassie is deposed in a military coup in Ethiopia.
  • The crisis on Cyprus causes the collapse of the military regime in Greece.
Back To Top
1975
  • Civil war breaks out after the Portuguese withdraw from Angola.
  • Civil war breaks out in Lebanon.
  • Cyprus is partitioned into Greek and Turkish zones.
  • Eritrean rebels begin their fight for independence in Ethiopia.
  • Gen. Yakubu Gowon is deposed in military coup in Nigeria.
  • North Vietnamese forces overrun Saigon, which is renamed Ho Chi Minh City.
  • President Mujibur Rahman is jilled in military coup in Bangladesh.
  • President N'Garta Tombalbaye of Chad is killed in a coup d'etat.
  • Prime Minister Pol Pot begins a reign of terror in Kampuchea.
  • Saudi King Faisal is assassinated; he is succeeded by his brother Khalid.
  • South Vietnam capitulates; mass exodus of Boat People begins.
  • The Helsinki accords pledge the signatory nations to respect Human Rights.
  • The Khmer Rouge win control of Cambodia and rename the country Kampuchea.
Back To Top
1976
  • The pro-Soviet MPLA government seizes power in Angola aided by Cuban troops.
  • Syrian troops enter Lebanon.
  • Soweto riots in South Africa.
Back To Top
1977
  • Military coup in Pakistan.
  • Forces from Angola invade Zairean province Katanga.
  • Eritrea guerillas fight for independence from Ethiopia.
Back To Top

1978

  • Afghanistan president Mohammad Daud Khan is killed in a Marxist coup.
  • Italian politician Aldo Moro is murdered by Red Brigade terrorists.
  • The murder of opposition leader Pedro Joaquin Chamorro sparks uprisings in Nicaragua.
Back To Top
1979
  • Ex-Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto is executed in Pakistan.
  • IRA terrorists assassinate Lord Mountbatten in Ireland.
  • Overthrow of the shah in Iran; Islamic fundamentalist Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returns to Iran; Iran is proclaimed an Islamic republic.
  • Morocco annexes Western Sahara; the Polisario Front fight for independence.
  • Sixty-Six U.S. embassy emplyees are taken hostage in Teheran.
  • South Korean president Park Chung Hee is assassinated.
  • Soviet troops invade Afghanistan in support of Babrak Karmal's Marxist regime.
  • Tanzanians and Ugandan exiles invade Uganda; Idi Amin Dada is deposed.
  • The Mujaheddin begin a guerilla war against the Soviet forces in Afghanistan.
  • The Sandinistas seize control in Nicaragua.
  • The first case of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is reported.
  • Vietnamese forces invade Kampuchea.
Back To Top
1980
  • Iraq invades Iran.
  • Carter Doctrine: United States will use force to counter Soviet aggression in the Persian Gulf region.
  • Ex-Nicaraguan president Anastasio Somoza Debayle is assassinated.
  • Gen. Kenan Evren leads a military coup in Turkey.
  • Guerilla war rages on in El Salvador.
  • Liberian president William R. Tolbert is killed in a military coup led by Samuel Doe.
  • The Castro regime deports more than 120,000 to Florida.
Back To Top
1981
  • Anwar al-Sadat assassinated in Cairo.
  • Argentinian president Ruberto Viola is ousted from power by General Galtieri.
  • Gen. Jaruzelski declares martial law in Poland; Solidarity leaders are arrested.
  • Jerry Rawlings leads a military coup in Ghana.
  • IRA prisoners starve themselves to death as a political protest.
Back To Top
1982
  • Amin Gemayel becomes the president of Lebanon after his brother Bashir is killed.
  • Argentina invades the Falkland Islands; Britain and Argentina are at war.
  • British troops recapture the Falkland Islands from Argentina.
  • Gen. Hussain Muhammad Ershad seizes control of Bangladesh in coup.
  • Israeli army invades Lebanon.
  • The UN maintains peace between Christians and Mulsims as Israeli army drives PLO out of Beirut.
Back To Top
1983
  • Car bomb destroy the U.S. Embassy and U.S. Marine headquarters in Beirut.
  • Civil war breaks out in Sri Lanka between the Sinhalese and Tamil separatists.
  • Libyan forces invade Chad; French troops aid the Chad government.
  • Nigerian president Shehu Shagari is deposed in a military coup led by Gen. Buhari.
  • Opposition leader Benigno Aquino is assassinated in the Philippines.
  • U.S. forces invade Grenada.
Back To Top
1984
  • British Prime minister Margaret Thatcher escapes injury in an IRA bomb attack.
  • Congress forbids official U.S. aid for the anti-Sandinista contras in Nicaragua.
  • Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by Sikh extremists.
  • Indian troops attack the Golden Temple at Amritsar to remove militant Sikhs.
Back To Top
1985
  • French agents sink the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior in New Zealand.
  • Maj.-Gen. Mohammed Buhari is ousted in a coup in Nigeria.
  • Muslim militants hijack the Italian liner Achille Lauro.
  • President Milton Obote is ousted in a military coup in Uganda.
  • Shiite militants hijack a TWA Boeing 727 jet to Beirut.
  • Sudanese prime minister Gaafar al-Nimeiry is ousted in a military coup.
Back To Top
1986
  • A major nuclear-reactor disaster takes place at Chernobyl in the Soviet Union.
  • Benazir Bhutto, daughter of hanged premier Ali Bhutto, is jailed in Pakistan.
  • Civil war breaks out in Yemen.
  • President of the philippines Ferdinand Marcos is exiled.
  • President Jean Claude Duvalier of Haiti goes into exile.
  • Sayid Mohammad Najibullah replaces Marxist president Babrak Karmal in Afghanistan.
  • Select committees are established to investigate the Iran-Contra Affair.
  • Swedish prime minister Olof Palme is assassinated.
  • U.S. aircraft attack military and civilian targets in Libya.
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1987
  • Libya suffers a military defeat in Chad.
  • U.S. frigate Stark hit by an Iraqi missile in the Persian Gulf.
  • West Bank Palestinians launch an intifadah (uprising) against the Israeli occupation in Gaza and West Bank.
Back To Top
1988
  • Details of secret U.S. stealth bomber are released to press.
  • Hugarian leader Janos Kadar is removed from power.
  • Military leaders seize control in Haiti after alections are held.
  • Military leaders seize power in Burma (Myanmar).
  • Nationalist uprisings breakout in the Soviet republic of Armenia.
  • The U.S. cruiser Vincennes shoots down an Iranian passenger airliner.
Back To Top
1989
  • Demonstrations in East Germany lead to the demolition of the Berlin Wall.
  • Gen. Alfredo Stroessner ousted in Paraguay.
  • U.S. forces invade Panama.
  • Hundred of demonstrators are killed by troops in Peking's T'ien-an-Men Square.
  • Romanian president Nicolae Ceausescu is deposed and executed.
  • The communist government of Milos Jakes resigns in Czechoslovakia.
Back To Top
1990
  • Chad president Hissene Habre is deposed by rebel forces led by Idris Deby.
  • Iraq invades Kuwait, beginning the Persian Gulf War.
  • President Samuel Doe is killed during a military rebellion in Liberia.
  • Student riots in Tirane lead to the formation of Albania's first opposition since 1946.
  • Syrian-led forces defeat Gen. Aoun's militia in Lebanon.
  • The UN authorizes an economic blockade of Iraq.
  • U.S.-backed forces begin Operation Desert Shield.
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1991
  • U.S.-led international force attack Iraq; operation Desert Storm is launched.
  • Iraq expelled from Kuwait in Gulf War; estimated Iraqi deaths: 25,000-100,000.
  • Former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi assassinated.
  • Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide is overthrown in a coup.
  • The Provisional Irish Republican Army takes credit for bombing the British Prime minister's residence.
  • Anti-Gorbachev Coup fails.
  • US, USSR agree to end military aid to Afghanistan.
  • Major health scandal in France; over 1,200 people infected by HIV from tainted blood.
Back To Top
1992
  • Algeria suspend democratic elections after Islamic Salvation Front wins first round.
  • Militant Hindus destroy a 16th-century Muslim mosque in Ayodhya, India.
  • Major racial riots outbreak in Los Angeles.
  • Yugoslavia is expelled from the United Nations over the war taking place in Bosnia Hercegovina.
  • Riots in Ayodhya (India) after Hindus sack mosque.
Back To Top
1993
  • Civil war and ethnic strife ravage Yugoslavia.
  • Terrorists explode a bomb at New York's World Trade Center.
  • Yeltsin orders attack on the "White House" in Moscow; local Soviet coucils dissolved.
  • Crisis in Soviet Georgia.
  • U.S. troops bomb Iraq.
Back To Top
1994
  • Russian troops storm breakaway Republic of Chechnya in southern Russia.
  • U.S. troops seize Haiti; General Cedras resigns; elected leader B. Aristide takes control of goverment.
  • Genocide in Rwanda's killing fields.
  • NATO attacks over Bosnia
Back To Top
1995
  • Federal building in Oklahoma City destroyed by car bomb.
  • Rabin assassinated in Tel Aviv.
  • Hutus massacred in refugee camps in Rwanda
Back To Top
1996
  • Racial hostility leads to dozens of church burnings in the US.
  • Russians pull out of Chechnya.
  • 4,000 Tamil rebels overrun military base in Sri Lanka.
  • Talibans conquer Afghanistan.
  • 225,000 Hutu refugees flee camps in eastern Zaire.
  • U.S. launches cruise missiles on Irak
Back To Top
1997
  • Armed rebellion in Albania.
  • Turks attack Kurdish rebels, over 1,000 guerillas killed.
  • Government commandos storm the home of the Japonese envoy in Peru where 71 hostages are held.
  • Militants massacre hundreds of villagers in Algeria.
  • Rebel forces overthrow the regime of President Mobutu in Zaire.
Back To Top
1998
  • India and Pakistan conduct first nuclear tests.
  • Serbia cracks down on Albanian separatists in Kosovo province.
  • U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania are bombed.
  • U.S. launches new airstrikes against Irak.
  • President Clinton impeached after scandal.
Back To Top
1999
  • Military coup in Pakistan.
  • Conflict in Chechnya intensifies.
  • NATO launches airstrikes on Serbia.
Back To Top
2000
  • Milosevic ousted in Serbia.
  • Heavy clashes between Palestinians and Israelis continue.
Back To Top
2001
  • Mad Cow disease spreads in Britain & Europe.
  • Militants seize white-owned farms in Zimbabwe.
  • Terrorists crash hijacked airplanes into World Trade Center in New York-killing 3,000.
  • Rioting causes change in government in Argentina.
  • U.S. forces and Northern alliance invade Afghanistan (approx. 100,000 deaths); U.S. bomb hideouts in Tora Bora.
Back To Top
2002
  • Hindu-Muslim violence in India escalates.
  • Israeli tanks enter West Bank cities; Arafat under house arrest in Ramallah.
  • International Criminal Court created vehemently opposed by the U.S. government.
  • Bombing of resort club in Bali.
  • Chechen rebels seize theater in Moscow.
  • U.S. Congress authorizes Pres. Bush to use armed forces against Iraq.
Back To Top
2003
  • Clashes between opponents and supporters of President Chavez in Venezuela.
  • North Korea abandons Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
  • U.S.-led troops invade and occupy Iraq; no weapons of mass destruction found.
  • In the wake of the war guerrilla-type attacks continue in central and northern Iraq.
  • Israel starts construction of a wall to separate Israel from Palestinian territories.
  • SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) spreads from Asia to America and Europe.
  • President Taylor forced to resign in Liberia.
Back To Top
2004
  • Afghan warlords fight over control of drug trade.
  • 190 people killed in Madrid train bombings; government defeated in subsequent election.
  • Uprising in many Iraqi cities against coalition forces; waves of kidnappings and execution of hostages begin.
  • Massive Israeli incursions into Gaza.
  • Militias terrorize populations in Southern Sudan.
Back To Top

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Definition of Genocide

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The United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted in 1948, states: 'In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:

(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;

(d) Imposing measures to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.'

The following main issues arise from the definition and the rest of the Convention:

• The term 'genocide' (from genos, a people, and -cide, killing) was coined by the jurist Raphael Lemkin (1944). He stressed the genocide did not necessarily mean the immediate physical destruction of all members of a target group, but applied to a co-ordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of the essential foundations of their life, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves.

• In the UN debate before the Convention was agreed, Soviet representatives succeeded in excluding political groups from the list of those protected; as Leo Kuper (1981: 39) writes, this is a 'major omission'. Social classes were also left out.

• Nevertheless, the Convention's phrase destruction 'in whole or in part' left ambiguity about the extent of mass killing required for genocide to be established. Many adopted the term 'genocidal massacre' to refer to episodes of killing with genocidal intent that fell short of the wholesale destruction of a population.

• Others continued to regard only cases that approximated the maximum case total extermination (as with the Jews) as genocide. This could be politically convenient, of course, if it excused politicians from regarding as genocide cases of mass killing about which they wanted to do nothing. This classification has also been adopted, however, by some social scientists, such as Mann (2001).

• The Convention commits states to 'protecting' threatened populations and to 'punish' those responsible for genocide. But both commitments have been largely neglected by the United Nations itself and by major states since 1948.

Thus the definition of the concept of genocide, and the application of both concept and Convention to particular cases, remains highly controversial. Social scientists have often proposed refinements of the international legal definition.

Table 2

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**** CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY ****


...."THE NEW CAMPS OF OLD DEMOCRACIES"

Concentration camps and death camps have been established several times in modern history and are neither populist manifestations nor are they typical products of authoritarian regimes. The first concentration camps in fact were devised by the British to contain the noncombatant Boer population during the South African War of 1899-1902; the detention of 110,000 Afrikaner women and children caused the subsequent deaths of some 20,000 people. Concentration camps were also used on a large scale by the Spanish general Valeriano Weyler (1838-1930) in suppressing the Cuban rebellion that began in 1895. The USSR maintained penal labor camps know as Gulags, during the time of Joseph Stalin, in which millions of citizens died (according to official Soviet figures there were 10 million inmates between 1934 and 1947 alone). The Gulag administration itself was dismantled after Stalin's death, but forced labor camps continued to exist until the end of the Soviet period. Today in an age of supposed global emancipation, ethnic religious and racial harmony there are every indications that a modern liberal, democratic and peace loving nation such as the USA is admittedly, willingly and openly condoning the use of concentration camps and even death camps after so vehemently, unconditionally and categorically condemning their use by deemed "barbaric," "monstruous" or "inhuman" regimes in the past.

 

Legal definitions of a concentration camp includes the following:

1. A camp where prisoners of war, enemy aliens, ideological or political prisoners are detained and confined, typically under extremely harsh conditions;

2. A guarded prison camp, especially in which nonmilitary prisoners are held (i.e., elderly, woman or children);

3. Prison camp in wartime, or under totalitarian rule, where imprisonment takes place without trial;

4. Extermination camp, death camp where members of an ethnic, minority or religeous group deemed "undesirables" are executed.

 

Definitions of a death camp may simply refer to: An organization whose purpose is the annihilation of large numbers of human beings.

According to points 1-3 the camps at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba are by definition concentration camps.
Under alinea 1, because the camp houses ideological and political enemy aliens under extremely harsh conditions; Alinea 2, because the guarded prison camp houses elderly civilians and children; Alinea 3, because the prison camp operates under military supervision in war time and imprisonment generally (if not always) takes place without trial.

Yet the camps may also be legally defined as a death camps. Under alinea 4 as it is a camp in which an ethnic, minority, religeous, semitic group (the word also refers to Arabs) and deemed "undesirables" are threatened with execution without right of appeal after military trials. Lastly, the camp system may be seen as an organization that willfully plans the annihilation of thousands of detainees from Third World countries.

 

[Camps of Quandahar and Ghazni in Afghanistan]

 

PLANNED EXECUTIONS

Officials at Guantanamo Bay on May 26, 2002, openly begun planning for court facilities and an execution chamber, since it was known to all that the tribunals would impose death sentences.
Two month later the Pentagon in fact officially announced its intentions to turn the Guantanamo Bay Camp into a 'Death Camp', with its own death row and execution chamber. Prisoners presumably could be tried, convicted and executed right on location without leaving its boundaries, without a jury and without right of appeal. This much was confirmed by Major-General Geoffrey Miller, who was one of the US officials in charge of suspects detained at the Camp. General Miller affirmed building a death row was one plan. Another was to have a permanent jail, with possibly an execution chamber.

The US sees this development as perfectly logical. It is not surprising the authorities are building a death row because they have said all along that they plan to try capital cases before these tribunals. It is no secret that these camps were created to execute people. The U.S. administration has no obvious interest in long-term prison sentences for people it regards as hard-core terrorists.

 

THE TEN STAGES IN THE ANNIHILATION PROCESS

- First: Following a selection process, detainees in Afghan camps are lead to a disrobing barracks--usually storeroom sheds are used by the military for clothing and valuables;
- Second: Detainees are led to the hairdressing barracks--where prisoners have their hair and beards shaved off;
- Third: This stage marks the transit to the U.S. Naval base at Guantanamo in Cuba--arriving hooded at the base on several hectares of land, an area set off for the barracks for the guard personnel and the camp administration;
- Fourth: Is the reception area, where prisoners have their identity verified and given a number;
- Fifth: Is the way station were prisoners are being hauled into busses, on a ferry and shipped to respective facilities in the complex;
- Sixth: Involves incarceration procedures--dragging the prisoners out on a narrow path bordered by barbed wire fencing, and quick medical checks before being assigned cells;
- Seventh: Is the waiting of sentence together with conduction of intensive interrogations;
- Eigth: Encompasses military trial procedures--were prisoners are finally charged with crimes at the same time they are sentenced for them;
- Ninth: Would involve the actual execution sentence by lethal injection, electrocution, or other method;
- Tenth: This would mark the final stage when bodies are disposed with, shipped for burial to Afghanistan or disposed in some other way.

 

...

...

Guard towers, dog patrols and snipers control the perimeter maze of razor wire chain-link fences around each facility on the U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay. Cuba.

..

CAMPS AT GUANTANAMO BAY

The U.S. Naval facility at Guantanamo Bay Cuba is situated some 743 km (460 mi) distance from Miami, Florida, established on a military base that covers about 73 sq km (45 sq mi). For three years, 650 to 2000 persons from some 40 countries have been held without charge in makeshift holding cells.

Among the prisoners are nationals from Middle Eastern countries such as Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Pakistan, Egypt, and Algeria. Located on Cuban territory, it is the "legal equivalent of outer space," according to one U.S. government official, unlike military bases on US territories. Guantanamo is central to the Bush Administration's strategy to prevent judicial review of the legal status of prisoners. Other locations were ruled out as prison sites because they fell under the jurisdiction of the often-liberal Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.

..

..


CAMP X-RAY

In operations from Dec. 2001-April 2002, was a maze of chain-link fences, razor wire and guard towers guarded by dog patrols and snipers. Individual cells at the camp were protected from the elements only by a metal roof. The prisoners, in their bright orange jumpsuits, spent most of their time in their cells, sitting on the floor or lying on foam sleeping mats, trying to keep cool in 30 C degrees heat. Images of blindfolded prisoners kneeling shackled at wire cages at Guantanamo Bay had ignited international controversy. The single occupancy capacity at Camp X-Ray was limited to 320, and as Guantanamo Bay was preparing to receive up to 2,000 Al-Qaeda and Taliban detainees, the need arose for the construction of larger enclosed long-term detention facilities at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

 

[Camp X-Ray at U.S. navy base in Guantanamo Bay Cuba 2001-2002]


CAMP DELTA

Construction of the new Delta detention complex located at Radio Range, approximately five miles from Camp X-Ray, officially began on February 27, 2002. The facility constructed from standard merchandise transport containers was built at a cost of $US 9.7 million by Brown and Root Services, a division of Halliburton, Vice President Dick Cheney's former company, as well as Navy SeaBees and Marine engineers. Camp Delta was first occupied on April 28, 2002, when 300 detainees previously held at Camp X-Ray were transferred to Camp Delta. The rest of the detainees were moved on April 29. Camp X-Ray closed down on that same day. Camp Delta was initially a 612-unit detention facility. However, with military officials running out of detention space, construction work began on August 8, on a new wing for Camp Delta. An additional 204 cells were added to the facility by October 1, 2002, bringing the number of cells in the compound to a total of 816. Each detention unit is 2.44 meters (8 feet) long, 2.13 m (6 feet 8 inches) wide and 2.44 m tall and constructed with metal mesh material on a solid steel frame. Approximately 24 units make up a detention block. Steel mesh replaces three sides of the containers, which are not air-conditioned, with half the cell space taken up by a metal bed welded to the wall (these cells are smaller than U.S. death row facilities). The facility has indoor plumbing with each unit having a floor style flush toilet, metal bed-frame raised off the floor, and a sink with running water; none of which was available at Camp X-Ray where portable toilets were used instead. There are two recreation/exercise areas per detention block at Camp Delta. The maximum security portion of camp Delta is made up of three detention blocks. U.S. Army Military Police make up the security force inside the camp. Camp Delta is comprised of at least six detention camps. These are Camps 1, 2, 3, 4, Echo and Iguana. Three of these (Camps 3, 2, 1) are maximum-security camps that can house about 800 detainees who live in solitary confinement. Camp 5, a more permanent concrete and steel structure, is designed to hold 100 detainees and opened in early May 2004.

 

[Camp Delta I, II, III at Guantanamo constructed from shipping containers]


CAMP 3: Camp 3 is the highest level maximum-security facility at Camp Delta. When enemy combatants first arrive, they are held at this camp.


CAMP 2: Detainees that cooperate with JTF GTMO staff and help to develop intelligence are moved from Camp 3 to Camp 2.

[Camp 2 and 3 approximately hold a combined 340 individuals.]


CAMP 1: Further additional cooperation by detainees allow them to be transferred to Camp 1 where the detainee receive additional privileges. About 150 detainees are held there.


CAMP 4

Is a dormitory style, medium-security, detention facility built inside the limits of Camp Delta. Construction of the facility was completed in February 2003. The facility is aimed at enabling a limited number of captives the opportunity to interact with one another. There, detainees are able to eat, sleep and pray together. Admission to the facility will reportedly be conditional on each detainee's good behavior and cooperation with the interrogation process. Detainees held at Camp 4 wear white colored uniforms rather than the orange-colored ones, in addition to a locker for personal storage and access to writing material. Approximately 160 detainees are held there.
Within Camp 4, detainees are housed in building complexes where each complex consists of communal living rooms, each with a private toilet and sink, as well as a larger shower and toilet room that serve the entire complex. There are four communal living rooms that can house up to 10 detainees each (though it was initially reported each could house up to 12 detainees). Each detainee has a bed with a mattress, locker for storing personal comfort items and other items like writing material and books. Camp 4 also has small, common recreational areas for playing board games and team sports.

 

[Camp 4 barracks at U.S. navy base in Guantanamo]


CAMP 5: differs from other camps at Camp Delta in that it is a multi-winged complex made of concrete and steel. It cost $31 million to build, is designed to hold 100 detainees and was opened in May 2004.


CAMP IGUANA

This is a lower-security detention facility for children detainees brought to Guantanamo Bay aged between 13 to 15 years. Detainees 16 years and older are housed with the other detainees in Camp Delta. According to media reports, the facility consists of at least one-story blockhouse, surrounded by a a patch of grass and a high green-mesh fence. Detainees there are able to overlook the sea through a 30 by 7 feet gap that is protected by chicken wire. According to an article in the London Sunday Times on June 26, 2003, the living quarters are air-conditioned and consist of "a bedroom with twin beds, a small living room with two armchairs, sofa and television, and a bathroom and kitchenette", with an oven present for aesthetic reasons, and a refrigerator whose fruit and desserts contents are reportedly handed as part of a reward system. A line of black tape on the floor separates the living room and kitchen areas while privacy in the bathroom is handled by a blue curtain.

 


An in-depth discussion and analysis of these camps further highlights several key questions:

  • Is Guantanamo Bay destined to become an extermination center?
  • Are methods of execution to be perfected as in a vast euthanasia program?
  • Are crematoriums to be installed on location?
  • Are the Afghans or Talibans the only ethnic or religious minority groups of undesirables to be sent to such a place?
  • Can these considerations be subordinated to a Middle Eastern "final solution"?
  • How can these plans possibly be compatible with a free-liberal and democratic regime?

 

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