Pat Hamer

Period 5

3/30/04

Chapter 45 Outline

I. Nonspecific Disease

a. Immune system is our primary defense against Disease-causing microorganisms

i. Immune system is made up of nonspecific and specific defenses against infection.

ii. Non Specific Defenses

1. Body’s first line against disease

iii. Specific Defenses

1. Attempts by the body to defend itself against particular pathogens

b. The Skin and other Barriers

i. Lysozyme – an enzyme that breaks down the cell walls of many bacteria

ii. Pathogen enters body through the mouth and nose but is defended by specific defenses.

c. Phagocytes and Inflammation

i. Inflammatory response – bacteria within a wound cause fluid and white blood cells to leak from blood vessels into nearby tissues

ii. Phagocytes – white blood cells that engulf and destroy bacteria

iii. Inflamed – literally on fire

iv. Lymph Nodes – where swelling and tenderness occurs as battle between pathogen and white blood cells continues.

v. Fever – increase in body’s temperature

d. Interferon

i. Interferon – a protein that helps other cells resist viral infection

II. Specific Defenses

a. Immune Response

i. Antibodies

1. Antigen-binding sites – antibody molecule is shaped like letter Y and precisely fits the shape of particular antigen.

2. Agglutination – process by which antibodies can link viruses together in a large mass

ii. Antibody Response

1. Plasma Cells – specialized B cells that release antibodies into the bloodstream to deal with infection.

2. Primary Immune Response – production of antibodies from the first exposure to an antigen

3. T-Lymphocytes – lymphocytes that have matured in the thymus gland

b. Immunity

i. Active Immunity

1. Vaccination – injection of a weakened or mild from of a pathogen to produce immunity

2. Active Immunity – process in which immunity is produced by a vaccine.

ii. Pasteur and the Anthrax Vaccine

1. if a weakened or killed disease-causing microorganism was introduced into a persons blood stream it would be able to produce immunity without causing the disease.

a. Known as pasteurization

iii. Rabies

1. Pasteur used same method as Anthrax and created a vaccine for rabies

2. First used on Joseph Meister who was bitten by a rabid dog in 1885

iv. The Polo Vaccine

1. Jonas Salk developed the most important one. The polio vaccine

a. Was able to kill the three viruses that caused Polio

2. In 1953 more than 60,000 Americans contracted Polio

3. First released for general use in 1955

v. Passive Immunity

1. passive immunity – antibodies produced by the other animals against a pathogen are injected into the bloodstream and remain in circulation for weeks.

c. Cell-Mediated Immunity

i. Killer T-Cells – killer cells that transfer special proteins into the cell membrane of a pathogen causing it to leak fluids from inside the cell.

ii. Cell-mediated community – immune responses that is important in cases of diseases caused by eukaryotic pathogens such as fungi and protozoa.

iii. Rejection – process in which immune system damages and destroys the transplanted organ

III. Immune Disorders

a. Allergies

i. Allergies – result when antigens bind to mast cells which are a type of immune cell found throughout body but especially in nasal passages

ii. Histamines – cells that are released by activated mast cells

iii. Asthma – condition in which smooth muscles contract around the passages leading to the lungs, making it hard to breathe

b. Autoimmune Diseasse

i. Autoimmune disease – when ability to distinguish itself from non-self causing immune system to attack the body’s own cells

ii. Rheumatic Fever – when bacteria are so similar to proteins on some cardiac cells the immune system attacks the heart as well

iii. Rheumatoid Arthritis – destructive inflammation of the joints

iv. Juvenile-onset diabetes – result of autoimmune reaction against the insulin producing cells

c. AIDS

i. AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

a. HIV – is a retro virus or a virus whose genetic information contained RNA

2. Helper T-Cells – help other lymphocytes respond to the early stages of an infection.

ii. The Effects of AIDS

1. More than 50% of people infected with HIV have died

2. ravaged developing countries

a. Africa

iii. The Spread of Aids

1. spread through body fluids such as semen, vaginal secretion, and blood

2. dirty needles have posed a problem so has unsafe sex.

iv. AIDS Treatment and Prevention

1. You can prevent AIDS by avoiding exposure to HIV, the virus that causes the disease

a. Unless you were born with it from your mother.