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General Intelligence :
Vision: recognize pineapples. Illustrates the model-based and appearance-based approaches to vision.
Recognize if something is "monotonous". For example, a wallpaper pattern, a story, a job.
Try to give the most complete and general definition of "fighting".
A special case is as follows:
John hits Mary;
Mary hits John;
John hits Mary;
[ repeat a few more times... ]
to infer: John and Mary are fighting.
Ben throws the red ball to Izabel.
Question: After the event, is Ben still holding the ball?
This example is partly related to the concept of object permanance in cognitive psychology.
It may also involve the trick of "inverse pattern recognition". Normally, pattern recognition proceeds from the bottom up (sensory experience). For example, "Ben's arm moving outward and the red ball flying off Ben's hand" is recognized as "Ben throwing the red ball". What we need here is something in the reverse direction: we are given that Ben "throws" the ball, and we want to retrieve the fact that the ball flies away from Ben's hand, as part of the pattern of "throwing".
With a logic-based representation of patterns, doing the reverse of pattern recognition is known as abductive reasoning.
I ask Kellie out for a date, but she says she is busy. Then, I find her at the bar.
To infer: Kellie is lying.
At the beginning there should be the following goals in Working Memory:
The following sequence of inference occurs:
A.
Kellie says she is busy → she is busy unless she is lying
where "unless" is an operator that extends first order logic.
This involves 3 things:
B.
To infer that: Kellie is at the bar → Kellie is not busy.
Here we need a special piece of knowledge stating that "going to a bar" is a kind of "free activity":
going_to_bar ⊂ free_activities.
This is a special operation that involves pattern recognition, which is not the same as recalling simple facts from memory. The difference is that a pattern may have an infinite number of referents, whereas memorized facts are finite. For example, one can expect to have a memorized fact like "going to a bar is a free activity" but there cannot be memorized facts for more unusual activities like "throwing boomerangs" or "juggling pencil sharpeners". To recognize an infinite number of possible "free activities", the Pattern Recognizer uses both instance-based and rule-based matching (see pattern recognition).
Finally we have another piece of semantic/generic knowledge stating that:
Kellie is busy → Kellie cannot be doing free activities
which allows to draw the contradiction.
Note: in this example we have ignored time and tenses, and the probabilistic values of statements.
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Mar/2006 (C) GIRG