Chapter II Making Of Pakistan
(Question No. 1)
What is meant by two-nation theory?
List of points:
Introduction: -
A concept or ideology is normally a political, cultural, social or religious
reality, which becomes the basis of a common goal for a nation. Such a
concept has a very important significance in the collective life of a nation.
The political, economic & social concepts give birth to a specific
system of life style. In other words a nation comes into existence because
of a common national concept.
Two Nation Theory: -
The two-nation theory stipulates that there are two distinct nations in
South Asia namely the Muslim & the Hindus. In spite of living together
for centuries these two nations were unable to co-exist in unison. The
Muslims of South Asia consider themselves as one nation having their own
civilization, culture, historical heritage & philosophy of life, code
of conduct & politico-economic system. All these are based on the teachings
of Islam. The principles as well as the system of Islam are very different
from these of Hinduism so much so that in spite of living together for
centuries, the Hindus & the Muslim were unable to evolve a common culture
& one nationhood.
Two Nation Theory & Sir Syed
Ahmed Khan: -
The concept of a separate national identity for Muslim is rooted in history.
However, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first Muslim political leader who
used the word “Nation” for the Muslims of South Asia. In the decade of
1860 when Sir Syed Ahmed Khan realized that Hindus were trying to destroy
the Muslim civilization & culture, he exhorted the Muslims to stand
on their own feet to safeguard their national & cultural identity.
Two Nation Theory & other
Muslim Leaders: -
Many other Muslim leaders of South Asia particularly Maulana Ali Johar,
Allamah Iqbal & Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah followed suit &
declared the Muslim as a nation.
Two Nation Theory & The Quaid-e-Azam:
-
The Quaid-e-Azam said:
“Hindustan is neither one country, nor can its inhabitants be one nation.
This is a sub-continent which consists of many nations of which the Hindus
& Muslims are two major nations”.
The Quaid-e-Azam in a number of his speeches said that Muslim should not be considered as a nation. He said that the only realistic solution to the political problems of south Asia is to recognize the Muslims as a separate nation. He defined the Muslim nation in the following words:
“We believe
that every comprehensive & authoritative definition of nationhood is
forced to recognize the Muslim as a separate nation & Muslims &
Hindus are the two major nations of the sub-continent. We, the Muslims,
are a nation of ten core people. In addition to it we are a nation, which
has its own culture, civilization, language & literature art &
craft, history, moral values, character, legal system, customs & traditions,
calendar, natural talents, aims & objectives. In short, we have our
own faith & belief. We are a separate nation by all canons of international
law”.
Conclusion: -
Initially, the Muslim leaders had demanded that legal & constitutional
protection should be provided to the Muslims for their separate national
entity. However, when these safeguards were not provided & the Indian
national congress decided to impose Hindu cultures upon the Muslim put
forward the demand of a separate homeland for them. This ultimately resulted
in creation of Pakistan.
(Question No. 2)
What are the fourteen points
of Quaid-e-Azam?
Introduction: -
In 1928 the Hindu leader Nehru presented his report called Nehru report.
This report was completed against the Muslims. More over, it had broken
the report Lucknow Pact as well. After studying this report the Muslim
leader Quaid-e-Azam rejected it & presented his fourteen points which
are as follows:
Federal Constitution: -
The form of
the future constitution should be federal with the residuary power vested
in the provinces.
Measure of Autonomy: -
A uniform measure
of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.
Election of Legislatures: -
All legislatures
in the country & other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite
principle of adequate & effective representation of minorities in every
province without reducing the majority in any province to a minority or
even equality.
Muslim Representation: -
In the central
legislature Muslim representation should not be less than one third.
Representation of communal Groups:
-
Representation
of communal groups shall continue to be by separate electorates; provided
that it shall be open to any community, at any time, to abandon its separate
electorate in favor of joint electorate.
Territorial Redistribution: -
Any territorial
redistribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in any way
affect the Muslim majority in the Punjab, Bengal & North-West Frontier
Province.
Religious Liberty: -
Full religious
liberty, that is liberty of belief, worship & observance, propaganda,
association & education shall be granted to all communicative.
Passing of Resolution: -
No bill, resolution
or any part shall be passed in any legislature or any other elected body,
if the fourth member of any community in that particular body apposes it
as being injurious to the interest of that community or in the alternative,
such other method is derived as may be found feasible & practicable
to deal with such cases.
Separation of Sindh: -
Sindh should
be separated from the Bombay presidency.
Introduction of Reforms: -
Reforms should
be introduced in the North-West Frontier Province & Baluchistan on
the same footing as in other provinces.
Protection of Muslim Culture:
-
The constitution
should embody adequate safeguards for the protection of Muslim culture
& for the protection & promotion of Muslim education, language,
religion, personal laws & Muslim charitable institutions & for
their due share in the grants-in-aid given by the state & by self-governing
bodies.
Formation of Cabinets: -
No cabinet,
either central or provincial should be formed without there being at least
one-third of Muslim ministers.
Changes in the Constitution:
-
No changes shall be made in the constitution by the central legislature
except with the concurrence of the states constituting the Indian federation.
Equal Opportunity of Jobs: -
Provision should be made in the constitution giving Muslims an adequate
share
along with the other Indians in all the services of the state & in
local self-governing bodies having due regard to the requirements of efficiency.
Conclusion: -
After studying these fourteen points we come to know that the Quaid-e-Azam
showed the presence of mind & keeping the welfare of the Muslims he
replied to the report in an excellent manner. By now the Hindus had come
to know that the Muslims are on their toes & they would never accept
the Hindu definition easily. These fourteen points are the milestone in
the history of Pakistan.
(Question No. 3)
Discuss in detail the problems
Pakistan had to face at the time of its establishment?
List of Points:
Introduction: -
We all know that Pakistan came in to being
on 14th August 1947 after a long & hard struggle of the Muslims. Being
a newly created state Pakistan had to face many great problems just become
of the diplomacy of the British & the Hindu leaders. The problems faced
by Pakistan are as follows.
Demarcation of Boundaries:
A boundary commission under Sir Cyril Radcliff was set up to demarcate
Pakistan’s boundaries. Radcliff sided with India. He deliberately handed
over Muslim majority areas such as Ferozepur & Gurdaspur to India.
Handing over of Gurdaspur meant that India had an open door to Kashmir,
a Muslim majority state. Beside Kashmir, two other Muslim states Hyderabad,
Deccan & Jungadh were also forcibly occupied by Indian armed forces.
Hyderabad was the largest & richest state of South Asia & was considered
to be the biggest center of the Muslim culture & civilization next
to Delhi.
Issue of Refugees: -
The Muslims were very happy for having been blessed with independence.
They had acquired a piece of land where they would not be slaves. They
had religious, economic, cultural & political freedom on this land.
Immediately after partition however, communal riots broke out. Thousands
of attacks were made on Muslims & hundred thousands of others who managed
to reach Pakistan, were in a pathetic condition &had to be provided
immediate lodging & boarding. The government & people of Pakistan
created a separate department of rehabilitation for solving the problems
of refugees.
Division of Assets & Liberties:
-
Another factor contributing towards tension & bitterness between Pakistan
& India was the question of division of assets. India wanted to keep
all the assets of the united India & refused to give Pakistan its due
& agreed share. They took measures to ensure that nothing would reach
Pakistan. It had been decided at the time of partition that the military
assets of the British Indian armed forces will be divided between India
& Pakistan. India however, failed to honor this commitment & kept
back all the military assets as well. This was done so as to weaken Pakistan’s
defense.
Kashmir Problem: -
Kashmir is situated in the Northern area of South Asia & 77.11 percent
of its population was Muslim. In 1846, the British had sold this state
to a Dogra Hindu Raja for a partly sum of Rupees 7,5000,000. The Dogra
Hindu Raja of Kashmir had continuously suppressed the Muslims. At the time
of partition, the Muslim majority of Kashmir wanted to join Pakistan but
the Hindu Raja treacherously acceded Kashmir to India. The Indian armed
forces entered the state to occupy it. The Muslims of Kashmir revolted
& started their war for freedom. They were successful in liberating
a little more than one-third of Kashmir from the clutches of India. The
Kashmir issue was raised in the security council of the united nations
by India where it was decided unanimously that future of Kashmir should
be decided according to the will of the people of Kashmir & a plebiscite
for this purpose will be held under the supervision of the united nations,
India, however, failed to honor to this decision & after some time,
refused to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir.
(Question No. 4)
Discuss the role of Punjab
& Sindh in the creation of Pakistan?
List of Points:
Punjab
Punjab
Introduction: -
The Punjab was
a big province by population as well as in resources, but both the British
& the Hindus were exploiting the Muslims of Punjab. The great thinker
Allama Iqbal awakened the Muslims of South Asia through his poetry, writings,
& speeches & inspired them to revive their Islamic identity. He
was the one who first gave the concept of the sovereign Muslim state. The
historic session, in which the Pakistan revolution was passed, was held
at Lahore on 23rd march, 1940. After that, the Pakistan movement gained
momentum throughout the province. In the elections of 1945-46, the Muslim
League won 100% seats in the central assembly & 90% seats in the provincial
assembly in Punjab.
Role of Muslim Scholars: -
The Muslim scholars
& the saints of the Punjab played an outstanding role in the Pakistan
movement & prepared the Muslims in their respective areas for struggle
for freedom.
Role of Muslim Students: -
The Muslim students
of the Punjab lifted this movement. They were so active & aware that
they organized the Punjab Muslim Students Organization & included in
the aims & objectives in 1973 on the advice of Allama Iqbal. They had
started the struggle for a different homeland even before the passage of
Pakistan resolution. The Muslim students started civil disobedience &
the government was shaken up.
Role of Muslim Women: -
The Muslim women
of the Punjab actively participated in the struggle for Pakistan. They
rendered valuable survives & during the civil disobedience movement
they hoisted the flag of the Muslim league on the Punjab government secretariat
in place of the Union Jack.
Sindh
Introduction: -
The Sindh
is known as Bab-ul-Islam, which means “Gateway To Islam”. After
the hard struggle of the Muslim League, Sindh was separated from Bombay
in 1935. Among Northwestern provinces, Sindh had the oldest association
with the Muslim League. The first annul meeting of the Muslim League was
held in Karachi in December 1907.
Role of Muslim Leaders: -
In 1940,
Sir Abdullah Haroon, from Sindh, delivered an excellent speech in support
of Pakistan resolution. Later the Quaid-e-Azam appointed a comity &
in 1943, the Muslim League cabinet was formed in Sindh. This was the first
Muslim League cabinet in the country. The resolution was demanding in March
1943. In the election of 1945-46, the Muslim League secured a large majority
in Sindh & formed its own cabinet.
Role of Pir Sibgatullah Shah:
-
The courage
of Pir Sahib can never be forgotten. His followers (Hur) played a very
important role in the Pakistan movement. They never let the British dominate.
The Pir Sahib Pagaro was martyred & his sons were sent to England.
The Hur male, female & children were put in concentration camps but
they never gave up their cause.
Role of Sarhandi Family: -
The famous Sarhandi
family in Sindh is the descendants of Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani. Following
the footsteps of their forefathers they played a prominent part in the
Pakistan movement & rendered full support to the Quaid-e-Azam.
Role of Religious Scholars: -
The religious
scholars of Sindh played a very active & effective part in the Pakistan
movement. They came forward & formed a Party known as “Jamiat-ul-Mashaikh”
& supported the Muslim league & the political leaders.
Role of Muslim Students: -
The students
of Sindh madrassa, Karachi & Noor Muhammad High School, Hyderabad were
in the front line during the struggle for freedom & the Sindh Muslim
students federation was very active in this regard.
Role of Muslim Women: -
The Muslim Ladies
of the Sindh rendered very valuable services in the struggle for freedom.
In spite of all Hindrances they came forward & worked side by side
with men. They held public meetings, took out processions & projected
the cause of Pakistan at all levels.