CHAPTER 9
THE ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISM
GENERAL INFORMATION
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THE CITIES BECAME
MAGNETS FOR IMMIGRANTS AND MIGRANTS
o
WHY? – JOBS
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INDUSTRIALISM AND
THE RISE OF CITIES CAUSED PROBLEMS
o
Def – THE
APPLICATION OF MACHINES TO THE PRODUCTION PROCESS
o
SOCIAL
§
RISING CRIME
§
INADEQUATE
HOUSING – TENEMENTS
·
Def –
OVERCROWDED, UNSANITARY APARTMENT BUILDING
§
DISCRIMINATION
o
ECONOMIC
§
TRUSTS
§
WORKING
CONDITIONS
o
POLITICAL
§
CORRUPTION
·
POLITICAL MACHINE
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THE NEWLY
EMERGENT MIDDLE CLASS IS THREATENED BY
o
PREDATORY WEALTH
o
CRIMINAL ELEMENT
OF THE UNDERCLASS
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THE MIDDLE CLASS
TURNS TO GOVERNMENT FOR PROTECTION
o
LAISSEZ FAIRE
GIVES WAY TO A REGULATORY MENTALITY
§
Def – GOVERNMENT
“ HANDS OFF ”
9/2
- THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT IS THE POLITICAL RESPONSE TO THE NEEDS OF THE MIDDLE CLASS
FOUR GOALS OF PROGRESSIVISM
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PROTECTING SOCIAL WELFARE
o
PROHIBITING CHILD
LABOR
o
SETTLEMENT HOUSES
o
IMPROVE EDUCATION
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PROMOTING MORAL IMPROVEMENT
o
PROHIBITION
o
SUFFRAGE
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CREATING ECONOMIC REFORM
o
LIMIT WORKING
HOURS
o
IMPROVE WORKING
CONDITIONS
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FOSTERING EFFICIENCY
o
ASSEMBLY LINE
o
SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT
THE PROGRESSIVES SOUGHT CHANGE IN THE FOLLOWING
AREAS
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POLITICAL AREA
- THEY SOUGHT TO MAKE POLITICIANS MORE RESPONSIVE AND MORE RESPONSIBLE TO THE
PEOPLE
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ECONOMIC AREA
- THEY SOUGHT A BREAKUP OF THE POWER OF BIG BUSINESS - THE TRUSTS
9/3
SOCIAL AREA
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THEY SOUGHT
CHANGE WHICH WOULD IMPROVE HOUSING
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REDUCE CRIME
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ELIMINATE CHILD
LABOR
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IMPROVE EDUCATION
FOR CHILDREN
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ELIMINATE
DISCRIMINATION
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IMPROVE WAGES AND
WORKING CONDITIONS
POLITICAL REFORM
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THE PROGRESSIVES
HAD AS THEIR GOAL THE END TO THE STRANGLEHOLD THAT SPECIAL INTERESTS HAD ON
GOVERNMENT
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MANY REFORMS WERE
PATTERNED AFTER THE
o
COMMISSION GOVERNMENT -
§
IMPROVED THE
EFFICIENCY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT BY PLACING POWER IN THE HANDS OF BUSINESS
ORIENTED MANAGERS INSTEAD OF POLITICIANS
o
INTRODUCTION OF CIVIL SERVICE
§
THIS ELIMINATED
MUCH OF THE PATRONAGE (JOBS) OF THE POLITICAL MACHINE AND WITHOUT JOBS AS
REWARDS FOR VOTES THE POLITICAL MACHINE LOST THE FUEL WHICH STOKED THE FIRE.
o
CITY ELECTIONS WERE CONDUCTED AT LARGE INSTEAD OF BY
WARD
§
THIS REDUCED THE
POWER OF THE WARD BOSS THUS ENABLING WELL QUALIFIED CANDIDATES TO RUN FOR
OFFICE AND HAVE A CHANCE AT WINNING AN ELECTION
9/4
o
THE DIRECT PRIMARY WAS INTRODUCED
§
POWER TO NOMINATE
AND SELECT CANDIDATES PASSED FROM THE BOSSES AND THE PARTY TO THE ELECTORATE
o
INITIATIVE -
CITIZENS WERE ALLOWED TO INTRODUCE LEGISLATION IN LEGISLATURES THUS REQUIRING
CONGRESSMEN TO VOTE ON SPECIFIC ISSUES
o
REFERENDUM -
VOTERS COULD NOW CAST BALLOTS FOR PROPOSED LAWS
o
RECALL -
VOTERS COULD REMOVE AN ELECTED OFFICIAL FORM OFFICE BEFORE HIS TERM HAD EXPIRED
o
DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS
§
17TH AMENDMENT –
1913
·
PREVIOUSLY
SENATORS WERE CHOSEN BY STATE
LEGISLATURES
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WOMAN’S SUFFRAGE – 1920
§
19TH AMENDMENT
ECONOMIC REFORM
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REGULATION OF BIG
BUSINESS AND UTILITIES – PUC
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INSTITUTION OF
WORKMAN’S COMPENSATION - INSURANCE WHICH PAID A WORKER WHO WAS INJURED ON THE
JOB
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LIMITED THE
WORKDAY TO 10 HOURS FOR WOMEN
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LAWS BANNING OR
RESTRICTING CHILD LABOR WERE INTRODUCED
9/5
SOCIAL AND MORAL REFORM
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THE JUVENILE
COURT SYSTEM WAS ESTABLISHED
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UNIVERSAL
EDUCATION TOGETHER WITH COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE WERE INTRODUCED
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A CHANGE IN
EMPHASIS IN EDUCATION WAS MADE FROM MEMORIZATION (ROTE) TO THE TEACHING OF CITIZENSHIP
o
TO PREPARE THE
CHILDREN OF THE MIDDLE CLASS FOR A PART IN PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY
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PROHIBITION -
18TH AMENDMENT
o
RESULTED FROM THE
ACTIVISM OF THE WCTU
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WOMEN TAKE A
LEADING ROLE IN PURSUING SOCIAL REFORM
o
CHILD WELFARE
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EDUCATION
o
SUFFRAGE
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PROHIBITION
THE PRESIDENCY OF TEDDY ROOSEVELT
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ASCENDED TO THE PRESIDENCY
AS A RESULT OF MCKINLEY’S ASSASSINATION
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HE BECAME THE
YOUNGEST PRESIDENT TO HOLD OFFICE
o
HE WAS A LOOSE CANON
o
HE WAS FEARED BY
THE POLITICAL BOSSES
o
HE IS
NOMINATED TO BE V.P. UNDER McKINLEY
§
THEY THOUGHT THAT
HE WOULD BECOME FRUSTRATED WITH A DO-NOTHING JOB
§
HE WOULD RESIGN
AND COMMIT POLITICAL SUICIDE
9/6
IRONY
MCKINLEY
IS ASSASSINATED AND THEIR WORSE CASE SCENARIO IS FULFILLED AS
-
o
DEF - A FORUM
FROM WHICH TO PREACH THE IDEAS HE ADVOCATED
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ACCOMPLISHMENTS
o
CONSERVATION
§
THE NEWLANDS RECLAMATION ACT – 1902
·
AUTHORIZED THE
USE OF FEDERAL FUNDS GENERATED FROM THE
§
HE APPOINTED GIFFORD PINCHOT
TO HEAD THE
·
DEF THE RATIONAL
AND SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
§
HE QUADRUPLED THE
AMOUNT OF LAND PROTECTED BY THE GOVERNMENT IN NATIONAL FORESTS
§
HE ADVOCATED A STEWARDSHIP POLICY WITH REGARD TO
FEDERAL LANDS
·
NATURAL TREASURES
MUST BE PROTECTED FOR POSTERITY FROM THE GREED OF PRIVATE DEVELOPERS
o
BIG BUSINESS
§
BREAKING UP
TRUSTS
·
HE IS REFERRED TO
AS THE TRUST BUSTER - HE WALKED SOFTLY AND CARRIED A BIG STICK
9/7
§
NORTHERN SECURITIES CO. V.
·
THE SUPREME COURT
ORDERED THE BREAKUP OF THIS HOLDING
COMPANY WHICH CONTROLLED THE RAILROADS IN THE NORTHWEST BECAUSE IT WAS
RULED TO BE A RESTRAINT OF TRADE
·
THIS WAS
PROSECUTED UNDER THE
o
TRUST - DEF
- A BUSINESS COMBINATION WHICH ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL AN INDUSTRY BY BUYING UP ALL
THE COMPANIES THAT THEY DO BUSINESS WITH
o
HOLDING COMPANY
- DEF - A CORPORATION THAT HOLDS CONTROLLING INTEREST IN COMPETING COMPANIES
CALLED SUBSIDIARIES THUS EFFECTIVELY ELIMINATING COMPETITION
§
NORTHERN
SECURITIES WAS A HOLDING COMPANY WHICH CONTROLLED THE NORTHWEST RAILROADS
CONTROLLED BY J. P. MORGAN, THE HEAD OF
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SETTLING STRIKES
§
THE UNITED MINE
WORKERS AND THE MINE OWNERS WERE AT AN IMPASSE
·
THE UNITED MINE
WORKERS WANTED
o
20% PAY RAISE
o
AN 8 HOUR WORK
DAY
o
UNION RECOGNITION
BUT
THE OWNERS REFUSED TO
NEGOTIATE
·
o
9 HR WORK DAY AND A 10% PAY INCREASE
o
NO UNION
RECOGNITION
9/8
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ARBITRATION - DEF - A THIRD PARTY IS
BROUGHT IN TO SETTLE A DISPUTE AND THEIR DECISIONS MUST BE ACCEPTED
o
MEDIATION -
DEF - A THIRD PARTY IS BROUGHT IN TO SETTLE A DISPUTE TO OFFER SUGGESTIONS
WHICH DO NOT HAVE TO BE ACCEPTED
o
CONSUMER PROTECTION
§
THE MEAT INSPECTION ACT OF 1906
·
OUTLAWED
MISLEADING LABELS AND DANGEROUS CHEMICAL PRESERVATIVES
§
PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT
·
CREATED THE FDA WHICH PROTECTED CONSUMERS FROM
o
FRAUDULENT CLAIMS
OF PATENT MEDICINES
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UNSAFE FOOD
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CIVIL RIGHTS
§
·
Def – TELLING
SOMEONE WHAT THEY WANT TO HEAR (LIP SERVICE)
§
BOOKER T.
WASHINGTON AND W.E.B. DUBOIS BECOME PROMINENT
SPOKESMEN FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS
·
o
TO SUCCEED IN A
WHITE MAN’S WORLD, ACQUIRE A TRADE
·
DUBOIS URGES CONFRONTATION
o
CHANGE FOR
AFRICAN AMERICANS CAN ONLY OCCUR THROUGH THE BALLOT BOX
o
HE IS THE FOUNDER
OF THE NAACP
9/9
THE REPUBLICAN PARTY SPLITS
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-
HIS HANDPICKED
SUCCESSOR, WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT EASILY WINS
ELECTION
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o
§
THE PAYNE-ALDRICH TARIFF IS PASSED
·
THIS RAISES
TARIFFS TO THE LIKING OF BIG BUSINESS
§
TAFT REMOVED AND APPROVED FOR
·
LEADS TO THE
RESIGNATION OF GIFFORD PINCHOT
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WHEN TAFT
RECEIVES THE REPUBLICAN NOMINATION FOR PRESIDENT,
o
HE FORMS THE BULL MOOSE PARTY (PROGRESSIVE PARTY)
o
THIS SPLITS
REPUBLICAN VOTES ALLOWING
§
MINORITY PRESIDENT – Def – A CANDIDATE WHO WINS THE
ELECTORAL VOTE BUT NOT THE POPULAR VOTE
PROGRESSIVISM UNDER
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CLAYTON ANTI-TRUST ACT
o
LABOR UNIONS
WOULD BE RECOGNIZED AND NOT SUBJECT TO ANTI-TRUST LAWS
9/10
o
WAS CAPABLE OF
PROSECUTING INTERLOCKING DIRECTORATES
§
Def – WHEN THE
SAME INDIVIDUALS (WHO COMPRISE A MAJORITY) SIT ON THE BOARDS OF COMPETING COMPANIES
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FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ACT
o
ABOLISHED
FRAUDULENT ADVERTISING
o
ELIMINATED UNFAIR
BUSINESS COMPETITION
§
CEASE AND DESIST
ORDER
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FEDERAL INCOME
TAX – 16TH AMENDMENT
o
ESTABLISHES A PROGRESSIVE TAX
§
Def – A TAX THAT GOES
UP AS INCOME GOES UP
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THE FEDERAL
RESERVE SYSTEM IS ESTABLISHED – 1913
o
THE CREATION OF A
CENTRAL BANK
o
RESTORED
CONFIDENCE IN THE BANKING SYSTEM
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THE 19TH
AMENDMENT IS PASSED
o
GRANTED WOMAN’S
SUFFRAGE
PROGRESSIVISM IN RETROSPECT
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LIKE ROOSEVELT
AND TAFT,
o
ANTI-LYNCHING LAWS WERE ELIMINATED
o
JIM CROW LAWS
CONTINUED TO EXIST
§
LAWS THAT
RELEGATED AFRICANS TO A SECOND CLASS CITIZENSHIP
·
SEGREGATION
o
THE BEGINNING OF
WORLD WAR I SHIFTED NATIONAL ATTENTION FROM WAR TO MOBILIZATION