|
The Survival of a Fitting Quotation (page 2 of 2) © 2005 Michael StGeorge Previous (page
1 of 3) Next (page 3 of 3) William Paley (1743-1805) William Paley
was born in 1743 at
In order to place the quotation in its original context, both historical and philosophical, it will be helpful to give a brief overview of some relevant points in Paley’s three major works which make up his system of philosophy. The Principles of Moral and
Political Philosophy (1785) Paley defined virtue as “the doing good to mankind, in obedience to the will of God, and for the sake of everlasting happiness.”[2] These were not Paley’s own words. Though he did not give their source in Moral Philosophy, he borrowed them verbatim from Edmund Law, Bishop of Carlisle.[3] By “everlasting” Paley was referring to “everlasting life” – the Christian reward following death. Paley believed that this expectation of a “future state of reward and punishment”[4] had to be the motive for moral conduct.[5] With man’s “everlasting happiness” as the ultimate goal of moral conduct, Paley had set up a basic utilitarian ethic. He is credited with paving the way for secular utilitarianism, namely Jeremy Bentham. Leslie Stephen barbed, “Bentham is Paley minus a belief in hellfire.”[6] Natural Theology, or, Evidences
of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity Collected from the Appearances of
Nature (1802)
The full title of this book gives a good basic definition of natural theology. The basic argument can be found in early Greek writings and was later absorbed by Christianity. It is the “argument from design” which holds that things in nature are designed to fulfill a specific purpose, and therefore must have a Designer. A famous example is the eye. It is designed for seeing. Its design implies a designer. And that designer must be a benevolent Creator.[7] Paley may be most famous today for his “watchmaker argument” which opens Natural Theology. He uses the analogy of finding a watch in nature: “…when we come to inspect the watch, we perceive…that its several parts are framed and put together for a purpose…that, if the different parts had been differently shaped from what they are...a different size…placed after any other manner, or in any other order, than that in which they are placed, either no motion at all would have been carried on in the machine, or none which would have answered the use that is now served by it.”[8] Likewise, so should we interpret natural phenomenon. As the watch must have a watchmaker with intent, so does nature have a Creator, and we can learn some specific things about the Creator by studying nature. Paley argued that the specifics of the matter represented the Christian god. Like other Enlightenment theologians Paley, believed that his religion could withstand scientific scrutiny, in fact that his religion was proved by science. A View of the Evidences of
Christianity (1794) But natural theology was not a justification for faith, especially for a passionate believer like Paley. Revelation was the real stuff of faith.[9] In Evidences of Christianity, Paley argued that the miracles reported in the New Testament are historically accurate and that they establish the truth of the Christian revelation. I will follow Paley’s general argument through Evidences up to his use of the “contempt prior to examination” quotation. In Part I: On the Direct Historical Evidence of Christianity he builds a case for two major propositions, in his own words: I. That there is satisfactory evidence that many, professing to be original witnesses of the Christian Miracles, passed their lives in labours, dangers, and sufferings, voluntarily undergone in attestation of the accounts which they delivered, and solely in consequence of their belief of those accounts; and that they also submitted, from the same motives, to new rules of conduct. II. That there is not satisfactory evidence, that persons
professing to be original witnesses of other miracles, in their nature as certain
as these are, have ever acted in the same manner, in attestation of the
accounts which they delivered, and properly in consequence of their belief of
those accounts.[10] In Part II he gives various Auxiliary Evidences of Christianity. Finally, the “contempt prior to examination” quotation appears in the context of Part III: A Brief Consideration of Some Popular Objections. One of the objections to Christianity he challenges is the “Rejection of Christianity” which he describes: “We acknowledge that the Christian religion, although it converted great numbers, did not produce a universal, or even a general conviction in the minds of men, of the age and countries in which it appeared. And this want of a more complete and extensive success, is called the rejection of the Christian history and
miracles; and has been thought by some to form a strong objection to the
reality of the facts which the history contains.”[11] Paley proceeds to argue that Christianity was rejected by these ancient peoples due to certain prejudices of their own, rather than due to any shortcoming of the early Christians or Christianity per se. He divides his argument into two parts, first as concerns the rejection of Christianity by the Jews, and second as concerns the rejection of Christianity by “Heathen nations.” I am including the entire chapter on Rejection of Christianity as Appendix A of this paper for those who wish to read Paley’s entire argument. As for the Jews he tells us that even though many of them were there to witness the miracles, they could not perceive that the miracles proved that Jesus was the messiah because “their understandings [were] governed by strong prejudices.”[12] Paley tells us that two things informed their prejudice. One was their “expectation of a Messiah of a kind totally contrary to what the appearance of Jesus bespoke him to be.” The other was that they believed that the so-called miracles were actually “supernatural effects” produced by demons. [13] As for the rejection of Christianity by the Gentiles, the Greeks and Romans, he opens with the quotation: “The infidelity of the Gentile
world, and that more especially of men of rank and learning in it, is resolved
into a principle which, in my judgment, will account for the inefficacy of any
argument, or any evidence whatever, viz.
contempt prior to examination. The state of religion amongst the Greeks and
Romans, had a natural tendency to induce this disposition. Dionysius Halicarnassensis remarks, that there were six hundred
different kinds of religions or sacred rites exercised at He goes on to say that Christianity “had nothing in its character which immediately engaged their notice” as they were inclined to take an interest in philosophical argument and discussion. “It mixed with no politics. It produced no fine writers. It contained no curious speculations.” It was a system that was foreign and unrelated to anything they were usually preoccupied with. Christianity also had the disadvantage of being connected to Judaism against which they had a strong bias.[15] He gives several other minor reasons why the Gentiles rejected Christianity, including a prejudice “against any thing that originates with the vulgar and illiterate.”[16] He ends his argument with an assertion that this same “antecedent contempt” which accounts for their rejection of Christianity “accounts also for their silence concerning it. If they had rejected it upon examination, they would have written about it; they would have given their reasons.”[17] Certain ancient Romans had the opportunity to say more about Christianity, but didn’t. Among these was Tacitus, who dismissed Christianity as a “pernicious superstition.” Tacitus’s failure to say more is “strong proof how little he knew, or concerned himself to know about the matter.”[18] In his summary observations of Tacitus’s dismissal of Christianity, he concludes: “That this contempt prior to examination,
is an intellectual vice, from which the greatest faculties of mind are not
free. I know not, indeed, whether men of the greatest faculties of mind, are
not the most subject to it. Such men feel themselves seated upon an eminence.
Looking down from their height upon the follies of mankind, they behold
contending tenets wasting their idle strength upon one another, with the common
disdain of the absurdity of them all. This habit of thought, however
comfortable to the mind which entertains it, or however natural to great parts,
is extremely dangerous; and more apt, than almost any other disposition, to produce
hasty and contemptuous, and, by consequence, erroneous judgments, both of
persons and opinions.”[19] He does not say anything about ignorance in connection with the principle, and no where in any of his writings anything about “everlasting ignorance.” Paley
closes by saying he “think[s] it by no means unreasonable to suppose, that the
Heathen public, especially that part which is made up of men of rank and
education, were divided into two classes; those who despised Christianity
beforehand, and those who received it.”[20]
He adds that the “Heathen adversaries of Christianity” also dismissed the
miracles in the same way the Jews did, that they were produced by demons.[21] In 1794 William Paley was defending an orthodoxy that was gradually coming
under increasing attack by skeptical philosophers like David Hume. In
particular it was Hume’s essay against miracles in An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748) and his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
(1779) in which he identified numerous fallacies in the arguments of natural
theologians. Evidences of Christianity
was in large part a response to Hume.[22] Paley’s criticism of the Gentiles is a historical criticism
of an orthodoxy that would not receive the “alternative knowledge” of Christianity,
but it is also a general commentary on contemporary “men of the greatest
faculties of mind.” This may have been a shot at what he perceived as Hume’s personal
shortcomings. In all of the sources reviewed in
this paper, the authors who use the misquotation of Paley
are generally asserting alternative knowledge. The assertions take the forms of
challenging orthodoxy as well as presenting ideas that are outside the
mainstream. So how did this, written in 1794… “The infidelity of the Gentile world, and that more especially of men of rank and learning in it, is resolved into a principle which, in my judgment, will account for the inefficacy of any argument, or any evidence whatever, viz. contempt prior to examination.” …become this by the year 1879… “There is a principle which is a bar against all information, which is proof against all argument, and which cannot fail to keep a man in everlasting ignorance. This principle is contempt prior to examination.” One possibility is that Paley paraphrased himself on some other occasion. I have surveyed his complete works, and did not find any variation of the quotation or any other use of the phrase “contempt prior to examination” outside of the chapter on The Rejection of Christianity in Evidences. Part of my survey was done electronically. Moral Philosophy and Natural Theology are searchable online.[23] Paley was not a prolific author, and so the remainder of the task was easily accomplished. The Works of William Paley is compressed into a single 604-page volume.[24] I compared the contents of this volume with the contents of other editions of his complete works and with holdings at the British Library and Library of Congress. I didn’t find any stray works of Paley. One likely place that Paley may have paraphrased himself would be in his many sermons. These sermons are included in the compressed Works of William Paley. I compared these collected sermons with other editions of his complete works by other authors. There were no differences. The same sermons have been republished again and again.[25] Paley’s son Edmund authored a biography of his father, An Account of the Life and Writings of William Paley. The biography stands as the first volume of Edmund Paley’s edition of his father’s complete works. It contains many excerpts from William Paley’s lecture notes, sermons, and personal letters. There is no mention of the quotation anywhere in his son’s book.[26] William Paley wrote this quotation in one place. The modified form came from the pen of a Paley admirer. I believe the alteration was deliberate and carefully thought out. It was not the result of a poorly memorized quotation and faulty reproduction, as so many misquotations are. It may be helpful to speculate some of the thinking that may have been behind the transformation. I don’t regard this exercise as necessary to my thesis that Paley is the originator of this quotation, but regard it as illustrative of the quotation’s development into a form that would survive in secondary sources to modern times. To begin, we are probably talking about a religious writer who would have taken a special interest in Paley’s works. The author liked the point Paley was making in Evidences, and wanted to use it in the context of his own work. But in order to generalize Paley’s point the writer had to eliminate the specific topic to which Paley was speaking. Thus, the writer was left with the following fragment: “…a principle which, in my judgment, will account for the inefficacy of any argument, or any evidence whatever, viz. contempt prior to examination.” This fragment needed to be
strengthened. It would need to become a complete sentence, and any stylistic
awkwardness and erudition would need to go. Thus, the phrase “in my judgment”
was omitted, and the Latin abbreviation “viz.”
was translated to “that is” or “that principle is”: “There is a principle which will account for the inefficacy of any argument, or any evidence whatever – that principle is contempt prior to examination.” For the sake of clarity, and sharp delivery, the phrase “which will account for the inefficacy of any argument, or any evidence whatever” was made less abstract, and a positive rhythm started to take shape. When a judge “bars evidence,” it is rendered inefficacious. An argument requires proofs, and is rendered inefficacious by sufficient “proofs against.” Thus: “There is a principle which is a bar against any evidence, and which is proof against any argument – that principle is contempt prior to examination.” But for this extraction to take on the tone of a moral injunction or proverbial admonition, it needed a little punch. Everlasting life is built into the system of rewards and punishments of the Christian faith. “Everlasting happiness” in a life hereafter was the motive for moral conduct in Paley’s Moral Philosophy. The phrase “which cannot fail to keep a man in everlasting ignorance” was added to Paley’s words to warn against everlasting ignorance of something specific, probably something to do with God. The phrase added cadence, and insured that the quotation would not be misinterpreted as meaning that “contempt prior to examination” is a virtuous way to overcome any argument or any evidence. “There is a principle which is a bar against any evidence, which is proof against any argument, and which cannot fail to keep a man in everlasting ignorance – that principle is contempt prior to examination.” This process may have passed through the hands of several authors before it was complete, but something like it happened.
Attributions to Paley
The following several authors have all used variations of the quotation and attributed it to Paley. I will take them chronologically and give descriptions of their general arguments or the movements they represent. My purpose is to draw out some of the themes and similarities that suggest that these authors may have been quoting from a common original source or from each other. This will sketch a very rough lineage for the quotation as attributed to William Paley.
1879: Anglo-Israel or, The
British Nation: The Lost Tribes of by Rev. William H.
Poole On the title page of this book,
Rev. Poole juxtaposes two quotations which impart a very similar admonition: “’There is a principle which
is a bar against all information, which is proof against all argument, and
which cannot fail to keep a man in everlasting ignorance. This principle is,
contempt prior to examination.’ –Dr. Paley A greater than Paley has said: - ‘He that answereth a matter before he heareth it, it is a folly, and a shame unto him.” --Proverbs xviii. 13.’”[27] The proverb is easily verified and possibly informed the rewording of Paley’s original. Whereas Paley’s original did not warn against “everlasting ignorance” or any other consequence for “contempt prior to examination,” the proverb does warn against folly and shame. This may have suggested something about how Paley’s words could be restructured to give a more proverbial sounding quotation. Thus, Rev. Poole could be the author of this famous variation of the quotation, but it’s impossible to draw a firm conclusion about this.
Rev. Poole gives no source for
the Paley quotation, and does not discuss Paley anywhere in this book. The book is a lecture on the
subject of Anglo-Israelism. Ten years later, in 1889,
he used the two quotations again on the title page of a revised and much
enlarged edition of this book, Anglo-Israel
or The Saxon Race Proved to Be the Lost Tribes of Israel, in Nine Lectures.[28] The only difference in Rev. Poole was a Canadian who was
a very active proponent of the Anglo-Israel movement. Anglo-Israelism,
also called British-Israelism was a religious
movement that began in 19th century The corollary of this descent is
that people of British descent, including the British-Israelites took a special
interest in another movement of the 19th century called pyramidology. This interest in pyramids is a thematic
current which runs through some of the sources that follow. Pyramidology,
also known as pyramidism, argued that the Great
Pyramid of Giza was a key to biblical prophecy. By
measuring the pyramid and studying its geometry, they could decipher the true
date of the return of Christ, the return of the Jewish nation to Rev. Poole acknowledges many well
known proponents of both pyramidism and Anglo-Israelism in the opening of his 1879 Anglo-Israel. His lectures in the 1889 edition include a chapter which discusses the
symbols used in the Great Seal of the
1894: Brother of the Third Degree by William Lincoln Garver As an epigraph to the opening of this novel, Garver uses two quotations: "’There is a principle, proof against all argument, a bar against all progress, and which if persisted in cannot but keep the mind in everlasting ignorance-and that is, contempt prior to examination.’ – Paley. ‘Accept nothing that is unreasonable; discard nothing as unreasonable without proper examination.’ – Buddha.”[31] Garver has obviously modified both of these quotations. The quotation attributed to the Buddha was modified with the phrase “without proper examination” to match the one attributed to Paley. A Google search reveals that Garver may be the only source for that wording of anything the Buddha may have said. Though the Buddha did say things about being reasonable, I was unable to find this exact quotation. Garver’s
book was published in Brother of the Third Degree is a novel which tells the story of a man who is initiated into a secret occult order. It is the story of his progress up the several degrees of the order. It is the story of the development of the human mind beyond the confines of the body through occult disciplines. It was in this milieu of thought that Garver chose to create his own variation of the quotation. There are some characters and legends that come up in Brother of the Third Degree that also occur in Masonic and occult literature. An important Masonic symbol appears on the cover of the book. It is the symbol of the crossed compass and square. There seem to be two basic versions of the history of Freemasonry. One attempts to trace an authentic history which remains incomplete. The other picks up with a blend of legends where the first leaves off. It is this legendary occult version of Masonic origins which ties in with the developing themes in the quotation’s lineage. It’s nearly impossible to put together a coherent account of Masonic legend because the stories vary from author to author, and there is much disagreement. George Steinmetz is the author of Freemasonry: Its Hidden Meaning. He uses a variation of the quotation and attributes it to Herbert Spencer. We will visit Steinmetz’s use of the quotation in a later section of this paper, but for now, Steinmetz provides a clear version of Masonic legend which ties in nicely with the development of the themes we are investigating: “We are told that Masonry was
originated by King Solomon at the building of his “This philosophy has been
traced back to the ‘Lost Continent of Atlantis.’ The Great Masters, the “Noahs,” of the time, warned of the impending doom of the
continent, assembled the ‘worthy and well qualified’ of their followers and
migrated to “Regardless of the origin of
the modern lodge, or of the name “Freemason,” we can, after freeing the
symbolism of modern adaptations, discern in Freemasonry the outline of the
teachings of the ancient mysteries of Steinmetz devotes a large portion of his book to explaining the meaning of occult symbols used in Freemasonry and their mystical significance. Variations of the story say that
the Freemasons eventually found their way to Comte de Saint Germain is a legendary figure of 18th century
France who is said to have had a profound influence on Freemasonry, even
founding some of its rites and orders. By one account he actually founded
Freemasonry and Rosicrucianism (also called Egyptian
Freemasonry) in At one stage of his progress, one of the high adepts, speaking of the origins of the order, explains that they “left the lost Atlantis for a new home in the land of the Pyramids.”[34] During the 19th
century there was a large occult movement across There’s little doubt that there was some cross-reading of material from all sorts of fringe religious movements by people who were interested in the occult. Anglo-Israel pyramidology material may have been included in this literary milieu.
1912: a periodical publication
of Jehovah’s Witnesses This small pamphlet does not attribute the quotation to Paley. I am including it in this section rather than in the section on Herbert Spencer because it fits nicely into the religious context of the sources that attribute the quotation to Paley. The variation is a wild rewording and appears in the context of a mail order advertisement for Pastor Russell’s Scripture Studies in six volumes: “ONE OF THE WORLD'S GREATEST OBSERVERS AND CRITICS ONCE SAID: There is one thing which constitutes an effectual barrier against all progress; which holds out a restraining hand against the onward march of all attainment; which damps the glow of study and research; which blocks the channel to an endless succession of happinesses; and that thing is-- ‘CONDEMNATION WITHOUT INVESTIGATION’”[35] This is a good example of how misquotations can be taken a leap farther away from the original. It puts the leap from Paley’s original to Rev. Poole’s variation into some perspective. Here the word “progress” is used to replace the word “information.” This could be coincidental, or it may point to a common source. The Jehovah’s Witnesses were founded by a man named Charles T. Russell (1852-1916) who got his religious beginnings as a member of the Second Adventists. Soon he had his own group of followers. He disagreed with some of the Adventist ideas and decided to form his own movement, The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, which later adopted the name, Jehovah’s Witnesses.[36] Adventists and Watchtower Society members shared a strong belief in their ability to predict the return of Christ. This was an event which they expect to happen in their own lifetimes. Scripture was their oracle rather than the Great Pyramid as in the case of the pyrimidologists and British-Israelites. Though I found no direct links between British-Israelism and Adventism or the Watchtower Society, the similar interests of these movements could have put their members in touch with some of the same religious reading.
1950: Lent, Good Friday, and Easter
by Ralph F. Becker
There are no occult themes in this short pamphlet, but Becker may have found the Paley quotation in Rev. Poole’s book or in a book that was quoting Rev. Poole. Becker is taking an extreme Protestant sectarian view of the religious holidays of Lent, Good Friday, and Easter. He argues that these holidays should not be celebrated by Christians because of their Pagan origins. This is in step with the official position of Jehovah’ Witnesses on these holidays. Though he may have not accepted Christian Identity himself, Becker’s extreme Protestant leanings in general could have given him some exposure to British-Israel, Christian Identity, Adventist, or Watchtower literature. Here is the quotation in the context of Becker’s argument: “One of the greatest of all
abominations to God is false worship. Romanism is the extreme ultra-development
of Satanic subtlety in worship. For she [Roman Catholicism] is very “Christian! How then can you take part in her sins? How can you keep the feasts of paganism and join its unholy corruption to the Wonderful Name of Christ? “Now, there may be some who read this who will be disposed to utterly condemn what is written in this tract. Let them consider here the words of the great Dr. Paley: “There is a principle which is a bar against all information; which is proof against all argument, which cannot fail to keep a man in everlasting ignorance. That principle is ‘CONTEMPT prior to EXAMINATION’.” “However I am sure that every
honest soul will be inclined to search himself and try his ways as he reads on,
and if he is guilty of observing paganism will become sorrowful and say to
Christ in tears ‘Is it I?’ (Mark There are several grammatical
differences from Rev. Poole’s variation, but Becker even attributes the
quotation to a Dr. Paley, as does Rev. Poole. Furthermore Becker refers to Paley as “the great
Dr. Paley.” On Rev. Poole’s title page Paley’s comparative “greatness” is implied by It seems unlikely that a mid-20th-century American would know who this Dr. Paley was. The title of “doctor” was used in deference to William Paley’s Doctorate of Divinity by some 19th century author, perhaps Rev. Poole who may have even had Paley as required reading as part of his own
education. Paley’s textbooks fell out of use later in
the 19th century. Becker was merely following suit. He used the same
attribution as his source, but probably had no idea who Dr. Paley
was. If Rev. Poole was not his source, Becker probably inherited the quotation
from a lineage that can be traced to 1991: The Highgate Vampire by Sean Manchester Bishop Sean Manchester is a vampirologist and exorcist. In this second edition of his book,
he gives his firsthand account of how he exorcized a contagion of vampirism
from “There is a principle which is a bar against all information, which is proof against all argument, and which cannot fail to keep man in everlasting ignorance. This principle is contempt prior to examination.” – William Paley[38] Herbert Spencer is buried at Sean Manchester is a bishop of the
I tried to contact Sean Manchester to learn of his source for the quotation. I was only able to communicate with a liaison who told me that the Bishop was too busy to reply personally, but that the Bishop wished to relay that the quotation may have come from Paley’s Moral Philosophy. I wrote back explaining that I had already determined that it wasn’t in Moral Philosophy or any of Paley’s other works, and asked if the Bishop could perhaps recall a secondary source in which he may have found the quotation. I did not receive a second reply. Sean Manchester’s variation and
the variation that Rev. Poole used in Anglo-Israel
(1889) are identical. Combining this legend of the origins of Christianity
in the land of the Anglo-Saxons with the legend of Anglo-Israel we might have a
fascinating tale of how the ten lost tribes of Summary of
Attributions to Paley
This concludes my review of authors
who attribute the quotation to William Paley. Freemasonry,
Anglo-Israelism, Pryamidism,
fringe religion, and the occult in general share some overlapping interests.
Though we can’t be absolutely sure that one author had another as his source,
the thematic relationships between these authors’ works suggest that this
quotation has survived the past two centuries in literature from movements
which present alternative knowledge, and that these authors may from time to
time been working from common sources.
[1]
Paley, William. The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy. Foreword by D.L. LeMahieu.
[2]
Paley, William. The Works of William Paley, D.D. Archdeacon of Carlisle; containing His Life, Moral and Political Philosophy, Evidences of Christianity, Natural Theology, Tracts, Horae Paulinae, Clergyman’s Companion, and Sermons. Printed verbatim from the original editions. Complete in one volume. New Edition.
[3]
Clarke, M.L. Paley: Evidences for the
[4]
Paley, William. The Works of William Paley, D.D. Archdeacon of Carlisle; containing His Life, Moral and Political Philosophy, Evidences of Christianity, Natural Theology, Tracts, Horae Paulinae, Clergyman’s Companion, and Sermons. Printed verbatim from the original editions. Complete in one volume. New Edition.
[5]
Ibid.
[6]
Clarke, M.L. Paley: Evidences for the
[7]
Ibid. Pages 59-60.
[8]
Paley, William. The Works of William Paley, D.D. Archdeacon of Carlisle; containing His Life, Moral and Political Philosophy, Evidences of Christianity, Natural Theology, Tracts, Horae Paulinae, Clergyman’s Companion, and Sermons. Printed verbatim from the original editions. Complete in one volume. New Edition.
[9]
LeMahieu, D.L. The Mind of William Paley.
[10]
Paley, William. The Works of William Paley, D.D. Archdeacon of Carlisle; containing His Life, Moral and Political Philosophy, Evidences of Christianity, Natural Theology, Tracts, Horae Paulinae, Clergyman’s Companion, and Sermons. Printed verbatim from the original editions. Complete in one volume. New Edition.
[11]
Ibid. Page 371.
[12]
Ibid. Page 372.
[13]
Ibid.
[14]
Ibid.
[15]
Ibid. Pages 372-373.
[16]
Ibid.
[17]
Ibid.
[18]
Ibid. Page 373.
[19]
Ibid. Page 374.
[20]
Ibid. Page 375.
[21]
Ibid.
[22]
LeMahieu, D.L. The Mind of William Paley.
[23]
Moral Philosophy is available at: http://oll.libertyfund.org/ToC/0158.php ; Natural Theology is available at: http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/p/pd-modeng/pd-modeng-idx?type=HTML&rgn=TEI.2&byte=53049319
[24]
Paley, William. The Works of William Paley, D.D. Archdeacon of Carlisle; containing His Life, Moral and Political Philosophy, Evidences of Christianity, Natural Theology, Tracts, Horae Paulinae, Clergyman’s Companion, and Sermons. Printed verbatim from the original editions. Complete in one volume. New Edition.
[25]
Paley, William. The Works of William Paley, D.D. with Extracts from His Correspondence and a Life of the Author by Rev. Robert Lynam, A.M. A New Edition with a Portrait, In Five Volumes.
[26]
Paley, Edmund. An Account of the Life and Writings of William Paley. Originally published as Volume I of The Works of William Paley.
[27]
[28]
[29]
Barkun, Michael. Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement.
[30]
Ibid. Page 13.
[31]
Garver, Will L. Brother of the Third Degree.
[32]
Steinmetz, George. Freemasonry: Its Hidden Meaning.
[33]
Occultopedia: The Occult and Unexplained Encyclopedia. http://www.occultopedia.com/c/count_saintgermain.htm & http://www.crystalinks.com/germain.html
[34]
Garver, Will L. Brother of the Third Degree.
[35]
Russell, Charles T. Zion’s Watchtower. VOL. XXXIII;
[36]
New Religious Movements. http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/Jwitness.html
[37]
Becker, Ralph F. Lent, Good Friday, and Easter.
[38]
Manchester, Sean. The Highgate Vampire: The infernal world of the undead unearthed at |