4) The conjunctive adverbs are:

also

as a result

besides

consequently

furthermore

however

in fact

moreover

nevertheless

on the contrary

on the other

hand

otherwise

still

then

therefore

thus

The conjunctive adverbs are used to introduce an independent clause. They are followed by a comma (there are exceptions, but it is always safe to include the comma). Because they serve to relate one clause to another clause, they are usually joined to the end of the first independent clause by the use of a semicolon (;).

Ex.: There are many hotels; however, you will find they are all expensive.

The number of accidents involving trucks is very high; moreover, that number

is increasing every year.

Reducing trade barriers will allow companies to expand into foreign markets;

on the other hand, many jobs in this country will be lost.

The wages in most third world countries are much lower than here; therefore,

companies have a natural motivation to transfer their production out of this country.

It is possible (but less elegant) to replace the semicolon with a period and simply to begin a new sentence starting with the conjunctive adverb.

Ex.: There are many hotels. However, you will find they are all expensive.

The number of accidents involving trucks is very high. Moreover, that number

is increasing every year.

Reducing trade barriers will allow companies to expand into foreign markets.

On the other hand, many jobs in this country will be lost.

The wages in most third world countries are much lower than here. Therefore,

companies have a natural motivation to transfer their production out of this country.

EXERCISE Fill in each blanks with an appropriate conjunctive adverb, and then provide the necessary punctuation.

1. Many people believe that drinking wine is unhealthy the truth is that it

stimulates digestion and contains anticarcinogens (chemicals which impede cancer).

2. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was signed over 50 years ago

human rights continue to be abused in many corners of the world.

3. Solar energy is the most abundant form of energy on our planet it is a 'clean'

form of energy.

4. The U.S.A. has the widest gap between rich and poor of any industrialized nation

35 million people in the U.S.A. live in poverty.

5. Global warming has destabilized this planet's climate patterns we can expect

an increase in the number of violent weather events such as hurricanes and typhoons.

6. Einstein believed that science does not contradict the existence of God the

laws of physics can be seen as evidence of a divine order in the universe.

7. In the 1970's and the 1980's, most computer programmers only used two digit codes to

represent the year there are many computers which are incapable of

processing the change from 1999 to 2000.

8. Many new anti-AIDs drugs have appeared on the market in recent years the

number of deaths from AIDs in this country has decreased considerably.

9. Sea kayaks are generally quite long to provide stability river kayaks are

usually short in order to allow for maneuverability.

10. Some people worry about using fossil fuels for energy because they are a non-renewable

resource the biggest problem that fossil fuels pose is related to the pollution

that they cause.

5) The relative pronouns are:

that which who (or whom)

A relative pronoun introduces a relative clause (a clause which is used to modify an antecedent in the main clause). The relative pronoun which represents things, while the relative pronouns who and whom represent people. The relative pronoun who is used as the subject within a relative clause, and whom is used as the object of a verb or of a preposition within a relative clause. The relative pronoun that may be used in all instances except after a preposition.

Ex.: There is the house that I would like to buy.

Give me the book which is on the counter.

She is the woman who met me. (who is the subject of the rel. clause)

She is the woman whom I met. (whom is the object of the verb met)

She is the woman to whom I was introduced. = She is the woman whom I was

introduced to. (whom is the object of the preposition to)

There are two types of relative clauses:

a) defining (also called restrictive or necessary)

b) non-defining (also called nonrestrictive or unnecessary)

a) A defining relative clause is used to identify a noun. Commas are NOT used.

Ex.: I met my friend who lives in Paris.

The relative clause in this example indicates that I did not meet my friend who lives in London or my friend who lives in Moscow; it defines the friend that I met as the friend who lives in Paris.

b) A non-defining relative clause is used to give additional, NON-essential information about a noun. Commas MUST be used.

Ex.: I met Jacques Villeneuve, who lives in Paris.

In this example, the relative clause does not define Jacques Villeneuve. It simply gives us extra information about where he lives. In general, if we can remove a relative clause without any essential change in the identity of the noun which it modifies, it is a non-defining clause.

Note: the relative pronoun that is not used within non-defining relative clauses.

EXERCISE Determine whether the relative clause is defining or non-defining and punctuate the sentence accordingly.

1. The Charles River which runs through Boston is heavily polluted.

2. The river which runs through Boston is heavily polluted.

3. The reason that I called you is because I want to ask you about relative pronouns.

4. I gave the opera tickets to my wife who is a big fan of Pavarotti's.

5. The people whom I saw at the funeral were all dressed in black.

6. Adolf Hitler who has often been called a "butcher" was in fact a vegetarian.

EXERCISE Use either who or whom in the following sentences:

1. The person gets the most votes will represent us at the next meeting.

2. The person we elect will represent us at the next meeting.

3. If you want to find the murderer, look for someone ___________ has a strong motive.

4. The police haven't questioned him because he is someone nobody

suspects.

5. She is the person you should talk to if you want the job.