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GLOBALIZATION

     

INTRODUCTION

Because,there isn’t any definition of globalization commmonly,in the beginning of the paper,definitions of globalization was gived as “It is _ as the logical extention of human economic development _the trend toward an integrated global economy which provides access to all trade markets by all.”

                The process of global economic integrations are,

1.      rapid growth in international trade,out pacing overall economic growth;

2.      even more rapid growth in foreign direct investment and rise  of multinational  corporations;

3.      the emergence of vast sums of “hot money “, seeking short-term profit unregulated global financial markets ;this mobility of huge volumes of short-term  capital can bedestablizing to national and international economies.

4.      This capital mobility also constrains government from pursuing fiscal or monetary policies aimed at full employment and higher wages for their citizens.                          Historical process followed these stages;

 

  1.Picking and hunting;as soon as we know,man kind’s social life indicate that he was picking and hunting ocial animal this period was the largest in the history of mankind.

  2.Invention of agriculture ;after the years, by the populations increase cause the inventing of aagriculture.

  3.Agrarian  subsistance economy;agriculture was sorely for the family

  4.Surplus economy and trade ;the producing more than necessary cause the exchanging surplus goods.

  5.Industrialation and Spread of trade;with the industrial revolution trade had spread faster.

   6.Explosion of global competition;international competion is likely to further intensify in this new century.

Trade is  the exchange of goods or any other exchangeables between portres.

The level of tecnology limits the desire of human before christmas human wants to fly but couldn’t ,now  it is can, in the ages human would like tarevel of speed of light but it is not  possible with the present level of tecnology.

The explosion of global competion and the spread of trade,which are alternatively termed as “global integration” are basically due to the level of tecnology human being attained today.

CHANGING INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS

 

Globalization has become a citizen of world since the early 1970s.The and of the Cold war .this process increased global  economic competion .in the competion ,there are,the US, Europe and Japan according to Aho and Stoles from an american perspective ,they explain that ;

“At the beginnig , American was predominant economic power,but now share the spotlight with Tokyo,Born,Frankurt and London .Europen and Japanes economic and political concerns now place real limits on US action ”

 in addition to the changing balance of power.theglobal economic competion has also been marked by lack of uniform and “fair” rules among the competion.Because of this GATT or MAI must be viewed in the context of “levelling the field ” between competitors.

Ýn order to put the phenomenon of globalization in to proper perspective.

 

 

 

 

CHANGING SOVEREIGN NATION-STATE PATTERNS

 

Globalization also erpodes  the exclusive authority and power of nation states,which thus for have been the major actors in the international arena.

            The twentieth century witnessed a surge in the number and trade  volume of the economic entities,which operate in many nation-state.

 

CHANGING BALANCE OF WEALTH

 

Globalization cause the inreasing of wealth gap between countriesand the classes  with in counties.This gap  was not favurable for disadvantes countires and classes .

As for the gap of weaklth between in the globalization times,the new internationalist magazine pays attention to inequality facts concisely and convincisely.

And finaly for work;the countries of the sounth now account for 80 per cent of the world’s working class its industrial workforce.

            In the north more people now work in service industries then factoriers,though in the world  as a whole more people still work in agriculture than in any other single category.

CHANGING  ORGANIZATIONS AND WORKPLACES

 

             Globalization also coinsides with a changing pattern of organizational stuctures an work places.The change began since world war II .

We again see that the change in the organizational structure is an outcome of many factors with the advancing in the information tecnology being the first foremost.

As the could be inferred from the arguments above,changes in organazional structures and workpace and work designs lead the downsizing  of the organizational workforce ,less full time employment ,loss of employment oppurtinities for unskilled or low-skilled labor and more fierce competition among the skilled subconstractors to the which shamrock organization’s businesses are outsourced in piece –meal fashion.

 

CHANGING MIGRATION PATTERNS  AND LABOR MOBILITY

 

                Globalization  effects the flow of people from regions to regions,from countries to countries in look for of works and better lives.

             Pellerin argues that” migration flows have been transformed in two waysby globalization. first ,The flows are much more greater than before.second,ýt has led  to modifications in the character of migration flows.

                Also,Castles et al made similar observation when studyingimmigration to australia. “Australian model” is very much good example for migration pattern.

THE WÝNNERS AND LOSERS

 

We must mention about exploitation here.Curbing exploitation of people by other people  does not require a curbing of global trade activities.

One frequent suggestion is that the underdeveloped countries and the working class all over the world tend to be losers whereas developed countries.

 

 

 

 

ISSUE OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS (MNCs)

 

              MNCs,as the most seeanable parts of globalization,are the manner of contoversy.critics define them as bad ,whereas proponents suggest them as creature in the humory as a whole .More of them true, the true is ,they are went to take a profit,that’s all.

            MNCs are networks of firms linked together by ties of ownership and control and operating in multiple countries.

 

       -MNCs are created through Foreign Direct Investment (FDA).

       -there are now about 40 thousand multinational firms, owning and operating 250 thousand foreign affilaties .

       -the top 200 MNCs , over  %28  of  global economic activity.

-         The combined sales of  the top 200 are bigger than the combined economies of all but the richest 9 countries

-         One third of world trade now takes the form o intra firm transfers and transactions between branches of a single MNC.

-         By 1989,international productionwas twice as large as international trade.

-         In 1989 ,international production by US-based firms was four times as great as these firms exports from USA.

            MNCs have important organizational advantages which domestic firms can’t match became very important part of the global economy in the last few decades because of these properties written below;

   

       -Economies of scale allow MNCs to produce technologically products at the lowest possible cost.

       -MNCs can maximize the firm’s  access tý less expensive and/or more productive capital, resources, and labor located in a variety of countries.

       -MNCs have access to transnational marketing networks , which enable them to distribute their products in avariety of countries.

       -Most importantly ,MNCs can integrate these advantages in order to toý;

               _develop the latest technologies ;

               _use them to innovate new products or production processes;

               _and coordinate production and marketing on a multinational scale.

CHANGÝNG BUSINESS ETHICS

 

Issue busýness ethics in the international arena must be viewed in the context of regulting the international business practies.It is on necessary part of the “levelling field”for competition.The recent trend in business understanding of what is right or or wrong in the business practices.ethics is defined as doing the right thing right the first time ,

Fundemantel values that cross culture are;

-         Respect for core human values ,which determine the absolute moral threshold business activities,

-         Respect for local traditions,

-         The belief that context matters when decidinh what is right and what is wrong.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHANGING EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS AND WAGES

 

      Rothstein and Scott explains their points as follows.

   “ Although NAFTA’s adherents claimed the aggrement would crate new jobs,growing imports from mexico and canada have cost the U.S more jobs than exports have generated.while increased exorts to Mexicocreated 158.171 jobs,this growth was more than offst by the 385,834 jobs displaced by an increase in imports from Mexico.”

     Even workers who found new jobs in the growing US economy faced a reduction in wages,with average %16.

      Feenstra and Honson observe that since 1970s,the wage of less skilled US worker have fallen dramatically,both in real terms and relative to the wages of more skilled US workers.

If the US consumer market had not been flooded with Japanesee consumer electronics, on ordinary american would still be paying for a 20”television set the amount of money” that he pays now a home theater,that is a combination of a tv set,a          cvr and a stereo.

CONCLUSÝON

 

Globalizations seems to be the cause of economic man’s desire for making most for himself and his business .National trend can not be prevent.It doesn’t matter  we won’t globalization  or advocate .It exists and is coming on .

The world is now going trough the second”globalization” that is from a world based on the collectivity and of nation sales and national economies to on integrated global economy with uniform rules and regulations.

This process doesn not offer equal bene fit to all.It is outcome ofmultitude of factors leading to the charges concerned.

The developing countries  must adjust themselves to the growing international trends and prepare for on even more competitive world with all their resources, with human resources in the main .

Robinson advices three things;

-         It should reduce the legal restrictions democratic goverments associated with the investor , intellectuel propert ,and technical standart provisions,

-         Neutralize the social dumping presures associated whit high levels of capital mobility that will exist in any global market economy

-         Created new mechanism for redistrubuting a substandial portion of the economic gains from globalization to those indivisiuals and nation most in need.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

         The benefits of globalizations are ,

 

1. Globalization give a opportunity to make money to undeveloped and developing country   by help of investor developed country. The developed  country’firm go to invest in the poor area and area slowly start to develop.

 

2.By globalization ,sharing information easyly can do. Ýf someone give a new method , everybody can learn it quickly.

 

3. Everything,science,knowledge,education,justice,peace, can be globalisezed,it is good .

 

 

 

 

            The harmful side of globalization are,

 

1.      If investor firm’point is benefits of itself, firm does not help poor area, only it makes money.

2.      By globalization, the border of countries became erect, and nationalist country ideas disapearred.

3.      Ýf someone is rich, he enpower; if someone is poor, he continue to be poor.

4.      Globalization can not be seen every area, this not good for undeveloped country.

 

 

          My idea about globalization; I am against to globalization , If it is partly used. But globalization is used completely in every area  justice ,peace ,education beside of terrorism,unemployment,science. Under the condition of this ready world , I do not want to be globalised.