CHAPTER 17
THE
-
AFTER
-
THE
NEW DEAL CAME TO AN END
o
MILITARY OBJECTIVES BECAME MORE IMPORTANT THAN SOCIAL REFORM
o
FULL EMPLOYMENT ELIMINATED THE NEED FOR PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS
o
MOST PEOPLE FELT THAT WE WERE FIGHTING FOR THE FOUR FREEDOMS "Four
Freedoms"
§ FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
§ FREEDOM OF WORSHIP
§ FREEDOM FROM WANT
§ FREEDOM FROM FEAR
-
VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS
o
AIR RAID WARDENS
o
SKY WATCHERS
o
o
COLLECTING RECYCLABLES
o
CITIZENS BOUGHT
o
CARPOOLING
17/2
-
CONTROL OF THE ECONOMY
o
WPB WAR PRODUCTION BOARD
§ EXERCISED GENERAL
RESPONSIBILITY OVER THE ECONOMY
· THE ECONOMY BECAME A
CONTROLLED ECONOMY
§ LIMITED PRODUCTION OF
NON-ESSENTIAL GOODS
§ SHIFT TO WARTIME PRODUCTION
· NEW PLANTS WERE BUILT FOR
INDUSTRIES INVOLVED IN WARTIME PRODUCTION
§ RELAXED ANTI-TRUST LEGISLATION
FOR DEFENSE CONTRACTORS
o
NWLB NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARD
§ ESTABLISHED WAGE CONTROLS
· INTENDED TO STEM INFLATION
o
OPA OFFICE OF PRICE ADMINISTRATION
§ SET A CEILING ON PRICES
§ ESTABLISHED RATIONING
· GAS, MEAT, SHOES, COFFEE,
SUGAR ETC.
o OSRD OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
§ IMPROVED RADAR AND SONAR
§ MANHATTAN PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC
BOMB
17/3
-
RAISING REVENUE
o
REVENUE ACT OF 1942
§ RAISED PERSONAL AND
CORPORATE INCOME TAXES
§ INSTITUTED PAYROLL
DEDUCTIONS
o
SOLD LIBERTY BONDS
§ FINANCE THE WAR
§ STEM INFLATION
-
RAISING AN ARMY
o
SELECTIVE SERVICE ESTABLISHED
§ ALL MEN BETWEEN THE AGES OF
18 25 WERE REQUIRED TO SERVE I YEAR
-
UNIONS
VOLUNTARILY TOOK A NO STRIKE PLEDGE
-
MANY
WOMEN ENTER THE WORKFORCE PERFORMING NON-TRADITIONAL JOBS
o
3 OUT OF EVERY 4 NEW WORKERS WERE WOMEN
o
ROSIE THE RIVETER BECAME THE PERSONIFICATION OF WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE
§ THEY WERE PAID 60% OF WHAT A
MAN WAS PAID
§ THEY HAD LITTLE OR NO JOB
SECURITY
-
MANY
MINORITIES CONTINUED TO SUFFER FROM DISCRIMINATION IN DEFENSE INDUSTRIES
17/4
o
OBTAINING JOBS AND DEFENSE CONTRACTS
o
PHILIP RANDOLPH A NOTED BLACK LABOR LEADER THREATENED A MARCH ON
WASHINGTON TO PROTEST
o
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST AFRICAN AMERICANS
§ ROOSEVELT FELT THAT THIS
MARCH WOULD
· GIVE THE APPEARANCE OF
NATIONAL DISUNITY
· CAUSE A WHITE BACKLASH
AGAINST BLACKS BECAUSE OF A LACK OF PATRIOTISM
ISSUED EXECUTIVE ORDER 8802
- ENDED
DISCRIMINATION IN DEFENSE INDUSTRIES
o
INTENDED TO END DISCRIMINATION NOT SEGREGATION
· HE DID NOT END
SEGREGATION IN THE MILITARY
o
DISCRIMINATION AND THE JAPANESE
§
EXECUTIVE ORDER 9066
Japanese Relocation Order (1942)
· ESTABLISHED 10 RELOCATION
CAMPS
· INTENDED TO REMOVE THE
THREAT OF JAPANESE ESPIONAGE ON THE
· 2/3RDS OF THOSE INTERNED
WERE NISEI
o
JAPANESE BORN IN THE
· 1/3RD WERE ISSEI
o
JAPANESE NOT BORN IN THE
§
KOREMATSU V. U.S korematsu
· U.S. SUPREME COURT RULED
THAT THE INTERNMENT OF JAPANESE AMERICANS WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL
THE CASABLANCA CONFERENCE 1943
-
ATTENDED
BY THE BIG THREE
o
CHURCHILL, STALIN, AND FDR
-
DEVELOPED
WAR STRATEGY
-
o
FIRST PRIORITY WAS THE DEFEAT OF
§ THE US WOULD FIGHT A
DEFENSIVE WAR IN THE PACIFIC
§ STALIN WANTED THE ALLIES TO
OPEN UP A SECOND FRONT
· Y TO RELIEVE PRESSURE ON
THE EASTERN FRONT
§ CHURCHILL WANTED TO ATTACK
THE AXIS FROM THE SOFT UNDERBELLY I.E. AFRICA AND DELAY AN INVASION OF EUROPE
UNTIL ENOUGH AMERICAN TROOPS AND EQUIPMENT WAS READIED
§ FDR SIDED WITH CHURCHILL
· THIS CREATED ANIMOSITY WITH
STALIN
HIGHLIGHTS
OF THE EUROPEAN THEATER
-
o
FIRST GERMAN DEFEAT
§ RUSSIAN WINTER
§ SCORCHED EARTH POLICY
-
EL
ALEMEIN
o
MONTGOMERY DEFEATS ROMMEL IN
-
NORMANDY
OPERATION OVERLORD D DAY
o
THE ALLIED INVASION OF
-
BATTLE
OF THE BULGE
o
FINAL GERMAN COUNTEROFFENSIVE
-
5/8/45
V. E. DAY
17/6
THE
PACIFIC THEATER
-
PRIMARILY
A NAVAL WAR
-
-
BATTLE OF
o
TURNING POINT OF WAR
§ 1ST TIME THE JAPANESE WERE
STOPPED AS THEY ADVANCED ON
-
BATTLE OF MIDWAY
o
1ST MAJOR JAPANESE DEFEAT
-
BATTLE OF
o
LAST JAPANESE COUNTEROFFENSIVE OF THE WAR
-
US
STRATEGY IN THE PACIFIC
-
o ISLAND HOPPING
§ BY CUTTING OFF SUPPLIES, THE
US WOULD WIN BACK ONE ISLAND AT A TIME
§ GUADALCANAL WAS THE FIRST
ISLAND RECAPTURED
§ A HIGH DEATH TOLL LIMITED
THE STRATEGY OF ISLAND HOPPING
· CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
MALARIA
· TENACITY OF THE JAPANESE
SOLDIERS
o
BUSHIDO CODE "BUSHIDO"
17/7
o USING THE ATOMIC BOMB
§ TRUMANS OPTIONS
· DROP THE BOMB AND END THE
WAR IMMEDIATELY
o
THIS WOULD SAVE COUNTLESS AMERICAN LIVES
· DEMONSTRATE TO THE JAPANESE
THE DESTRUCTIVE POWER OF THE BOMB
o
WHAT IF IT FAILED?
· WAIT FOR THE SOVIETS TO
ENTER THE WAR
o
US DIDNT WANT A SOVIET SAY IN THE POST WAR SETTLEMENT
· NEGOTIATE A PEACE
· LAND INVASION OF THE
JAPANESE HOMELAND
§ TRUMAN DECIDED TO DROP THE
BOMB ON
·
·
§ V.J. DAY - 8/13/45
-
MISCELLANEOUS
o
KAMIKAZI def JAPANESE SUICIDE PILOTS
o
ENOLA GAY NAME OF THE PLANE THAT DROPPED THE BOMB ON
o
ROBERT OPPENHEIMER MAN WHO LED THE MANHATTAN PROJECT THAT DEVELOPED
THE ATOMIC BOMB
o
DOUGLAS MAC ARTHUR COMMANDER OF THE PACIFIC THEATER
o
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDER
17/8
-
BRETTON WOODS BRETTON WOODS
o
SET UP THE I.M.F.
§ STABILIZE INTERNATIONAL
CURRENCIES
§ PROMOTE WORLD TRADE
-
DUMBARTON OAKS
o
LAID THE GROUNDWORK FOR THE UNITED NATIONS
-
YALTA
yalta THE BIG
THREE
o
STALIN AGREED TO ENTER THE WAR AGAINST JAPAN 3 MONTHS AFTER A GERMAN
SURRENDER
o
THE USSR WOULD GET THE EASTERN ½ OF POLAND IN RETURN FOR ALLOWING FREE
ELECTIONS IN
o
GERMANY AND BERLIN WOULD BE DIVIDED INTO 4 OCCUPATION ZONES
§ SOME CONSIDER THIS TO BE THE
BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR
§ FDR CRITICIZED FOR SELLING
OUT TO THE SOVIETS
ADDENDA
-
ARTICLES
OF INTEREST
o Executive Order 9981: Desegregation of the
Armed Forces (1948)
o
Confinement and Ethnicity (Abstract and
Acknowledgments)
§ Confinement and Ethnicity (Chapter 3)
o
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