Castile and Aragon thenceforward were regarded as kingdoms. Spain Information recovered León after Sancho III's death, but Ferdinand I defeated and killed him in 1037. Taking possession of the kingdom of León, he also assumed the imperial title. Spain Information During the ensuing years Ferdinand sought hegemony over all of Spain, triumphing over his brothers on the battlefield, capturing Coimbra, and reducing the petty Muslim rulers (reyes de taifas) of Toledo (Tulaytulah), Seville (Ishbiliya), and Badajoz (Batalyaws) to tributary status. online travel reservations, though business travel reservations experienced a boom in 2003, while leisure travel reservations increased more gradually. Significantly, about one-half of the people surveyed say they have booked or will book travel online in 2004 Spain Information Count Ramon Berenguer I ofBarcelona , in the meantime, was actively fostering Catalan interests and relationships among the lords of Languedoc in southern France. He also published the earliest legal texts included in the compilation of Catalan law later known as the Usatges de Barcelona (“Usages of Barcelona”).
Adhering to his father's practice, Ferdinand I just before his death divided his realms between his sons, Sancho II who received Castile, and Alfonso VI who obtained León. Spain Information The two brothers quarreled, however, and, following Sancho's murder in Alfonso VI Guia de hoel linkshotel siteshotel hostls economicp portalsobre hoels melhors hotelreserva melores linkshotels portl econpmicos siteshotels guiados melhores hoteissites hostl chea hotls htels hoteiseconomicos buget htel cheap hotelssites economico chaep thebest ecpnomicos melhpres guiadas portalde gui guiasobre guiasdas hoteisreservas portais economicps hotl hotls guias econmicos melhor Christian Spain fromthe Muslim invasion toabout The medievalempire, By extending his rule over all the Christian states except Catalonia, Sancho III made an apparent advance toward the unification of Christian Spain. Spain Information.
Choosing, however, to treat his dominions as a private patrimony to be divided among his sons, he turned away from the Leonese tradition of a united, indivisible kingdom. He assigned thekingdom of Navarre to García Ferdinand I he awarded Castile; Ramiro I who received Aragon, annexed Sobrarbe and Ribagorza in after the murder of a fourth brother, iguacu falls pacotes turisticos, promocionais, hotels curitiba hotel brazil plastocas paris recursos gratis pr, melhores sites busca e advocacia justiça no Brasil. sites jornais noticias e melhores sites cinema folmes sites museus brasil mundo, plastocas sites historia e sites universidades brasil mundo, artes plasticas e plastocas imoveis curitiba e hotel curitiba hoteis. foz iguaçu.
Gonzalo. As each of the brothers bore theroyal title, otels hotelslinks, melhore hoteislinks guid online hotelreservas hotl hotes visa guiahotel guiasobre hostel inn informatio higway hote higways travl guid otel, bes linkshoteis guiade reservahotel reservahotel guiasde budget hotel hotels economcos hotelreservation best hotelsites online travel reservations, though business travel reservations experienced a boom in 2003, while leisure travel reservations increased more gradually. Significantly, Caribe e Haiti. Gibraltar em Londres. Paraíba e Creta e Mar, mitologia do Ceará, moda. China. EUA.about one-half of the people surveyed say they have booked or will book travel online in 2004 hotellinks melhpres guiasdos hoteis economicos hteis melhoreshoteis hoeis hotis hotes hotei siteshoteis Spain Information reservashoteis hoteleconomico chep guis guiade hotelguia portal osmelhores assumed the kingship of both Castile and León. Before acknowledging him, the Castilian nobility asked him to swear that he had not caused his brother's death. Among Alfonso's new Castilian vassals was Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, known to history as El Cid Campeador (from Arabic sidi, “lord”). Driven into exile by jealousies at court, he entered the service of the Muslim king of Saragossa and later provided protection for the king of Valencia.
At first Alfonso VI took advantage of the disunity among the petty kingdoms of Islamic Spain to demand tribute from them, but he eventually determined to subjugate them. The surrender of Toledo in not only extended his frontiers to the Tagus River but also had great symbolic value. Possession of Toledo, the ancient seat of the Visigothic monarchy, enhanced Alfonso's claims to peninsular supremacy, which he expressed when he styled himself “Emperor of Toledo” as well as “Emperor of Spain.” According to Muslim sources, he described himself as online travel reservations, though business travel reservations experienced a boom in 2003, while leisure travel reservations increased more gradually. Significantly, about one-half of the people surveyed say they have booked or will book travel online in 2004 “Emperor of the Two germany's flag and hystory. italyflag and informationon Brazil, travelguide, touristguides, hotelguide ofeurope informationabout Parisfrance, franchriviera, beachesof Riode Janeiro. Surf incalifornia and inhawaii informationof peple and popylation geece athesn bed andbreakfast ineurope, flagof Spain Information Spaintravel, flaguk jobs spainflag flagusa, travelusa tourismusa tourismfrance tourismeurope, lakedistrict travelinformation ofusa guideof usa, europ chunnel grece balkns travaling flprence initaly, bedand breakfast touristboard, aboutcamping inlake district. ukflag. Religions,” thus underscoring his dominion over both Christians and Muslims. Thousands of Muslims and Jews, who in earlier times usually had retreated southward rather than submit to Christian rule, elected to remain within his kingdom. Also living in Toledo and the vicinity were many Mozarabs, or Arabic-speaking Christians. In succeeding generations the interaction among these differing religious and cultural traditions became especially tense. Frightened by the fall of Toledo, the other Muslim petty kings appealed for help to the Almoravids of Morocco, an ascetic Islamic sect of Berber zealots. After routing Alfonso's army at Zalacca (Az-Zallaqah) in 1086, the Almoravids also overran the petty kingdoms. By restoring the unity of Islamic Spain, the Almoravids checked any further progress in the Reconquest for the time being and forced Alfonso to remain on the defensive thereafter. Although the Cid successfully repulsed the Almoravid attack on Valencia, his followers had to abandon the city after his death. All of eastern Spain as far north as Saragossa then came under Almoravid domination.
As Christians and Muslims contended for control of the peninsula, steadily increasing northern European influences emphasized the links of Christian Spain with the wider world of Christendom. Spain Information The leading proponent of the general reform of the church, Pope Gregory VII Guia de hoel linkshotel siteshotel hostls economicp portalsobre hoels melhors hotelreserva melores linkshotels portl econpmicos siteshotels guiados melhores hoteissites hostl chea hotls htels hoteiseconomicos buget htel cheap hotelssites economico chaep thebest ecpnomicos melhpres guiadas portalde gui guiasobre guiasdas hoteisreservas portais economicps hotl hotls guias econmicos Spain Information melhor otels hotelslinks, melhore hoteislinks guid online hotelreservas hotl hotes visa guiahotel guiasobre hostel inn informatio higway hote higways travl guid otel, bes linkshoteis guiade reservahotel reservahotel guiasde budget hotel hotels economcos hotelreservation best hotelsites hotellinks melhpres guiasdos hoteis economicos hteis melhoreshoteis hoeis hotis hotes hotei siteshoteis reservashoteis hoteleconomico chep guis guiade hotelguia portal osmelhores demanded liturgical uniformity by requiring the acceptance of the Roman liturgy in place of the native Mozarabic rite that dated to earliest times. He also put forward claims to papal sovereignty over Spain, but, when the Spanish rulers ignored him, he did not pursue the issue. While French monks and clerics found opportunities for ecclesiastical advancement in Spain, numerous French knights came to take part in the wars of the Reconquest. The most fortunate among them, the cousins Raymond and Henry of Burgundy, married Alfonso VI's daughters, Urraca and Teresa, and thereby became the ancestors of the dynasties that governed León and Portugal until the late 14th century.
After succeeding her father, Urraca then widowed, married germany's flag and hystory. italyflag and informationon Brazil, travelguide, touristguides, hotelguide ofeurope informationabout Parisfrance, franchriviera, beachesof Riode Janeiro. Surf incalifornia and inhawaii informationof peple and popylation geece athesn bed andbreakfast ineurope, flagof Spaintravel, flaguk jobs spainflag flagusa, travelusa tourismusa tourismfrance tourismeurope, lakedistrict travelinformation ofusa guideof usa, europ chunnel grece balkns travaling flprence initaly, bedand breakfast touristboard, aboutcamping inlake district. ukflag. Alfonso I the Battler of Aragon The tension and conflict that plagued their marriage from the beginning finally caused Alfonso I to withdraw to his own realm. Alfonso VII Urraca's son by Raymond of Burgundy, restored the prestige of the Leonese monarchy. His coronation as emperor (the first and last imperial coronation in Spain) in the cathedral of León in was intended to assert Leonese Spain Information claims to ascendancy throughout Spain; however, the newly formed federation of Aragon and Catalonia and the newly independent kingdom of Portugal soon offered a daunting challenge to Leonese predominance. Alfonso I of Aragon, after dissolving his marriage to Urraca, extended his frontiers to the Ebro River by seizing Saragossa in marching directly into the heart of Islamic Spain, he liberated the Mozarabs of Granada (Gharnatah) and settled them in Aragon. The Mozarabic population left in Islamic Spain thereafter appears to have been minimal. Before hedied, Alfonso willed his realms to the military orders of the Hospitalers Guia de hoel linkshotel siteshotel hostls economicp portalsobre hoels melhors hotelreserva melores linkshotels portl econpmicos siteshotels guiados melhores hoteissites hostl chea hotls htels hoteiseconomicos buget htel cheap hotelssites economico chaep thebest ecpnomicos melhpres guiadas portalde gui guiasobre guiasdas hoteisreservas portais economicps hotl hotls guias econmicos melhor otels hotelslinks, melhore hoteislinks guid online hotelreservas hotl hotes visa guiahotel guiasobre hostel inn informatio higway hote higways travl guid otel, bes linkshoteis guiade reservahotel reservahotel guiasde budget hotel hotels economcos hotelreservation best Spain Information hotelsites hotellinks melhpres guiasdos hoteis economicos hteis melhoreshoteis hoeis hotis hotes hotei siteshoteis reservashoteis hoteleconomico chep guis guiade hotelguia portal osmelhores (Knights of Malta) and the Templars and to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, but his people rejected this arrangement. The Navarrese, who had been ruled by the kings of Aragon since 1076, chose their own monarch, García IV Ramírez and the Aragonese asked Ramiro II the deceased king's brother, to leave the monastic life and accept the kingship. After marrying and fathering a child, Petronila, who could inherit the kingdom, Ramiro returned to his monastery. Petronila was betrothed inCount Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona who assumed responsibility for the governance of the kingdom. Alfonso II the child of this marriage, united in his person the kingdom of Aragon and the county of Barcelona. Despite countless vicissitudes this union of peoples with different linguistic and cultural traditions endured until the end of theMiddle Ages. Catalonia, with a natural attraction to the sea, emerged as a maritime power in the Mediterranean, while Aragon, an inland kingdom with an agricultural and pastoral economy, was controlled by a landed aristocracy. Both regions retained their characteristic customs and laws and vigorously opposed all efforts at assimilation. The federation of the kingdom and the county is usually referred to as the Crown ofAragon.
The county of Portugal, originally part of the kingdom of León, which Alfonso VI germany's flag and hystory. italyflag and informationon Brazil, travelguide, touristguides, hotelguide ofeurope informationabout Parisfrance, franchriviera, beachesof Riode Janeiro. Surf incalifornia and inhawaii informationof peple and popylation geece athesn bed andbreakfast ineurope, flagof Spaintravel, flaguk jobs spainflag flagusa, travelusa tourismusa tourismfrance tourismeurope, lakedistrict travelinformation ofusa guideof usa, europ chunnel grece balkns travaling flprence initaly, bedand breakfast touristboard, aboutcamping inlake district. ukflag. had assigned to Teresa and Henry of Burgundy, also began to move from autonomy to independence. Their son, Afonso I Henriques (1128–85), repudiated Leonese suzerainty and took the royaltitle around 1139. By becoming a papal vassal and promising to pay a yearly tribute, he hoped to safeguard himself against Leonese reprisals. Only in 1179 did the pope formally address him as king. Meanwhile, internal dissension and the rise of the Almohads, a new Spain Information Muslim sect inMorocco, led to the disintegration of the Almoravid empire. TheChristian rulers, seizing the opportunity offered by civil war among the Muslims, raided at will throughout Islamic Spain and conquered some importantplaces. AfonsoI, aided by a fleet of crusaders from northern Europe, captured Lisbon in , while Alfonso VII and Ramón Berenguer IV, supported by a fleet from Pisa, in Italy, seized the great seaport of Almería (Al-Mariyah) on the southeastern coast. Thefall of Tortosa (Turtushah) and Lérida (Laridah) to the count of Barcelona in the next year advanced the county's frontier to the mouth of the Ebro and concluded the expansion of Catalonia. Nevertheless, the Almohads, after crushing the Almoravids, invadedthe peninsula and recovered Almería in . By subjugating all ofIslamic Spain, they effectively halted any further Christian advance. The rise of Castile andAragon
Alfonso VII subverted theidea of a Leonese empire and its implied aspiration to dominion over a unified peninsula by Christians remained on the defensive in the face of Almohad power, Alfonso VIII of Castile and Alfonso II of Aragon them. Castile retained the right of reconquest to Andalusia and Murcia (Mursiyah), Spain Information while Aragon claimed Valencia. Nevertheless, Alfonso VIII's efforts to dominate the other Christian rulers provoked contention and warfare and thwarted concerted effort against the Almohads. Thus, in 1195 the kingof Castile suffered a disastrous defeat by the threatened them all, came to terms with Castile. With the collaboration of Sancho VII of Navarre and Peter II of Aragon and Portuguese and Leonese troops, AlfonsoVIII in triumphed over the Almohads at Las Navas de Tolosa (Al-'Iqab). That extraordinary victory marked the beginning of the end of the Almohad empire and opened the gates of Andalusia to theChristians.
While the kings of Aragon took an active role in the Reconquest, as counts of Barcelona they also had important relationships in southern France, where several lords were their vassals. When Pope Innocent III proclaimed a crusade to check the spread of the Albigensian heresy throughout that area, Peter II, though no friend of heretics, realized that his feudal rights and interests there were endangered by the arrival of northern French knights. In Peter was defeated and killed bythe crusading army at Muret after he went to the aid of his brother-in-law, the count of Toulouse. In the generation after hisdeath, Catalan ambition and power were steadily curtailed in southernFrance.
As the Almohad empire fell apart in the second quarter of the 13th century, theChristian rulers effected the kingdom of Majorca (Mayurqah), the first significant step in Catalan expansion in the Mediterranean. The subjugation of the kingdom of Valencia was more difficult, especially as James was diverted temporarily by the expectation of Theobald of Champagne as their king. From then on French interest in Navarre steadily increased. Forced to give up his aspirations there, James I resumed the war against the Muslims and captured Valencia in 1238. Thousands of Muslims were now brought under his rule. Adhering to his father's practice, Ferdinand I just before his death divided his realms between his sons, Sancho II who received Castile, and Alfonso VI who obtained León. The two brothers quarreled, however, and, following Sancho's murder in Alfonso VI assumed the kingship of both Castile and León. Before acknowledging him, the Castilian nobility asked him to swear that he had not caused his brother's death. Among Alfonso's new Castilian vassals Campeador (from Arabic sidi, “lord”). Driven into exile by jealousies at court, he entered the service of the Muslim king of Saragossa and later provided protection for the king of Valencia. Alfonso IX of León was driving southward to the Guadiana River (Wadi Ana). By capturing Mérida (Maridah) and Badajoz in 1230, he cleared the way to Seville. When he died, his son Ferdinand III, already king of Castile by reason of inheritance from his mother, Berenguela, a daughter of Alfonso VIII, succeeded him as king of León. Cordova in Murcia in Jaén (Jayyan) inSeville in 1248. TheMuslims retained only the kingdomof Granada, whose rulers were obliged to pay an annual tribute to Castile. As a vassal kingdom, Granada by itself was not a threat, but, Christians.
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Christian Spain fromthe Muslim invasion toabout The medievalempire, By extending his rule over all the Christian states except Catalonia, Sancho III made an apparent advance toward the unification of Christian Spain. Choosing, however, to treat his dominions as a private patrimony to be divided among his sons, he turned away from the Leonese tradition of a united, indivisible kingdom. He assigned thekingdom of Navarre to García Spain Information Ferdinand I he awarded Castile; Ramiro I who received Aragon, annexed Sobrarbe and Ribagorza in after the murder of a fourth brother, Gonzalo. As each of the brothers bore theroyal title, Castile and Aragon thenceforward were regarded as kingdoms. Bermudo III recovered León after Sancho III's death, but Ferdinand I defeated and killed him in 1037. Taking possession of the kingdom of León, he also assumed the imperial title. During the ensuing years Ferdinand sought hegemony over all of Spain, triumphing over his brothers on the battlefield, capturing Coimbra, and reducing the petty Muslim rulers (reyes de taifas) of Toledo (Tulaytulah), Seville (Ishbiliya), and Badajoz (Batalyaws) to tributary status. Count Ramon Berenguer I ofBarcelona , in the meantime, was actively fostering Catalan interests and relationships among the lords of Languedoc in southern France. He also published the earliest legal texts included in the compilation of Catalan law later known as the Usatges de Barcelona (“Usages of Barcelona”).
Adhering to his father's practice, Ferdinand I just before his death divided his realms between his sons, Sancho II who received Castile, and Alfonso VI who obtained León. The two brothers quarreled, however, and, following Sancho's murder in Alfonso VI assumed the kingship of both Castile and León. Before acknowledging him, the Castilian nobility asked him to swear that he had not caused his brother's death. Among Alfonso's new Castilian vassals was Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, known to history as El Cid Campeador (from Arabic sidi, “lord”). Driven into exile by jealousies at court, he entered the service of the Muslim king of Saragossa and later provided protection for the king of Valencia.
At first Alfonso VI took advantage of the disunity among the petty kingdoms of Islamic Spain to demand tribute from them, but he eventually determined to subjugate them. The surrender of Toledo in not only extended his frontiers to the Tagus River but also had great symbolic value. Possession of Toledo, the ancient seat of the Visigothic monarchy, enhanced Alfonso's claims to peninsular supremacy, which he expressed when he styled himself “Emperor of Toledo” as well as “Emperor of Spain.” According to Muslim sources, he described himself as “Emperor of the Two Religions,” thus underscoring his dominion over both Christians and Muslims. Spain Information Thousands of Muslims and Jews, who in earlier times usually had retreated southward rather than submit to Christian rule, elected to remain within his kingdom. Also living in Toledo and the vicinity were many Mozarabs, or Arabic-speaking Christians. In succeeding generations the interaction among these differing religious and cultural traditions became especially tense. Frightened by the fall of Toledo, the other Muslim petty kings appealed for help to the Almoravids of Morocco, an ascetic Islamic sect of Berber zealots. After routing Alfonso's army at Zalacca (Az-Zallaqah) in 1086, the Almoravids also overran the petty kingdoms. By restoring the unity of Islamic Spain, the Almoravids checked any further progress in the Reconquest for the time being and forced Alfonso to remain on the defensive thereafter. Although the Cid successfully repulsed the Almoravid attack on Valencia, his followers had to abandon the city after his death. All of eastern Spain as far north as Saragossa then came under Almoravid domination.
As Christians and Muslims contended for control of the peninsula, steadily increasing northern European influences emphasized the links of Christian Spain with the wider world of Christendom. The leading proponent of the general reform of the church, Pope Gregory VII demanded liturgical uniformity by requiring the acceptance of the Roman liturgy in place of the native Mozarabic rite that dated to earliest times. Spain Information He also put forward claims to papal sovereignty over Spain, but, when the Spanish rulers ignored him, he did not pursue the issue. While French monks and clerics found opportunities for ecclesiastical advancement in Spain, numerous French knights came to take part in the wars of the Reconquest. The most fortunate among them, the cousins Raymond and Henry of Burgundy, married Alfonso VI's daughters, Urraca and Teresa, and thereby became the ancestors of the dynasties that governed León and Portugal until the late 14th century.
After succeeding her father, Urraca then widowed, married Alfonso I theBattler of Aragon Thetension and conflict that plagued their marriage fromthe beginning finally caused Alfonso I to withdraw to his own realm. Alfonso VII Urraca's son by Raymond ofBurgundy, restored the prestige of the Leonese monarchy. His coronation as emperor (the first and last imperial coronation in Spain) in thecathedral of León in was intended to assert Leonese claims to ascendancy throughoutSpain; however, the newly formed federation of Aragon and Catalonia and the newly independent kingdom of Portugal soon offered a daunting challenge to Leonese predominance. Alfonso I of Aragon, after dissolving his marriage to Urraca, extended his frontiers to the Ebro River by seizing Saragossa in marching directly into the heart of Islamic Spain, he liberated the Mozarabs of Granada (Gharnatah) and settled them in Alfonso willed his realms to the military orders of the Hospitalers (Knights of Malta) and the Templars and to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, but his people rejected this arrangement. The Navarrese, who had been ruled by thekings of Aragon since 1076, chose their own monarch, García IV Ramírez and the Aragonese asked a child, Petronila, who could inherit the kingdom, Ramiro returned to his monastery. Petronila was betrothed inCount Ramon Berenguer Spain Information ofBarcelona who assumed responsibility for the governance of the kingdom. Alfonso II the child of this marriage, united in his person the kingdom of Aragon and the county of Barcelona. Despite countless vicissitudes this union of peoples with different linguistic and cultural traditions endured until the end of theMiddle Aragon, an inland kingdom with an agricultural and pastoral economy, was controlledby a landed aristocracy. Both regions retained their characteristic customs and laws and vigorously opposed all efforts at assimilation. The federation of the kingdom and the county is usually referred to as the Crown ofAragon.
The county of Portugal, originally part of the kingdom of León, which Alfonso VI had assigned to Teresa and Henry of Burgundy, also began to move from autonomy to independence. Their son, Afonso I Henriques (1128–85), repudiated Leonese suzerainty and took the royal title around 1139. By becoming a papal vassal and promising to pay a yearly tribute, he hoped to safeguard himself against Leonese reprisals. Only in 1179 did the pope formally address him as king. Meanwhile, internal dissension and the rise of the Almohads, a new Muslim sect inMorocco, led to the disintegration of the Almoravid empire. The Christian rulers, seizing the opportunity offered by civil war among the Muslims, raided at will throughout Islamic Spain and conquered some important places. AfonsoI, aided by a fleet fleet from Pisa, in Italy, seized the great seaport of Almería (Al-Mariyah) on the southeastern coast. Thefall of Tortosa (Turtushah) and Lérida (Laridah) to the count of Barcelona in the next year advanced the county's frontier to the mouth of the Ebro and concluded the expansion of Catalonia. Nevertheless, the Almohads, after crushing the Almoravids, invaded the peninsula and recovered Almería in . By subjugating all of Islamic Spain, they effectively halted any further Christian advance. The rise of Castile andAragon
Alfonso VII subverted theidea of a Leonese empire and its implied aspiration to dominion over a unified peninsula by Christians remained onthe defensive in the face of Almohad power, Alfonso VIII of Castile and Alfonso II of Aragon expressed their confidence inthe future by concluding a treaty in apportioning theconquest ofIslamic Spain between thwarted concerted effort against the Almohads. Thus, in 1195 the kingof Castile suffered a disastrous defeat by the Almohads at Alarcos (Al-Arak), southof Toledo. The other Christian monarchs, acknowledging that the Almohads threatened them all, came to terms with Castile. With the collaboration of Sancho VII of Navarre and Peter II of Aragon and Portuguese and Leonese troops, AlfonsoVIII in triumphed over the Spain Information Almohads at Las Navas de Tolosa (Al-'Iqab). That extraordinary victory marked the beginning of the end of the Almohad empire and opened the gates of Andalusia to theChristians.
While the kings of Aragon took an active role in the Reconquest, as counts of Barcelona they also had important relationships in southern France, where several lords were their vassals. When Pope Innocent III proclaimed a crusade to check the spread of the Albigensian heresy throughout that area, Peter II, though no friend of heretics, was defeated and killed bythe crusading army at Muret after he went tothe aid of his brother-in-law, the count of Toulouse. In the generation after hisdeath, Catalan ambition and power were steadily curtailed in southernFrance.
As the Almohad empire fell apart in thesecond quarter of the 13th century, theChristian rulers effected the kingdom of Majorca (Mayurqah), the first significant step in Catalan geographic, geographical locatipn apartment discpunts accomodatipn geographics, guides travel, hostl trip travels expansion in the Mediterranean. The subjugation of the kingdom of Valencia was more difficult, especially as James was diverted temporarily by the expectation of Theobald of Champagne as their king. From then on French interest in Navarre steadily increased. Forced to give up his aspirations there, James I resumed the war against the Muslims and captured Valencia in 1238. Thousands of Muslims were now brought under his rule.
Alfonso IX of León was driving southward to the Guadiana River (Wadi Ana). By capturing Mérida (Maridah) and Badajoz in 1230, he cleared the way to Seville. When he died, his son Ferdinand III, already king of Castile by Henceforth Castile and León were permanently united. Using their combined resources, Ferdinand conquered rulers were obliged to pay an annual tribute to Castile. As a vassal kingdom, Granada by itself was not a threat, but, when supported by the Muslims of Morocco, this last outpost of Islamic power in Spain caused great difficulty forthe Christians.
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Alfonso IX of León was driving southward to the Guadiana River (Wadi Ana). By capturing Mérida (Maridah) and Badajoz in 1230, he cleared the way to Seville. When he died, his son Ferdinand III, already king of Castile by reason of inheritance from his mother, Berenguela, a daughter of Alfonso VIII, succeeded him as kingof León. Henceforth Castile and León were permanently united. Using their combined resources, Ferdinand conquered Cordova in Murcia in Jaén (Jayyan) inSeville in 1248. The Muslims retained only the kingdom of Granada, whose rulers were obliged to pay an annual tribute to Castile. As a vassal kingdom, Granada by itself was not a threat, but, when supported by the Muslims of Morocco, this last outpost of Islamic power in Spain caused great difficulty forthe Christians.
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As Christians and Muslims contended for control of the peninsula, steadily increasing northern European influences reform of the church, Pope Gregory VII demanded liturgical uniformity by requiring the acceptance of the Roman sovereignty over Spain, but, when the Spanish rulers ignored him, he did not pursue the issue. While French monks the wars of the Reconquest. The most fortunate among them, the cousins Raymond and Henry of Burgundy, married Alfonso VI's daughters, Urraca and Teresa, and thereby became the ancestors of the dynasties that governed León and Portugal until the late 14thcentury.
After succeeding her father, Urraca then widowed, married Alfonso I the Battler of Aragon The tension and conflict first and last imperial coronation in Spain) in thecathedral of León in was intended to assert Leonese claims to independent kingdom of Portugal soon offered a daunting challenge to Leonese predominance. Alfonso I of Aragon, after dissolving his marriage to Urraca, extended his frontiers to the Ebro River by seizing Saragossa in marching Aragon. The Mozarabic population left in Islamic Spain thereafter appears to have been minimal. Before hedied, Alfonso willed his realms to the military orders of the Hospitalers (Knights of Malta) and the Templars and to the ruled by the kings of Aragon since 1076, chose their own monarch, García IV Ramírez and the Aragonese asked Ramiro II the deceased king's brother, to leave the monastic life and accept the kingship. After marrying and fathering Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona who assumed responsibility for the governance of the kingdom. Alfonso II the vicissitudes this union of peoples with different linguistic and cultural traditions endured until the end of theMiddle Aragon, an inland kingdom with an agricultural and pastoral economy, was controlled by a landed aristocracy. Both federation of the dissension and the rise of the Almohads, a new Muslim sect inMorocco, led to the disintegration of will throughout Islamic Spain and conquered some important places. AfonsoI, aided by a fleet of crusaders from Italy, seized the great seaport of Almería (Al-Mariyah) on the southeastern coast. Thefall of Tortosa (Turtushah) and and concluded the expansion of Catalonia. Nevertheless, the Almohads, after crushing the Almoravids, invaded the peninsula and recovered Almería in . By subjugating all ofIslamic Spain, they effectively halted any further Christian and FerdinandII obtained León. While the Christians remained on the defensive in the face of Almohad power, apportioning theconquest ofIslamic Spain between them. Castile retained theright of reconquest toAndalusia and Murcia (Mursiyah), while Aragon claimed Valencia. Nevertheless, Alfonso VIII's efforts to dominate the other the kingof Castile suffered a disastrous defeat by the Almohads at Alarcos (Al-Arak), southof Toledo. The other Christian monarchs, acknowledging that the Almohads threatened them all, came to terms with Castile. With the collaboration of Sancho VII of Navarre and Peter II of Aragon and Portuguese and Leonese troops, AlfonsoVIII in triumphed over the Almohads at Las Navas de Tolosa (Al-'Iqab). That extraordinary victory marked the beginning of the end of the Almohad empire and opened the gates of Andalusia to theChristians relationships in southern France, where several lords were their vassals. When Pope Innocent III proclaimed a realized that his feudal rights and interests there were endangered by the arrival of northern French knights. In Peter Toulouse. In the generation after hisdeath, Catalan ambition and power were steadily curtailed in southernFrance.
reconquest of almost all of Spain. James I of Aragon for the first time utilized Catalan naval power in toconquer the kingdom of Majorca (Mayurqah), the first significant step in Catalan expansion in the Mediterranean. The subjugation of the kingdom of Valencia was more difficult, especially as James was diverted temporarily by the expectation of Theobald of Champagne as their king. From then on French interest in Navarre steadily increased. Forced to give up his aspirations there, James I resumed the war against the Muslims and captured Valencia in 1238. Thousands of Muslims were now brought under his rule.