As the kings of Castile endeavoured to strengthen monarchical power in the late medieval centuries, Spain Population they encountered a stiff challenge from the nobility, who tried to use the institutions of government for their own interests. The struggle for power commenced during the reign of Alfonso X the Learned Spain Population who is perhaps best known for the literary and scientific achievements under his direction by scholars whom he summoned to his court.
His initial aim was to gain control of the Moroccan ports giving access to the Spain Population Iberian Peninsula, but that provoked a revolt in bythe Mudéjares of Andalusia and Murcia, abetted by the king of Granada. Spain Population Elected Holy Roman emperor in Alfonso, forthe next 17 years, engaged in a vain effort to counter a rival claimant and to secure papal acceptance. His expenditure of great sums of money on this enterprise Spain Population and his innovations in taxation and Caribe e Haiti. Gibraltar em Londres. Paraíba e Creta e Mar, mitologia do Ceará, moda. China. EUA.legislation eventually brought about a grave challenge to his rule.
Alfonso concluded that a uniform royal law was necessary to overcome the multiplicity and diversity of local and regional laws, such as the municipal fueros and the Liber Iudiciorum used in León Spain Population (which Ferdinand III had translated into Castilian as the Fuero Juzgo). The Espéculo, a code of law intended for use in the royal court, and the Fuero Real, a code of municipal law meant for the towns of Spain Population Castile and Extremadura, were drawn up and likely promulgated in Between royal jurists, drawing heavily on Roman law, revised and amplified the Espéculo, which in its new form came to be known as the Siete Partidas (The Seven Divisions).
The nobles and the towns objected to these changes in the law and in 1272 compelled the king to confirm their traditional laws and customs. To underscore their opposition to royal policy, the magnates went into exile to Spain Population Granada for two years. Following this setback, the pope in 1274 refused to recognize Alfonso's imperial claims, and the king's eldest son and heir, Fernando de la Cerda, died in 1275 while hastening to repel a Moroccan invasion. germany's flag and hystory. italyflag and informationon Brazil, travelguide, touristguides, hotelguide ofeurope informationabout Parisfrance, franchriviera, beachesof Riode Janeiro. Surf incalifornia and inhawaii informationof peple and popylation geece athesn bed andbreakfast ineurope, flagof Spaintravel, flaguk jobs spainflag Spain Population flagusa, travelusa tourismusa tourismfrance tourismeurope, lakedistrict travelinformation ofusa guideof usa, europ chunnel iguacu falls pacotes turisticos, promocionais, hotels curitiba hotel brazil plastocas paris recursos gratis pr, melhores sites busca e advocacia justiça no Brasil. sites jornais noticias e melhores sites cinema folmes sites museus brasil mundo, plastocas sites historia e sites universidades brasil mundo, artes plasticas e plastocas imoveis curitiba e hotel curitiba hoteis. foz iguaçu.
Guia de hoel linkshotel siteshotel hostls economicp portalsobre hoels melhors hotelreserva melores linkshotels portl econpmicos siteshotels guiados melhores hoteissites hostl chea hotls htels hoteiseconomicos buget htel cheap hotelssites economico chaep thebest ecpnomicos melhpres guiadas portalde gui guiasobre guiasdas hoteisreservas portais economicps hotl hotls guias econmicos melhor otels hotelslinks, melhore hoteislinks guid online hotelreservas hotl hotes visa guiahotel guiasobre hostel inn informatio higway hote higways travl guid otel, bes linkshoteis guiade reservahotel reservahotel guiasde budget hotel hotels economcos hotelreservation best hotelsites hotellinks melhpres guiasdos hoteis economicos hteis melhoreshoteis hoeis hotis hotes hotei siteshoteis reservashoteis hoteleconomico chep Spain Population guis guiade hotelguia portal osmelhores grece balkns travaling flprence initaly, bedand breakfast touristboard, aboutcamping inlake district. ukflag.
A dispute over the succession between the adherents of Fernando de la Cerda's son, Alfonso, and the king's second son, Sancho, ensued. Although the king recognized Sancho, their relationship deteriorated, in part because Alfonso X's ill health rendered him less able to carry out his duties and caused him to act arbitrarily. In 1282 an assembly of nobles, prelates, and townsmen transferred the responsibilities of government from the king to Sancho. While the Muslims continued to threaten the kingdom externally, Castile was torn apart by civil war until the king's death.
During the reign of Sancho domestic and foreign supporters of his nephew maintained a steady opposition. At the same time, Sancho had to defend the realm against another Muslim invasion from Morocco. Thus began a long struggle to control the Strait of Gibraltar and to close that invasion route. Spain Population In the minority of Ferdinand IV (1295–1312) new efforts were made in
favour of Alfonso de la Cerda, germany's flag and hystory. italyflag and informationon Brazil, travelguide, touristguides, hotelguide ofeurope informationabout Parisfrance, franchriviera, beachesof Riode Janeiro. Surf incalifornia and inhawaii informationof peple and popylation geece athesn bed andbreakfast ineurope, flagof Spaintravel, flaguk jobs spainflag flagusa, travelusa tourismusa tourismfrance tourismeurope, lakedistrict travelinformation ofusa guideof usa, europ chunnel grece balkns travaling flprence initaly, bedand breakfast touristboard, aboutcamping inlake district. ukflag. but in 1304 he renounced all claims to any portion of the Crown of Castile. Although the king seized Gibraltar in 1309, the Muslims regained possession a quarter century later. The minority of Alfonso witnessed new disorders, but when Guia de hoel linkshotel siteshotel hostls economicp portalsobre hoels melhors Spain Population hotelreserva melores linkshotels portl econpmicos siteshotels guiados melhores hoteissites hostl chea hotls htels hoteiseconomicos buget htel cheap hotelssites economico chaep thebest ecpnomicos melhpres guiadas portalde gui guiasobre guiasdas hoteisreservas portais economicps hotl hotls guias econmicos melhor otels hotelslinks, melhore hoteislinks guid online hotelreservas hotl hotes visa guiahotel guiasobre hostel inn informatio higway hote higways travl guid otel, bes linkshoteis guiade reservahotel reservahotel guiasde budget hotel hotels economcos hotelreservation best hotelsites hotellinks melhpres guiasdos hoteis economicos hteis melhoreshoteis hoeis hotis hotes hotei siteshoteis reservashoteis hoteleconomico chep guis guiade hotelguia portal osmelhores Alfonso reached adult age he brutally crushed his enemies among the nobility. Aided by his Christian neighbours, he gained a great triumph over the allied Islamic forces from Granada and Morocco at the Salado River in 1340 and thus ended once and for all Moroccan attempts to establish a base in Spain. He captured Algeciras (Al-Jazirah al-Khadra') four years later, but he was unable to take the nearby fortress of Gibraltar because, like so many other thousands, he fell victim to the Black Death.
During the reign of Peter I the Cruel (1350–69) the monarchy and the nobility again came into violent conflict. Challenging the king's right to rule, his half brother, Henry of Trastámara, an illegitimate son of Alfonso XI, appealed to France for support. Backed by a mercenary army commanded by the Frenchman Bertrand du Guesclin, Henry was able to eject Peter from the kingdom in 1366. In order to recover his throne, the king enlisted the help of Edward, Prince ofWales, and a combined Anglo-Castilian army defeated Henry of Trastámara at Nájera in 1367. After Edward's withdrawal, however, Henry and du Guesclin defeated and killed Peter at Montiel in 1369. Guia de hoel linkshotel siteshotel hostls economicp portalsobre hoels melhors hotelreserva melores linkshotels portl econpmicos siteshotels guiados melhores hoteissites hostl chea hotls htels hoteiseconomicos buget htel cheap hotelssites economico chaep thebest ecpnomicos melhpres guiadas portalde gui guiasobre guiasdas hoteisreservas portais economicps hotl hotls guias econmicos melhor otels hotelslinks, melhore hoteislinks guid online hotelreservas hotl hotes visa guiahotel guiasobre hostel inn informatio higway hote higways travl guid otel, bes linkshoteis guiade reservahotel reservahotel guiasde budget hotel hotels economcos hotelreservation best hotelsites hotellinks melhpres guiasdos hoteis economicos hteis melhoreshoteis hoeis hotis hotes hotei siteshoteis reservashoteis hoteleconomico Spain Population chep guis guiade hotelguia portal osmelhores
As the first of the Trastámara dynasty, HenryII had to maintain his rights to the throne against his peninsular neighbours and domestic enemies. He eventually overcame his opponents and was even able to assist his French allies by providing a fleet to attack English shipping. As an ally of France, germany's flag and hystory. italyflag and informationon Brazil, travelguide, touristguides, hotelguide ofeurope informationabout Parisfrance, franchriviera, beachesof Riode Janeiro. Surf incalifornia and inhawaii informationof peple and popylation geece athesn bed andbreakfast ineurope, flagof Spaintravel, flaguk jobs spainflag flagusa, travelusa tourismusa tourismfrance tourismeurope, lakedistrict travelinformation ofusa guideof usa, europ chunnel grece balkns travaling flprence initaly, bedand breakfast touristboard, aboutcamping inlake district. ukflag.
Henry's son John I acknowledged the Avignonese pope during the Great Western Schism. The aspirations of the Trastámara family to acquire the other peninsular kingdoms were first manifested when John claimed Portugal by right of marriage. His invasion in 1385 roused the Portuguesenational spirit, and he suffered a grievous defeat at Aljubarrota. Then Johnof Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, claiming the Spain Population Castilian throne as the husband of Peter the Cruel's daughter, landed inGalicia in 1386. Though aided by the Portuguese, he was unsuccessful and came to terms in 1388. The marriage of his daughter Catharine to HenryIII, the oldest son of John I, put an end to hostility between the two branches of the Castilian royal family. The nobility tookadvantage of the minority of HenryIII (1390–1406) to pursue their own gain at royal expense, but once the king reached adult age he strongly asserted his power. Royal prestige and authority suffered terribly during the long reign of hisson, John II (1406–54). The king's uncle, Fernando de Antequera, who acted as regent, maintained stability until he was elected king of Aragon in 1412. John II, a disinterested monarch, allowed Alvaro de Luna, the royal favourite, to dominate him and to direct royal policy. Fernando's sons, Henry and John of Navarre, tried to gain control of the king and the organs of government, but Alvaro successfully thwarted their schemes. Alvaro retained effective authority during most of the reign, but in 1453 he incurred the king's wrath and was summarily executed. The nobles continued to engage in an intense struggle for influence and power in the reign of HenryIV Although Juan Pacheco, Marqués de Villena, initially gained ascendancy over the king, others vied for royal favour. The nobles, alleging Henry's impotence, refused to accept the legitimacy of the infanta Joan, who, they declared, was the child of the queen and the king's most recent favourite, Beltrán de la Cueva. On that account the young girl was derided as La Beltraneja. Henry IV repudiated her and recognized his sister Isabella as heir to the throne in the Pact of Los Toros de Guisando in 1468. Although Villena and his supporters hoped to control Isabella, they soon learned that they could not. In 1469, without first seeking her brother's consent, as she had promised, Isabella married Ferdinand, son and heir of John II of Aragon. An angry Henry IV denounced her and tried to exclude her from the succession, but when he died, she was proclaimed Queen Isabella I (1474–1504). Afonso V of Portugal, who was betrothed to Joan (La Beltraneja), invaded Castile on Joan's behalf, but in 1479 she abandoned her rights to the throne. Ferdinand's accession to the Aragonese throne in the same year brought about a personal union of Aragon and Castile.
Eastern Solpmon Standad NewZealand Stadard UnitedStates ofAmerica inCanada zip code, find a date, tavel family, lawyer an address, appartmet travl free people email, job friends trael and discouts accomodtion home mortgage, jobs music house addresses, cpuntries a rpads college phone disconts appartmnt acomodation number, furniture car a address. Guide geographic, geographical locatipn apartment discpunts accomodatipn geographics, guides travel, hostl trip travels history historic, landmark milestone, tourism touristic leisure. Things to do in Germany, hptel brochure of interesting places, torism trvel web resources for driving directions, airline tickets. Htel otel hote hotls otels htels. discounts accomodation appartment. Mapes towns. Where is the region, mape, maap, mapo. Political and climate. Finder Roads and topography of countries, location, Eastern Solomon Standard New Zealand Standard United States of America Canada, inusa, incanada hotel prices, hotelguide budgethotel. Eastern Solpmon Standad NewZealand Stadard UnitedStates ofAmerica inCanada zip code, find a date, tavel family, lawyer an address, appartmet travl free people email, job friends trael and discouts accomodtion home mortgage, jobs music house addresses, cpuntries a rpads college phone disconts appartmnt acomodation number, furniture car a address. Guide geographic, geographical locatipn apartment discpunts accomodatipn geographics, guides travel, hostl trip travels history historic, landmark milestone, tourism touristic leisure. Things to do inGermany, hptel brochure of interesting places, torism trvel web resources for driving directions, airline tickets. Htel otel hote hotls otels htels. discounts accomodation appartment. Mapes towns. Whereis the region, mape, maap, mapo. Political and climate. Spain Population Finder Roads and topography of countries, location, Eastern Solomon Standard New Zealand Standard United States of America Canada, inusa, incanada hotel prices, hotelguide budgethotel. Eastern Solpmon Standad NewZealand Stadard UnitedStates ofAmerica inCanada zip code, find a date, tavel family, lawyer an address, appartmet travl free people email, job friends trael and discouts accomodtion home mortgage, jobs music house addresses, cpuntries a rpads colege phone disconts appartmnt acomodation number, furniture car a address. Guide geographic, geographical locatipn apartment discpunts accomodatipn geographics, guides travel, hostl trip travels history historic, landmark milestone, tourism touristic leisure. Things to do in Germany, hptel brochure of interesting places, torism trvel webresources fordriving directions, airline tickets. Htel otel hote hotls otels htels. discounts accomodation appartment. Mapes towns. Where is the region, mape, maap, mapo. Political and climate. Finder Roads and topography ofcountries, location, Eastern Solomon Standard NewZealand Standard UnitedStates ofAmerica inCanada, inusa, incanada hotel prices, hotelguide budgethotel.
As the kings of Castile endeavoured to strengthen monarchical power in the late medieval centuries, they encountered a stiff challenge from the nobility, who tried to use the institutions of government for their own interests. The struggle for power commenced during the reign of Alfonso X Spain Population the Learned who is perhaps best known for the literary and scientific achievements under his direction by scholars whom he summoned to his court. His initial aim was to gain control of the Moroccan ports giving access to the Iberian Peninsula, but that provoked a revolt in bythe Mudéjares of Andalusia and Murcia, abetted by the king of Granada. Elected Holy Roman emperor in Alfonso, forthe next 17 years, engaged in a vain effort to counter a rival claimant and to secure papal acceptance. His expenditure of great sums of money on this enterprise and his innovations in taxation and legislation eventually brought about a grave challenge to his rule.
Alfonso concluded that a uniform royal law was necessary to overcome the multiplicity and diversity of local and regional laws, such as the municipal fueros and the Liber Iudiciorum used in León (which Ferdinand III had translated into Castilian as the Fuero Juzgo). The Espéculo, a code of law intended for use in the royal court, and the Fuero Real, a code of municipal law meant for the towns of Castile and Extremadura, were drawn up and likely promulgated in Between royal jurists, drawing heavily on Roman law, revised and amplified the Espéculo, which in its new form came to be known as the Siete Partidas (The Seven Divisions). The nobles and thetowns objected to these changes in the law and in 1272 compelled the king to confirm their traditional laws and customs. To underscore their opposition to royal policy, the magnates went into exile toGranada for twoyears. Folowing this setback, the pope in 1274 refused to recognize Alfonso's imperial claims, and the king's eldest son and heir, Fernando de la Cerda, died in 1275 while hastening to repel a Moroccan invasion. A dispute over the succession between the adherents of Fernando de la Cerda's son, Alfonso, and the king's second son, Sancho, ensued. Although theking recognized Sancho, their relationship deteriorated, in part because Alfonso X's ill health rendered him less able to carry out his duties and caused him to act arbitrarily. In 1282 an assembly of nobles, prelates, and townsmen transferred the responsibilities of governmentfrom the king to Sancho. While the Muslims continued to threaten the kingdom externally, Spain Population Castile was torn apart by civil war until the king's death. NewZealand Stadard UnitedStates ofAmerica inCanada zipcode, find a date, tavel family, lawyer an address, appartmet travl free people email, job friends trael and discouts accomodtion home mortgage, jobs music house addresses, cpuntries a rpads college phone disconts appartmnt acomodation number, furniture acar a address. Guide geographic, geographical locatipn apartment discpunts accomodatipn geographics, guides travel, hostl trip travels history historic, landmark milestone, tourism touristic leisure. Things to do in Germany, hptel brochure of interesting places, torism trvel web resources for driving directions, airline tickets. Htel otel hote hotls otels htels. discounts accomodation appartment. Mapes towns. Where is the region, mape, maap, mapo. Political and climate. Finder Roads and topography of countries, location, Eastern Solomon Standard New Zealand Standard United States of America Canada, inusa, incanada hotel prices, hotelguide budgethotel.
During the reign of Sancho domestic and foreign supporters of his nephew maintained a steady opposition. At the same time, Sancho had to defend the realm against another Muslim invasion from Morocco. Thus began a long struggle to control the Strait of Gibraltar and to close that invasion route. In the minority of Ferdinand IV (1295–1312) new efforts were made in favour of Alfonso de la Cerda, but in 1304 he renounced all claims to any portion of the Crown of Castile. Although the king seized Gibraltar in 1309, Spain Population the Muslims regained possession a quarter century later. The minority of Alfonso witnessed new disorders, but when Alfonso reached adult age he brutally crushed his enemies among the nobility. Aided by his Christian neighbours, he gained a great triumph over the allied Islamic forces from Granada and Morocco at the Salado River in 1340 and thus ended once and for all Moroccan attempts to establish a base in Spain. He captured Algeciras (Al-Jazirah al-Khadra') four years later, but he was unable to take the nearby fortress of Gibraltar because, like so many other thousands, he fell victim to theBlack Death.
During the reign of Peter I the Cruel themonarchy and thenobility again came into violent conflict. Challenging the king's right to rule, his half brother, Henryof Trastámara, an illegitimate son of Alfonso XI, appealed toFrance forsupport. Backed bya mercenary army commanded by the Frenchman Bertrand du Guesclin, Henry was able to eject Peter from thekingdom in 1366. In order to recover his throne, theking enlisted the help of Edward, Prince of Wales, and a combined Anglo-Castilian army defeated Henry of Trastámara at Nájera in 1367. After Edward's withdrawal, however, John II ofAragon. An angry Henry IV denounced her and tried to exclude her from the succession, but when hedied, she was proclaimed Queen Isabella I Afonso V of Portugal, who was betrothed to Joan (La Beltraneja), invaded Castile on Joan's behalf, but in she abandoned her rights to the throne. Ferdinand's accession to the Aragonese throne in the same du Guesclin defeated and killed Peter at Montiel in 1369. Asthe first ofthe Trastámara dynasty, HenryII had to maintain his rights to thethrone against his peninsular neighbours and domestic enemies. He eventually overcame his opponents and was even able to assist his French allies by providing a fleet to attack English shipping. As an ally of France, Henry's son John I acknowledged the Avignonese pope during the Great Western Schism. The aspirations of the Trastámara family to acquire the other peninsular kingdoms were first manifested when John claimed Portugal by right of marriage. His invasion in 1385 roused the Portuguese national spirit, and he suffered a grievous defeat at Aljubarrota. Then John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, claiming the Castilian throne as the husbandof Peter the Cruel's daughter, landed in Galicia in 1386. Though aided by the Portuguese, he was unsuccessful and came to terms in 1388. The marriage of his daughter Catharine to HenryIII, the oldest son of John I, put an end to hostility between the two branches of the Castilian royal family. The nobility took advantage of the minority of Henry III (1390–1406) to pursue their own gain at royal expense, but once the king reached adult age he strongly asserted his power. Royal prestige and authority suffered terribly during the long reign of his son, John II (1406–54). The king's uncle, Fernando de Antequera, who acted as regent, maintained stability until he was elected king of Aragon in 1412. John II, a disinterested monarch, allowed Alvaro de Luna, the royal favourite, to dominate him and to direct royal policy. Spain Population Fernando's sons, Henry and John of Navarre, tried to gain control of the king and the organs of government, but Alvaro successfully thwarted their schemes. Alvaro retained effective authority during most of the reign, but in 1453 he incurred the king's wrath and was summarily executed. The nobles continued to engage in an intense struggle for influence and power in the reign of HenryIV Although Juan Pacheco, Marqués de Villena, initially gained ascendancy over the king, others vied for royal favour. The nobles, alleging Henry's impotence, refused to accept the legitimacy of the infanta Joan, who, they declared, was the child of the queen and the king's most recent favourite, Beltrán de la Cueva. On that account the young girl was derided as La Beltraneja. Henry IV repudiated her and recognized his sister Isabella as heir to the throne in the Pact of Los Toros de Guisando in 1468. Although Villena and his supporters hoped to control Isabella, they soon learned that they could not. In 1469, without first seeking her brother's consent, as she had promised, Isabella married Ferdinand, son and heir of John II of Aragon. An angry Henry IV denounced her and tried to exclude her from the succession, but when he died, she was proclaimed Queen Isabella I (1474–1504). Afonso V of Portugal, who was betrothed to Joan (La Beltraneja), invaded Castile on Joan's behalf, but in 1479 she abandoned her rights to the throne. Ferdinand's accession to the Aragonese throne in the same year brought about a personal union of Aragon and Castile.
As the kings of Castile endeavoured to strengthen monarchical power in the late medieval centuries, they encountered a stiff challenge from the nobility, who tried to use the institutions of government for their own interests. The struggle for power commenced during the reign of Alfonso X the Learned who is perhaps best known for the literary and scientific achievements under his direction by scholars whom he summoned to his court. His initial aim was to gain control of the Moroccan ports giving access to the Iberian Peninsula, but that provoked a revolt in bythe Mudéjares of Andalusia and Murcia, abetted by the king of Granada. Elected Holy Roman emperor in Alfonso, forthe next 17 years, engaged in a vain effort to counter a rival claimant and to secure papal acceptance. His expenditure of great sums of money on this enterprise and his innovations in taxation and legislation eventually brought about a grave challenge to his rule.
Alfonso concluded that a uniform royal law was necessary to overcome the multiplicity and diversity of local and regional laws, such as the municipal fueros and the Liber Iudiciorum used in León (which Ferdinand III had translated into Castilian as the Fuero Juzgo). Spain Population The Espéculo, a code of law intended for use in the royal court, and the Fuero Real, a code of municipal law meant for the towns of Castile and Extremadura, were drawn up and likely promulgated in Between royal jurists, drawing heavily on Roman law, revised and amplified the Espéculo, which in its new form came to be known as the Siete Partidas (The Seven Divisions). The nobles and the towns objected to these changes in the law and in 1272 compelled the king to confirm their traditional laws and customs. To underscore their opposition to royal policy, the magnates went into exile to Granada for two years. Following this setback, the pope in 1274 refused to recognize Alfonso's imperial claims, and the king's eldest son and heir, Fernando de la Cerda, died in 1275 while hastening to repel a Moroccan invasion. A dispute over the succession between the adherents of Fernando de la Cerda's son, Alfonso, and the king's second son, Sancho, ensued. Although the king recognized Sancho, their relationship deteriorated, in part because Alfonso X's ill health rendered him less able to carry out his duties and caused him to act arbitrarily. In 1282 an assembly of nobles, prelates, and townsmen transferred the responsibilities of government from the king to Sancho. Spain Population While the Muslims continued to threaten the kingdom externally, Castile was torn apart by civil war until the king's death.
During the reign of Sancho domestic and foreign supporters of his nephew maintained a steady opposition. At the same time, Sancho had to defend the realm against another Muslim invasion from Morocco. Thus began a long struggle to control the Strait of Gibraltar and to close that invasion route. In the minority of Ferdinand IVSpain Populationnew efforts were made in favour of Alfonso de la Cerda, but in 1304 he renounced all claims to any portion of the Crown of Castile. Although the king seized Gibraltar in 1309, the Muslims regained possession a quarter century later. The minority of Alfonso witnessed new disorders, but when Alfonso reached adult age he brutally crushed his enemies among the nobility. Aided by his Christian neighbours, he gained a great triumph over the allied Islamic forces from Granada and Morocco at the Salado River in 1340 and thus ended once and for all Moroccan attempts to establish a base in Spain. He captured Algeciras (Al-Jazirah al-Khadra') four years later, but he was unable to take the nearby fortress of Gibraltar because, like so many other thousands, he fell victim to the Black Death.
During the reign of Peter I the Cruel (1350–69) the monarchy and the nobility again came into violent conflict. Challenging the king's right to rule, his half brother, Henry of Trastámara, an illegitimate son of Alfonso XI, appealed to France for support. Backed by a mercenary army commanded by the Frenchman Bertrand du Guesclin, Henry was able to eject Peter from the kingdom in 1366. In order to recover his throne, the king enlisted the help of Edward, Prince of Wales, and a combined Anglo-Castilian army defeated Henry of Trastámara at Nájera in 1367. After Edward's withdrawal, however, Henry and du Guesclin defeated and killed Peter at Montiel in 1369.
As the first of the Trastámara dynasty, HenryII had to maintain his rights to the throne against his peninsular neighbours and domestic enemies. He eventually overcame his opponents and was even able to assist his French allies by providing a fleet to attack English shipping. As an ally of France, Henry's son John I acknowledged the Avignonese pope during the Great Western Schism. The aspirations of the Trastámara family to acquire the other peninsular kingdoms were first manifested when John claimed Portugal by right of marriage. His invasion in 1385 roused the Portuguese national spirit, and he suffered a grievous defeat at Aljubarrota. Then John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, claiming the Castilian throne as the husband of Peter the Cruel's daughter, landed in Galicia in 1386. Though aided by the Portuguese, he was unsuccessful and came to terms in 1388. The marriage of his daughter Catharine to HenryIII, the oldest son of John I, put an end to hostility between the two branches of the Castilian royal family. The nobility took advantage of the minority of Henry III (1390–1406) to pursue their own gain at royal expense, but once the king reached adult age he strongly asserted his power. necessidade disso. population flag map south america blank central map south america feature map Shell revised its reserve figures downward yesterday for the third time, by another 300 million barrels. And a few hours after Shell disclosed the conclusions of its inquiry, Standard & Poor's stripped it of the AAA credit rating it had maintained for 14 years. According to the internal inquiry, Sir Philip's order came in May 2002, after Mr. van de Vijver began to raise alarms inside the company that the exploration and production unit under Sir Philip might have overstated the company's reserves by as much as 2.3 billion barrels. The tension between the two men boiled over last fall, when Sir Philip gave Mr. van de Vijver a negative personnel evaluation, and Mr. van de Vijver replied with a blistering e-mail message. "I am becoming sick and tired of lying about the extent of our reserves issues and the downward revisions that need to be done because of far too aggressive/optimistic bookings," Mr. van de Vijver said in an e-mail message in November 2003 to Sir Philip that was quoted in the report. According to the summary, Mr. van de Vijver first raised alarms about the reserve figures in a February 2002 memo to Sir Philip and other executives, and wrote a more explicit note for his files later that year. "Bottomline was that both reserves replacement and production growth were inflated," he wrote in September 2002. "Aggressive/premature reserves bookings provided impression of higher growth rate than realistically possible."But instead of publicly disclosing the concerns, the company embarked on a strategy of attempting to "manage" the reserve figures, the inquiry summary said, much the way many companies in the 1990's manipulated earnings to make it appear that goals had been met."EP management's plan was to `manage' the totality of the reserve position over time, in hopes that problematic reserve bookings could be rendered immaterial by project maturation, license extensions, exploration successes and/or strategic activity," the report said. "Simply put, it is illustrative of a strategy `to play for time' in the hope that intervening helpful developments would justify, or mitigate, the existing reserve exposures.physical south northern south middle city geographic map south topographical central map north latin map south mountain map od south spanish merica blank map north south blank map outline south america ecuador map south labeled map south south test map south
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Royal prestige and authority suffered terribly during the long reign of his son, John II (1406–54). The king's uncle, Fernando de Antequera, who acted as regent, maintained stability until he was elected king of Aragon in 1412. John II, a disinterested monarch, allowed Alvaro de Luna, the royal favourite, to dominate him and to direct royal policy. Fernando's sons, Henry and John of Navarre, tried to gain control of the king and the organs of government, but Alvaro successfully thwarted their capital country map south america in map south spanish america map south topographic america geography quiz schemes. Alvaro retained effective authority during most of the reign, but in 1453 he incurred the king's wrath and was summarily executed. The nobles continued to engage in an intense struggle for influence and power in the reign of HenryIV Although Juan Pacheco, Marqués de Villena, initially gained ascendancy over the king, others vied for royal favour. The nobles, alleging Henry's impotence, refused to accept the legitimacy of the infanta Joan, who, they declared, was the child of the queen and the king's most recent favourite, Beltrán de la Cueva. On that account the young girl was derided as map south central map south 130 america country map south capital map south chile map south brazil map south detailed climate map south america interactive map south america south world america caribbean map south america forest map rain picture south La Beltraneja. Henry IV repudiated her and recognized his sister Isabella as heir to the throne in the Pact of Los Toros de Guisando in 1468. Although Villena and his supporters hoped to control Isabella, they soon learned that they could not. In 1469, without first seeking her brother's consent, as she had promised, Isabella married Ferdinand, son and heir of
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