Engineering Management

Home

Sites

ABdA

Help

E-mail

WEEK 11: DIRECTING: HUMAN MOTIVATION

Directing

Definition. Directing is the process of guiding actual performance of subordinates toward common goals.

Human System

Definition. A Human System is composed of:
1. Anatomy. human body
2. Physiology. physical attributes.
3. Behavior. overt and covert action.

Assumptions of Man.
1. Man is unique. No two are the same, even identical twins.
2. Man is whole. Human beings should be taken as one: physically and mentally.
3. S-O-R Model. Stimuli given to an organism will generate a response.
4. Respect/Dignity.

Dimensions of Man.
1. Physical. Anatomical, physiological attributes.
2. Social. Interaction with other human beings, and community.
2. Psychic. Existential sense.

Similarities of Man.
1. Anatomical / Physiological. The physical attributes, mannerisms, and deformity.
2. Process of Behavior. Usually differ in degree, but universal behavior have the same cause, motivation and goals.

Differences of Man.
1. String Stimulus. Different stimuli elicits different reaction.
2. Environment. Nature causes difference in social, political, technical, economic and fiscal states..
3. Goals / Leadership Styles.
4. Perception. Understanding, senses, knowledge.
a. Selectivity. supportive and satisfying to an individual.
b. Closure. a complete picture for any given set of information.
c. Interpretation. Dependednt on past experiences and value system.

Maslow's Prepotency of Needs

Definition. Prepotency of needs is design in a hierarchical fashion where lower-order needs are experienced first and must be satisfied by the work environment before higher-order needs are perceived.

Hierarchy of Needs.
1. Physiological. hunger, thirst, sex.
2. Safety. Freedom from bodily harm.
3. Social. The need to be loved and be loved, to include affection, friendship, affiliation.
4. Esteem. Self-respect, respect from others, status.
5. Self-Actualization. Becoming all that one chooses and is capable of becoming, self-realization, fulfillment.

Maslow's Heirarchy of Needs fails in specifying adequately where money (incentive) is categorized. It presupposess that an achieved need loses its power to motivate, which is not usually the case.

Herzberg's Model

Definition. Frederick Herzberg's Two Factor Model classifies all motivation into two factors.

1. Satisfiers / Motivators.
a. Achievement.
b. Recognition.
c. Work, per se.
d. Responsibility.
e. Advancement.
f. Growth.

2. Dissatisfiers / Hygiene.
a. Policy. company rules, administration.
b. Supervision.
c. Relationship with coworkers.
d. Work COnditions.
e. Salary.
e. Personal Life.
g. Job Security.

McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

Theory X. Authoritarian Approach
1. Man is inherently lazy and will shun work if they can.
2. People must be directed, controlled and motivated by fear of punishment or deprivation to be impelled to work as the organization requires.
3. The average man prefers to be directed, works to avoid responsibility, and has little ambition but wants security.

Theory Y. Participative Approach
1. Work is satisfying. Physical and mental effort is as natural as play or rest.
2. People will exercise self-control, and self-direction in the service of objectives which they are committed.
3. The average man, under proper conditions, learns to accept and even seek responsibility which produeces better results.
3. Creative, imaginative and ingenuitive capacities exists genreally among individuals.

Ouchi's Theory Z

William Ouchi compares the American and the Oriental sense of management.

Theory Z

Theory A

Employment

Lifetime

Short-term

COntrol System

Implicit

Explicit

Decision-making

Consultative

Individual

Responsibility

Group

Individual

Promotions

Slow

Fast

Concern for Individual

Total

Partial

Interpersonal Linkages

Cooperation

Competition

Student's Corner

Assignment 01. Motivation
Write an essay on the following question

Are Filipinos Theory X or Theory Y people?

Support your answers with facts.