CHAPTER 11
WORLD WAR 1
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ULTRA NATIONALISM
o
DEMISE OF EMPIRES AND THE BIRTH OF NATIONS
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IMPERIALISM
o
NATIONS JOCKEYED FOR WORLD POWER
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MILITARISM
o
EVER INCREASING AMOUNTS OF MONEY SPENT TO MODERNIZE ARMIES AND NAVIES
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ENTANGLING ALLIANCES
o
CENTRAL POWERS
§
o TRIPLE ENTENTE
§
o
MUTUAL DEFENSE PACTS – AN ATTACK ON ONE WOULD INCUR REPRISALS BY ALL
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THE WAR IS PRECIPITATED WHEN ARCHDUKE FERDINAND, THE HEIR APPARENT TO THE
THRONE OF THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE, IS ASSASSINATED BY A SERBIAN NATIONALIST
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INITIAL GERMAN SUCCESSES ARE FOLLOWED BY A STALEMATE ON THE WESTERN
FRONT
o
THE WAR BECOMES A WAR OF ATTRITION
§
THE BRITISH BLOCKADE EFFECTIVELY BRINGS THE WAR TO AN END
o
TRENCH WARFARE IS THE NORM
§
NO MAN’S LAND
o
HIGH CASUALTY RATES ON BOTH SIDES
§
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
·
ANTIQUATED TACTICS COUPLED WITH MODERN WEAPONS
o
TANKS, MACHINE GUNS, AIRPLANES, U-BOATS, CHEMICAL WEAPONS
·
DISEASE AND SHELL SHOCK
§
26 MILLION DEAD, HALF ARE CIVILIANS
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THE TIDE TURNS WITH US ENTRY INTO THE WAR
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INITIALLY THE U.S. FEELS THAT NEITHER SIDE MERITS OUR SUPPORT
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THE
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WILSON AFFIRMS FREEDOM OF THE
SEAS
o
WE CONTINUE TO TRADE WITH BOTH SIDES
o
THE U.S. LEANS TOWARDS THE ALLIES
§
ECONOMIC REASONS- WE HAVE MORE LOANS TO THE ALLIES
§
POLITICAL % SOCIAL REASONS – WE HAVE COMMON LANGUAGE, ANCESTRY, CUSTOMS
AND DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS
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WHAT BRINGS US INVOLVEMENT?
§
SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA
·
UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE
§
ZIMMERMAN NOTE
§
WILSON WANTS A SAY IN THE OUTCOME
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AMERICAN MOBILIZATION
o
RAISE MONEY
§
LIBERTY BONDS
o
RAISE MEN
§
S.S.S. – DRAFT
o
RAISE GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT
§
PROPAGANDA
·
COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION
- GEORGE CREEL
§
W.I.B. – BERNARD BARUCH – COMMAND ECONOMY
§
ESPIONAGE AND SEDITION ACTS PUNISHED DISLOYALTY
§
THE GITLOW AND ABRAMS CASES
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THE A.E.F (DOUGHBOYS) UNDER GENERAL JOHN PERSHING HAD A SIGNIFICANT
IMPACT ON THE OUTCOME OF THE WAR
o
THE A.E.F. WASN’T INTEGRATED WITH
§
FOREIGN TROOPS, WOMEN, OR
AFRICAN AMERICANS
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THE U.S. CONVEY SYSTEM HELPED THE BRITISH BLOCKADE
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AFRICAN AMERICANS
o
THE GREAT MIGRATION WAS ACCELERATED
o
MOVEMENT OF AFRICAN AMERICANS FROM THE SOUTH TO THE NORTH
§
WHY
·
ESCAPE DISCRIMINATION
·
BETTER JOB OPPORTUNITIES
o
SEGREGATION CONTINUED IN THE MILITARY
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WOMEN
o
WOMEN SERVED IN MANY NON-COMBAT ROLES IN THE MILITARY
§
NURSES, CLERKS ETC
o
WOMEN BEGAN FILLING MANY NON-TRADITIONAL JOBS IN THE WORKPLACE
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AGENDAS OF THE ALLIES GOING INTO VERSAILLES
o PUNISH GERMANY
§
WAR REPARATIONS
·
LEADS TO HYPER-INFLATION AND THE RISE OF HITLER
§
WAR GUILT CLAUSE
§
GERMANY IS DEMILITARIZED
o ACQUIRE TERRITORY
§
FRANCE GOT ALSACE LORRAINE AND OCCUPIED THE SAAR BASIN
§
ENGLAND’S QUEST FOR TERRITORY WAS QUASHED BY THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
MANDATED COLONIES UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE LEAGUE
·
INCLUDED SYRIA, LEBANON, IRAQ AND PALESTINE (ISRAEL)
§
ITALY GOT NOTHING FROM THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE
o PREVENT FUTURE WARS
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U.S. – WILSON – 14 POINTS
§
WILSON FEARED THE POTENTIAL OF BOLSHEVISM
§
WILSON SOUGHT AN INTERNATIONAL MEDIATING BODY TO GUARANTEE
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TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY
·
SELF-DETERMINATION
·
INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
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WEAKNESSES OF THE TREATY
o
RUSSIA, GERMANY AND JAPAN WERE EXCLUDED FROM NEGOTIATIONS
§
THE WAR GUILT CLAUSE AND THE WAR REPARATIONS INSTILLED THE BASIS FOR
REVENGE AND SOWED THE SEEDS OF FASCISM
o
RUSSIA LOST MORE TERRITORY THAN GERMANY
o
CREATED INTERNATIONAL INSTABILITY
·
TREATY IGNORED THE CLAIMS OF COLONIAL PEOPLE FOR SELF-DETERMINATION IN
THE MIDDLE EAST, EASTERN EUROPE AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
o
THE US DID NOT SIGN THE TREATY
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THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES AND THE HOME FRONT
o
OPPOSITION TO THE TREATY EMERGED IN THE SENATE BECAUSE WILSON FAILED TO
INCLUDE CONGRESSIONAL INPUT PRIOR TO NEGOTIATIONS
§
IRRECONCILABLES
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FAVORED ISOLATIONISM
o
THEY WERE ANTI-TREATY AND ANTI-LEAGUE
§
RESERVATIONISTS
·
THEY FAVORED THE LEAGUE BUT OPPOSED ARTICLE X
o
THIS GUARANTEED TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY AND INDEPENDENCE TO ALL MEMBERS
OF THE LEAGUE
§
THEY FEARED THAT THIS WOULD INVOLVE THE U.S. IN MANY ARMED CONFLICTS
AND THEREBY DIMINISH THE WAR-MAKING POWERS OF CONGRESS
§
o
THE SENATE REJECTS THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
§
WILSON IS UNWILLING TO COMPROMISE
§
THE RED SCARE BECOMES MORE IMPORTANT IN THE U.S.