Investigations

Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA)

Midstream Urine (MSU)

Haematuria   Phase contrast studies - glomerular / non glomerular Pyuria   Renal calculi Partially treated UTI Sterile pyuria is characterisic of urinary tract TB Bacteriuria   > 5 x 10^5 / mm^3 is indicative of infection Casts   Presence indicates nephritic process Epithelial cells   Presence indicates contaminated specimen

Lung Function Tests

Components   Spirometry   Forced Expiratory Ratio (FER) Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) Vital Capacity (VC) CO Transfer Studies   Alveolar Volume (AV) CO transfer factor (TLCO) Gas transfer coefficient (KCO) Results   Spirometry   Obstructive pattern   FER FEV1 N VC Causes   Asthma Emphysema Bronchitis Restrictive pattern   N FER FEV1 VC Causes   Interstitial fibrosis Significant improvement post Salbutamol   FEV1 > 12%, and 200mL CO Transfer Studies   Must be Hb corrected, as anaemia causes TLCO Alveolar capillary membrane disease or Pulmonary vascular disease   TLCO KCO N AV Causes   Anaemia COAD Pneumonia Pulmonary oedema Pleural effusion Pulmonary Emoblus (PE) Small lung volume   TLCO N KCO AV

Electrocardiography (ECG)

Electromyography (EMG)

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Used to detect abnormal electrical activity arising in the cerebral cortex. Mainly used in management of epilepsy.   Generalised / Bisynchronous, Spike + Slow Wave pattern, in a 3Hz cycle:     Indicative of Idiopathic Generalised Epilepsy Focal, sharp waves / spikes, in a 3Hz cycle:     Indicative of Focal Epilepsy