Top The Indian Civil Service is perhaps the most characteristic legacy the British left for us. If you have had the pleasure of viewing the famous television serial 'Yes Minister' and 'Yes Prime Minister,' you will have a pretty good picture in your mind about what the Civil Services is famous (or infamous) for.
Officially, the Civil Services controls the administration of the entire country, be it the national, state and other smaller levels. The Civil Services looks after all administrative affairs of the country other than guiding and assisting the politicians, who get elected as the representatives of the masses.
The Civil Services are the means and methods that the elected representatives of the people can implement policy decisions. From the time they were formed in 1919, the prime duty of the Civil Services is to protect the fundamental rights of the Indian citizens. The Civil Services have always enjoyed a high degree of respect - be it for the reasons of power or money.
The lure of a promising career in the Civil Services may have been diluted somewhat because of the increasing preference for lucrative jobs in the field of management, finance and the information technology sector. But even today a job in the Civil Services is a glamorous option.
The Civil Services, lord and masters in the pre-liberalisation scenario, may not wield the same amount of powers in the present environment, but that in no way decreases their importance. Campuses like the Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi is full of aspirants willing to burn their midnight oil over and over agains for a taste of life in the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), the Indian Police Service (IPS) and the Indian Foreign Service (IFS).
(1) Indian Administrative Service;
(2) Indian Police Service;
(3) Indian Foreign Service.
Cadre system
Officers of the All India Services are divided into state cadres. The All India Service (AIS) officers are allocated states where they are required to start out as civil servants. Officers can be sent to work with the Central Government for a pre-determined period of time but only on a deputation.
Usually, the Civil Services officials belong to the state where they begin their careers. On the other hand, you can need not work only in the state where you were bor and brought up.
But when chosen for a particular state, the civil servant will stay with that state cadre for the maximum part of his career.
Central Services include:
GROUP A:
(1) Indian Forest Service;
(2) Indian Posts and Telegraphs Accounts and Finance Service;
(3) Indian Audit and Accounts Service;
(4) Indian Customs and Central Excise Service;
(5) Indian Revenue Service;
(6) Indian Ordinance Factories Service;
(7) Indian Postal Service;
(8) Indian Civil Accounts Service;
(9) Indian Railway Traffic Service;
(10) Indian Railway Personnel Service;
(11) Indian Railway Accounts Service;
(12) Posts of Assistants Security Officer in Railway Protection Service;
(13) Indian Defence Estates Service;
(14) Indian Information Service;
(15) Central Trade Service, and
(16) Posts of Assistant Commandant in the Central Industrial Security Force, etc.
GROUP B:
(1) Central Secretariat Service;
(2) Railway Board Secretariat Service;
(3) Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Service;
(4) Customs Appraisers Service;
(5) Delhi and Andaman and Nicobar Islands Civil Services;
(6) Delhi and Andaman and Nicobar Islands Police Services;
(7) Central Bureau of Investigation;
(8) Pondicherry Civil and Police Services.
Central Services cadres are contrlooed by the Central Government. The officers selected for the Central Services fall in the category of the Central Services of that state. They are not part of the state cadre state cadre.
Those recruited for the Central Services are posted in metropolitans cities and big cities and towns if not at the centre. The Senior Administrative Grade of Central Services is equivalent to the IAS Super Time Scale.
Top Those lucky enough to get selected for the IAS are assigned their states. Other than that, they can also be transferred to the Central Governement on deputation whenever the need arises. They are incharge of policy matters, administration, industry, education, agritculture, technology, communications, labour welfare, amog other things. They are also asked to take charge of the various industrial and small scale sector that the government is responsible for running.
In charge of policy
The most important function of the IAS is creating, adapting and implementing policy matters related to various aspects of a country's administration.
At the top is the Cabinet Secretary who heads the government machinery involved in the making of policy followed by Secretary/Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary, Director, Under Secretary and junior Scale Officers. To facilitate decision making, several officers communicate their views to the minister who weighs the matter and reaches a decision on the issue.
In order to perform his work tasks effectivel and efficiently, the IAS officer has to undertake a lot of supervision and touring. The officer has to ensure a smooth and effective administration, represent and sign various treaties with other countries and trade concerns or other organisations while representating their own government.
Growth in the IAS
Life begins in the IAS at the Secretariat or the District Magistrate's office looking after routine administrative affairs and the developmental work going on in his region.
The officer moves into the Senior Scale after the probation period ends. Then he/she can also serve as the head of administration as District Magistrate or manage a governement industrial or small sector unit. Upon promotion, the IAS officer is awarded the Selection Grade and then assigned to the state government. The next promotion elevates the IAS officer to the position of the Chief Secretary.
The Super Time Scale
A promotion to the rank of a Chief Secretary means that the officer can benefit from the Super Time Scale. Each state has many Secretaries and only one Chief Secretary. Some appointments of Secretaries are considered more prestigious, like the Finance Secretary, Planning Secretary, etc., and hence they enjoy the salary of an Additional Chief Secretary and are also known as Principal Secretaries.
The Chief Secretary heaad the bureaucracy in a particular state. In the district, the senior-most person is the Collector or Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate. The District Magistrate/ Collector/District Collector handles the affairs of the district, including development functions. He necessarily tours all rural sectors inspecting specific projects, disputed sites, etc. At the divisional level, the buck stops with the Divisional Commissioner. His is in-charge of maintaining law and order, general administration and development work.
Top Foreign and Police Services Indian Foreign Service (IFS) Top
The Indian Foreign Service in in charge of initiating, maintaining and improving diplomatic relations with foreign countries. The IFS is an All India Service. IFS probationers are attached to a particular country in the Ministry of External Affairs.
The officers in the IFS need to acquaint themselves with the language and customs of the country in which they are asked to serve in order to get to know them better. Upon a transfer to that country, he assumes the position of a Third Secretary in the Indian Embassy or High Commission of that country. Promotion to the rank of a Second Secretary comes after two years.
IFS officers usually return on a home posting for two years before getting another foreign assignment. During this time, they work for the Ministry of External Affairs.
They look after relations with a group of countries or are placed in the Indian Council of Cultural Relations or the Passport Office or in another similar office.
An IFS officer, on reaching the senior scale, is assigned duties as First Secretary and his job is to develop international understanding, particularly with backward countries.
The Selection Grade
On reaching Selection Grade, IFS officers go as Ambassadors to relatively medium-sized countries or as ministers to larger embassies.
The next promotion is to the post of Secretary, which normally is an assignment to the post of Ambassador in the larger countries. However, in practice, this position is also assigned to some retired politicians, defence chiefs, or prominent public men.
IFS officers get attractive perks on postings abroad, for instance, free accommodation, education for children, outfit and liberal medical allowances, etc.
Indian Police Service (IPS)
The Indian Police Service is responsible for law and order of the country. It has various departments under the charge of IPS officers, like the crime branch, the investigation department, Home Guard and Traffic Police.
The IPS officer takes charge as an Assistant Superintendent of Police of a sub-division after serving on probation for two years. The tenure of this post is normally two years. The next appointment is Superintendent of Police and then DIG.
IPS officers are in charge of law and order along with the IAS officer who is appointed DM at the district level. IPS officers also get placed in the Cabinet Secretariat or other services such as the Border Security Force, the Central Reserve Police Force and the Central Industrial Security Force, etc.
The Inspector General of Police is the head of the entire police force of the state. The Director-General is at the head of certain specialised police forces like the Border Security Force, etc.
Created in 1966 to manage forest resources of the country, the Indian Forest Service is responsible for the nations forest and wild resources.
Those interested to join the Indian Forest Service are usually keen to maintain an environmental and ecological balance. IFTS officers are in charge of the forest resources both for supply and protection.
At a time when man is trying to upset the nature's balance, managing a country's natural reserves asssumes great significance.
IFTS officers have to undergo a special examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission. Upon selection, a forest officer is on probation for two years followed by allocation to the state cadre.
Written examination for IFTS
The details are as follows
Eligibility: Age 21-28 years.
Graduates with at least one of these subjects - Botany, Chemistry, Zoology, Physics, Statistics, Geology, Agriculture, Forestry or Engineering – are eligible.
Compulsory papers are General English and General Knowledge. Optional papers are Agriculture or Agricultural Engineering, Botany, Chemistry or Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Geology, Mathematics or Statistics, Mechanical Engineering, Physics, Zoology and Forestry.
The test is objective. Candidates qualifying the objective test go through a rigorous medical examination. While the men need to walk 25 kms in 4 hours, the women are asked to cover a distance of 14 kms in the same stretch of time. Then comes the interview.
For a less developed country like India, Railways is one of the most important modes of commercial transport. Those selected for a career in the Indian Raiwlay Service are trained at Baroda upon the completion of which they are assigned tasks in one of the zones.
After the successful completion of an induction course, the probationers are allocated zones.
All Railway zones are headed by a General Manager, while the Divisional Railway Manager looks after the divisions in that particular zone.
Indian Railway Traffic Services (IRTS)
IRTS takes care of (a) commercial and (b) operations aspects of the Indian Railway Service. While the Commercial division takes charge of transport of goods, the Operations division facilitates the traffic and movement of trains.
IRTS officers in commercial and operations department start their careers as Assistant Superintendents -- Assistant Commercial Superintendents (CS) or Assistant Operating Superintendents (OS) at the Divisional Headquarters.
Upon completion of four years of service in the senior scale, they are elevated to the rank of Divisional CS or Divisional OS at the Divisional Headquarters. The next promotion is in the junior Administrative Grade (JAG) where officers are made Senior Divisional CS/OS. The Senior Divisional Superintendent is the top man in his division.
In the Commercial Division, the Senior Divisional CS is in charge of the goods and wagons, while the Divisional CS is in charge of the coaches. The commercial section is managed by the Chief Commercial Superintendent. Senior to him is the Additional Chief Commercial Superintendent, followed by the Deputy Chief Commercial Superintendent. A similar hierarchy exists in the Operations Department.
Indian Railway Accounts Service (IRAS)
IRAS is in charge of all the accounts of the Railways, like income, expenditure, etc. The officers begin at the Divisional Headquarters as Assistant Accounts Officers. Thereafter they rise to the position of Divisional Accounts Officers.
Reaching the junior Administrative Grade, they become Senior Divisional Accounts Officers. The next promotion is Financial Advisor-cum-Chief Accounts Officer of a zone.
Railway Police Service (RPF)
RPF men also receive training at Baroda. They follow the same promotional structure as other railway services. The RPF is responsible for the security of railway tracks, personnel, equipment, etc. And the buck stops with the Director General, whose post is equivalent to that of an Additional Secretary. The Inspector General is equivalent to the IAS Super Time Scale.
Indian Railway Personnel Service (IRPS)
THe IRPS is responsible for recruitment of railay staff -- ticket inspectors, drivers, IRTS officers. They plan all recruitment drives, decide on promotion policy, postings, training, welfare, etc., in fact, all work concerning personnel.
Promotions that take place in the IRPS are in the following sequence: Assistant Personnel Officer, Divisional Personnel Officer, Senior Divisional Personnel Officer or Deputy Chief Planning Officer (Selection Grade), Additional Chief Planning Officer, Chief Planning and Labour Officer or Chief Personnel Officer.
The Indian Audit and Accounts Service is headed by the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG), a constitutional authority who is responsible for audit of the state and central governements and the state-run concerns.
The Indian Audit and Accounts service officers follow the following path after the completion of their induction: Assistant Accountant General, Deputy Accountant General, Senior Deputy Accountant General, Accountant General, Director of Audits, Additional CAG, Deputy CAG (equivalent in rank to a secretary in the Government of India).
IA and AS officers are assigned to various states and union territories as Financial Advisors, Chief Accounts Officers, Chief Internal Audit Officers, etc.
Indian Defence Accounts Service (IDAS)
Audit and accounts of the Defence Services is looked after by the Indian Defence Accounts Service (IDAS). You can start your career in the IDAS as an Assistant Controller of Defence Accounts. The defence accounts offices in cantonment, states and defence command headquarters are under the jurisdiction of the IDAS.
Indian Civil Accounts Services
Maintaining of accounts at the central level is looked after by the Indian Civil Accounts Service. The official heading the Indian Civil Accounts Service is the Secretary (Expenditure) in the Ministry of Finance. The lowest position here is ttah of an Assistant Controller of Accounts. The officers are promoted to the post of Deputy Controller of Accounts and Controller of Accounts in due course. The senior-most positions in the cadre are those of Additional Controller General of Accounts and Controller General of Accounts (equivalent to the Additional Secretary in the Central Government).
Indian Post and Telegraph Accounts and Finance Service
The accounts of the Postal and Telegrapg departments is looked after by the Indian Post and Telegraph Accounts and Financial Service, which is headed by the Deputy Director General.
Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise) Top
The Indian Revenue Service, divided into two sections of a) Income-tax and Customs and b) Central Excise, are in charge of revenue generation to meet the expenditure undertaken by the state. Customs probationers are trained at Chennai where as the excise officers commence their careers in a metropolitan town.
Customs officers are posted at international airports and ports. They can also be asked to serve at border and other coastal towns.
The main responsibility of the IRS is to levy customs duty on goods which are brought into the country and are liable to duty.
After probation, customs officers get posted as Assistant Commissioners (customs). They are promoted in due course to Deputy Commissioners (customs), Additional Commissioners (customs), Commissioners (customs), Member (Central Board of Excise and Customs), and Chairman (Central Board of Excise and Customs). The Central Excise Officers start as Assistant Commissioners (Central Excise) and are promoted to Deputy Commissioners (Central Excise), Additional Commissioner (Central Excise), Commissioners (Central Excise), Member (Central Board of Excise and Customs) and Chairman (Central Board of Excise and Customs).
Customs and Excise cadres are not water-tight compartments. Officers can be transferred from one to another, depending upon their experience and exigencies of work. A Chief Commissioner of Customs and Excise, with the pay of an Additional Secretary, holds technical and administrative charges in all the regions, exercising overall supervision on the technical and administration work in the field. The head of the administration is the Chairman, Central Board of Excise and Customs.
Indian Revenue Service (Income-tax)
Officers of the Indian Revenue Services (income-tax), enter training at the academy at Nagpur. After training, they are posted as Assistant Commissioners either on assessment or other work. While the main work of the department is assessment and recovery of direct taxes, the department has specialised branches dealing with investigation of tax evasion, statistics, and so on.
The Assistant Commissioners/Deputy Directors, Communication Chief Commissioners become Members (Central Board of Direct Taxes) in due course. The Head of the Department is the Chairman of the Central Board of Direct Taxes and is invariably a Member of the Indian Revenue Services (Income-tax).
Indian Ordinance Factories Services (IOFS)
Ordinance factories manufacture equipment for the defence services. IOFS officers serve in these factories for a span of nearly 10 years. They may be asked to serve as commissioned officers of the armed forces for four years.
The IOFS is managed by a chairman who holds a rank equivalent to that of a secretary, followed by Members of the Ordinance Factories or Director-General, Ordinance Factories, and then by the General Manager. The senior and junior scales positions are very much like other services.
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
Industries too need protection, especially the large network of Public Sector Undertakings. CISF officials head this organization. Officers start as Assistant Commandant in the CISF and then are promoted to the post of Deputy Commandant. The senior positions are that of Commandants or Additional Inspectors. The job is to head the infrastructural setup of security staff to man the industries.
Indian Defence Estate Service
The management of cantonments is under the care of the Defence Estate Service. The appointment, on completion of probation, is that of Executive Officer Class I or Class II of cantonments. The senior-most position in this service is of Director-General, Defence Estates.
Indian Postal Service officers work with field officers during their probation to learn about the entire functioning of the service. After completing their training, the young officers are appointed as Senior Superintendents of Post Offices or Railway Mail in large district towns and Divisional Headquarters.
In the senior scale, the officer is promoted to the rank of Assistant Post Master-General. The next promotion in the JAG as well as the selection grade is to the rank of a director.
The Senior Administration Grade Promotion is to the rank of the Post Master-General.
Above the Post Master-General is the Senior Deputy Director-General who is at a level equivalent to an Additional Secretary in a ministry or member of the Post and Telegraph Board. The Chairman of the board is at the top.
Indian Information Services
Formed in 1987, the Indian Information Service is responsible for facilitating PR functions of the government which includes organising press conferences, conducting national and international festivals and acting as the official spokesperson of the government.
The officers receive their training at the Indian Institute of Mass Communication in New Delhi. IIS officers come under the Ministry of Defence (Directorate of Public Relations).
Central Trade Services
The Central Trade Services works with the Ministry of Commerce (Chief Controller of Imports and Exports) but may also work with other ministries or public sector undertakings. Officers her begin as Assistant Chief Controllers of Imports and Exports, and climb up to the positions of Deputy Chief Controller of Imports and Exports. The next position is that of a Joint Chief Controller of Imports and Exports or Chairman of a public sector unit. Most officers of this service stay in large metropolitan towns.
The Central Bureau of Investigation recruits officers as Deputy Superintendents of Police in the Group B Services to facilitate investigation into civil and criminal matters.
Central Secretariat Service (CSS)
Candidates selected for the Central Secretariat Service begin their careers as Section Officers/ Selection Grade (SG) Officers/Grade I posts. The training period is two years, after which appointment is made to a particular ministry. The Ministry of Personnel places the SG and Grade I Officers.
Armed Forces Headquarters Civilian Staff
The Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force) headquarters and other Inter Service bodies recruit civilian staff who are largely responsible for office administration.
Railway Board Secretariat Service
The Railway Board Secretariat Service is the general administration staff in the Ministry of Railways. Customs Appraisers Service officers in charge of assessment and evaluation of imported goods in custom houses and custom departments are appointed in this service. They are trained at the Customs Staff College.
Centrally Administered Union Territories
Police services in Pondicherry, Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Delhi are administered by the central government. Selected officers are appointed to police departments of union territories and the Pondicherry Civil Services.
Junior Officer Scale - (8000-275-13500);
Senior Officer Scale - (10650-325-15850);
Junior Administrative Grade (after nine years of services) - (12750-375-16500);
Selection Grade (after 14th year) - (15100-400-18300);
Super Time Scale or Senior Administrative Grade (15th-18th year) - (18400-500-22400) - consolidated 26,000-30,000. Top About the examination
The Civil Services Examination conducted for recruitment to All India Services and Central Services (Group A and Group B) are the most popular examinsation conducted in the country and lure laks of candidates each year.
The examination is objective type and consists of a preliminary examinsation, the main examination comprising subjective papers and finally, an interview which also includes a group discussion session.
One should not get discouraged just because lakhs of candidates appear for the examinsation for only a couple of thousand of vacancies but the fact is that almost half of these aspirants are not serious contenders.
Of the enormous number of candidates that appear for the preliminary examinsation, less than 10% make the final grade examination. Further elimination ensures that very few serious aspirants are left to tackle the group discussion and interview stage, which largely determines your rank and service which you can opt for.
Eligibility
All candidates must be Indian citizens between the ages of 21 and 30. For Assistant Commandant (Group A) in the CISF, the age limit is 28 years. The age limit, however, is relaxed for special categories. It is 35 for the Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes (SC/ST) and 33 for the Other Backward Communities (OBC).
Candidates in the general category are allowed to take the Civil Services Examination four times, and even dropping out in the middle of an examination is counted as appearing once.
Candidates must be graduates from any recognised Indian university or deemed university or must possess an equivalent qualification.
There are some other restrictions and concessions for particular categories. While OBC candidates can make seven appearances, there are no such restrictions for those from SC/ST.
The Civil Services Examinations are held in two phases - the first is called the Preliminary Examination and the second the Main Examination. After that, there is the Personality Test before the final selection.
This consists of two objective-type multiple choice question papers that carry a maximum of 450 marks.
The first paper, of 150 marks, is General Studies. The second one requires candidates to answer questions from any one of the following subjects (300 marks): Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Botany, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Commerce, Economics, Electrical Engineering, Geography, Geology, Indian History, Law, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science, Philosophy, Physics, Psychology, Public Administration, Sociology, Statistics and Zoology.
The question papers are in both Hindi and English and two hours are allotted to answer each paper.
The course content for the optional subjects is of the graduate degree level. This is only a screening test and marks obtained are not counted while determining the final order of merit in the Civil Services Examination.
Main Examination
Candidates who secure the minimum qualifying marks fixed by the commission, are invited to appear for the main examination which includes subjective question papers.
The Written Examination consists of eight papers of conventional subjective (essay) type questions each carrying 300 marks each.
Paper I - One of the Indian languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution (Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu).
Paper II - English
Paper III - Essay
Papers IV and V - General Studies
Papers VI, VII, VIII and IX - Any two of the following subjects: Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anthropology, Botany, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Commerce and Acountancy, Economics, Electrical Engineering, Geography, Geology, History, Law, Literature (of any one of these languages - Bengali, Chinese, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Marathi, Malayalam, Oriya, Pali, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Arabic, Manipuri, Nepali, Konkani, Assamese, Persian, German, French, Russian, English), Management, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science, Philosophy, Physics, Political Science and International Relations, Psychology, Public Administration, Sociology, Statistics and Zoology.
Combinations not allowed: Political Science and Public Administration; Accountancy and Management; Anthropology and Sociology; Mathematics and Statistics; Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science; Management and Public Administration; Civil, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering.
Question papers are of the conventional essay type, each carrying 300 marks. The papers on Indian languages and English (I and II) are of qualifying nature and the marks obtained in these are not counted for ranking purposes. Their standard is of matriculation level.
Papers on General Studies and optional subjects (Papers III - VIII) are evaluated only if candidates attain a certain minimum standard in the qualifying papers of Indian languages and English.
There is no compulsion to offer the subjects studied at the graduate level for the Preliminary or Main Examination. Many candidates select subjects that are entirely new to them. The trends show that History, Sociology, Physics, Public Administration and languages like Hindi, English, Punjabi, Telugu, Tamil make for better scoring.
Interview
The aggregate marks obtained in the Main Examination (written as well as interview) determines the final ranking of the selected candidate. Selected candidates are then allotted various services, keeping in view their rank and expressed preference.
The personal interview is the last leg of the selection procedure, and carries 250 marks with no minimum qualifying marks. The candidate is interviewed by a board that has before it a record of the candidate’s career.
The candidate is expected to exhibit his grasp of matters of national as well asd international matters, current affairs, and general all-round awareness other than personal qualities which will enable him perform the duties in the best possible manner. Of course, an excellent grasp of academics is a must.
Indian Economic/Indian Statistical Services examination
The UPSC conducts examination each year for aspirants wishing to join the IES or ISS. On completion of training and passing the departmental examinations, they are placed on probation before being transferred for service in India or abroad.
Indian Engineering Services examination
A combined competitive examination is held for the All India Engineering services in (i) Indian Railways (ii) Railway Stores (iii) Military Engineering Service (iv) Border Road (v) Central Water Engineering (vi) Indian Ordinance Services (vii) Central Engineering Services (Roads) (viii) Engineering Services P and T (ix) Central Engineering Services (Mechanical).
Candidates qualifying in the written examination are offered jobs on merit and the choice of organisation they desire to join.
Examination and selections are conducted for the following branches: Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.
The written examination consists of four subject papers and a paper on General Ability consisting of general English and general Studies. Geology Examination is conducted for selecting candidates for appointment in the Geological Survey of India. They are also selected for appointment in the Central Ground Water Board.
Professionals entry into Government Services
The Union Public Service Commission, Shah Jahan Road, New Delhi 110011, conducts the Civil Services examinations while the Staff Selection Commissions conduct examinations for the state services.
UPSC also conducts selection examinations for other Government Services besides Civil Services. Recruitment of Doctors, Engineers, Geologists, Economists and Statisticians for posts in the central government organizations is done by UPSC. Doctors are appointed for the Central Health Scheme and Engineers for the Central Public Works Departments and other public sector undertakings.