Verb Prefixes

Meaning:

towards someplace, towards this or that location

Examples:

• hêke' -- I'll go there
  ["h-" towards someplace + "ë-" future/tentative mode + "k-" I (active role) + "-e'" to go (Punctual aspect) ]

H(e) + Modal Prefixes
Mode		Combination	Example
Factual	u'-	hu'-	hu'se -- go there ["h-" towards someplace + "u'-" fatual mode + "s-" you (active role) + "e" to go (Imperative aspect)]; hwa'akwe' -- we [exclusive] went there ["h-" towards someplace + "wa'-" factual mode (before a vowel) + "akw-" We exclusively (active role) + "e'" to go (Punctual aspect)]
Tentative ("future")	ë-	hë-	hëhne' (they-two [masculine] will go there)
Optative	aa-	haa(??)-

Meaning:

1. That many / that way

Examples:

• niyu'tê -- they way it is like

Ni + Modal Prefixes
Mode		Combination	Example
Factual	u'-	nö'-	nö'kítö' -- what I meant (Punctual) [ni + u' + kítö']
Tentative ("future")	ë-	në-	nëyáwë -- it will happen (Punctual) [ni + ë + (y)<link> + (a)<link> + w + ë]
Optative	aa-	naa-	naayawë -- it might happen (Punctual) [ni + aa + (y)<link> + (a)<link> + w + ë]

Meaning:

(do something) again; "re-"

Examples:

• ëskôkë' ae' -- I'll see you again
• ëskôyatöös ae' -- I'll write to you again

S + Modal Prefixes
Mode		Combination	Example
Factual	u'-	sa-	sááyö' (he came back [s + wa' + ha + yö'])
Tentative ("future")	ë-	ës-	ëskôkë' (I'll re-see you); ësháyö' (he will return [ë + s + ha + yö'])
Optative	aa-	aas-

Notes:

"T" (cislocative) + "S" (repetitive) --> "TS"

tsiswáyö -- come back, you-all (Imperfect [imperative])

Meaning:

at this/that location

Examples:

• Tkanôtu' -- (New York City) A Town Stands (in water) There
• thutinöhsút -- their house is (stands-up) there

Variations:

Ty- -- before a vowel

Examples:
Tyunénö' -- south (the water is warm there)
Tyunötáti' -- at the other side of the mountain

Ti- -- before "too many" consonants

Example:
ëtiskwáyatöös -- you will write to us

T- -- before "NOT too many" consonants

Example:
tknôke' -- I live there; tsnôke' -- you (singular) live there

T(i) + Modal Prefixes
Mode		Combination	Example
Factual	u'-	ta-	taköyatöös (I wrote to you [t + u' +kö + yatöös])
Tentative ("future")	ë-	ët-	ëtiskwáyatöös (you will write to me/us)
Optative	aa-	ööta-	öötaköyatöös (I might write to you)

Meaning:

Denotes that something is done with something else, or by two. Sometimes it denotes "eachother" or "one another" (not necessarily including the speaker; for example "Tekwënötényös", "I translate", can be understood literally as "I change words from one to another" [and not "change myself with another word" :-)])

Examples:

• Tewénö' -- be different (from)
• tewashê -- twenty (two tens)
• Tekwënötényös -- I translate
  (literally "I change words from one to another")

Te + Modal Prefixes
Mode		Combination	Example
Factual	u'-	u't-	u'tkahtsi -- I leaned on my hands
Tentative ("future")	ë-	të-	tëkahtsi -- I will lean on my hands
Optative	aa-	taa-	taakahtsi -- I might lean on my hands

Meaning:

not something

Examples:

• te'keyëö -- I do not know (how to...)
  (note: "te'wéêteayëö" he does not know -- the " ' + h" combination drops out)
• te'wi -- it does not seem
• te'wêtö -- never ("not" + "when")
• te'wéê -- near (not far [te'- + wéê])

Te' + Modal Prefixes
Mode		Combination	Example
Factual	u'-	ta'-
Tentative ("future")	ë-	??-
Optative	aa-	??-

Meaning:

(?) opposite, not-, "dis-" (?)

Examples:

• thikëö -- (it is) not as many as ...
  
• thikáte' -- (it is) a different one (thing)
  
• thikya'tate' -- (I am) a different one (person)
• thiyukwenyô -- (it is) unexpectedly possible

Meaning:

at the same time (as)...

Examples:

• thsikeksa'aa -- when I was a (little) child (keksa' -- I am a child)
• thsikökwe'tásé' -- when I am a young person
  (thsi + k + ökwe't [be a person(there)] + -ase- (be new [Stative?]) -- "when I am a new person")
• thsikekëhtsi -- when I am old (thsi + ke + këhtsi [be old/Stative])
• thsiwai -- first of all ("same-time there")

Thsi + Modal Prefixes
Mode		Combination	Example
Factual	u'-	thsa'-	thsa'kyö' (when I arrived)
Tentative ("future")	ë-	??-
Optative	aa-	??-

Notes:

• "Thsi-" always comes at the very beginning of a word
  (note by Dr. Thomas McElwain)

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