APUSH c10-12 Identifications

Who, what, where, when, and WHY IMPORTANT

Federalist Era
Montrel Toomer

1. Alien and Sedition Acts

The Alien and Sedition Acts were 4 laws passed in 1798. The Naturalization Act raised the number of years of U.S. residency required for naturalization from 5 to 14. This law was repealed in 1802. The Alien Act empowered the president to arrest and deport any alien considered dangerous.(expired in 1800) The Alien Enemies Act, which expired in 1801, provided for the arrest and deportation of subjects of foreign powers at war with the United States. The Sedition Act made it a criminal offense to print or publish, false, malicious, or scandalous statements directed against the U.S. government, the president, or Congress; to foster opposition to the lawful acts of the Congress; or to aid a foreign power in plotting against the U.S.

The Bank of the U.S. was established in Philadelphia in 1791.It was the first bank to be chartered by the new federal government. By 1805, it had eight branches and served as the government’s banker as well as the recipient of private and business deposits.

Decided in1793 by the Supreme Court this case was brought against the state of Ga. by Alexander Chisholm, a citizen of South Carolina, regarding an inheritance of which he was the legatee. The Supreme Court took jurisdiction under Article III, Section 2, of the Constitution which confers jurisdiction on the federal courts in cases between a state and citizens of another state. Georgia challenged both the right of citizens to sue a state governments and the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in such cases. The Supreme Court ruling affirmed the jurisdiction of the courts. On March 5, 1794, Congress passed the 11^th Amendment, which was ratified on Feb. 7, 1795. It removed from the federal courts cases in which a citizen of one state is the plaintiff and the gov. of another state is the defendant and vice versa.

Edmund Charles Edouard Genet was a French diplomat appointed minister to the United States in 1793 during George Washington’s presidency. He began a campaign to involve the U.S. in the French Revolution. Genet raised troops for projected military operations against Spanish possessions in America and used U.S. ports for the equipping of privateers that attacked British shipping. President Washington wanted to maintain U.S. neutrality, demanded his recall. In 1794 The French gov. sent a new minister with orders to arrest Genet and return him for a trial. Believing that Genet life would thus be trouble, Washington refused his extradition. Genet later settled on a farm on Long Island the moved to Rensselaer County, N.Y. where he became a naturalized citizen.

The presidential election of 1800 dad to be decided in the House of Reps because Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr had received equal number of votes in the electoral college. A. Hamilton extended his favor towards Jefferson rather than Burr, whom he thought of as a dangerously unprincipled adventurer. The election of 1800 was on of the events that led up to the dual between Hamilton and Burr, of which Hamilton was wounded and later died.

Hamilton first entered the revolutionary movement in 1774 at a public meeting in New York City with a speech urging the calling of the general congress. On the Outbreak of the war Hamilton became a captain of artillery and served with a distinction in the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, and Princeton. His courage and ability won him the notice of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, who introduced him to George Washington with a recommendation for advancement. In March 1777, Washington made Hamilton his aide-de-camp and personal secretary.

This policy forced recruitment of sailors by the British Royal Navy during the late 18^th century and early 19^th century. It caused frequent conflict between Britain and the United States after the America Revolution.

The treaty was negotiated in 1794 to resolve the differences between the U.S. and Great Britain. It was drafted by the American statesman and jurist John Jay and the British foreign secretary Baron William Grenville. The agreement was intended both to settle long- standing differences between the U.S. and Great Britain and to secure American neutrality during the time of the French Revolution in Europe.

Beginning with the Judiciary Act of 1789, congress created several types of courts and other judicial organizations, which now include lower courts, specialized courts, and administrative offices to help run the judicial system.

Santana Windom

Pinckney’s Treaty of 1775 with Spain granted the Americans virtually everything they demanded, including free navigation of the Mississippi and the large disputed territory north of Florida.

Gabriel Prosser was a Negro slave; he planned a major slave revolt with the gold of making Virginia a state for blacks. Although the uprising never occurred, Prosser became known because he prepared it so thoroughly and organized several thousand slaves to take part. Prosser and his followers intended to attack Richmond Va., the state capital. They planned to seize the city armories and kill most of whites in Richmond. They also planned to captured other Virginia towns and free as many slave as possible. On the night of Aug. 30, 1800, Prosser and about 1000 other slaves met outside Richmond. But a severe storm flooded the bridges and roades to city, and Prosser postponed the attack. The same night, two slaves told their owner about the plot. He informed governor James Monroe. The governor called out the state militia, and Prosser and about 34 followers were soon captured and hanged. Prosser was born in Henrico County, Virginia.

The London government tied to build up an Indian buffer state to contain ambitious Americans. British agents sold firearms and firewater to the Indians, who continued to attack, pioneers invading their land. When General " Mad Anthony" Wayne crushed the northwest Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794, the fleeing foe left on the field British-made arms, as well as, the corpse of a few British Canadians. In the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, the Indians, finally abandoned by their red-coated friends, ceded their claims to a vast virgin tract in the Ohio country.

Resentful Jeffersonians naturally refused to take the Alien and Sedition Laws lying down. Jefferson himself feared that if the Federalists managed to choke free speech and free press, they would then wipe out other precious constitutional guarantees. His own fledgling political party might even be stamped out of existence. If this had happened, the country might have slid into a dangerous one-party dictatorship.

Fearing prosecution for sedition, Jefferson secretly penned a series of resolutions, which the Kentucky legislature approved in 1798 and 1799. His friend and fellow Virginian James Madison drafted a similar but less extreme statement, which was adopted by the legislature of Virginia in 1798.

Both Jefferson and Madison stressed the compact theory-a theory popular among English political philosophers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. As applied to America by the Jeffersonians, this concept meant that the thirteen sovereign states, in creating the federal government, had entered into a "compact," or contract, regarding its juridition. The national government was consequently the agent or creation to the states. Since water can rise no higher than its source, the individual states were the final judges of whether their agent had broken the compact by over stepping the authority originally granted. Invoking this logic, Jefferson’s Kentucky resolutions concluded that the federal regime had exceeded its constitional powers and that with regard to Alien and Sedition Act "nullification"- a refusal to accept them-was the "rightful remedy."

Exhausted after the diplomatic and partisan battle of his second term, president Washington decided to retire. His choice contributed powerfully to establishing a two-term tradition for American president. In his Farewell Address to the nation in 1796, Washington strongly advised the avoidance of "permanent alliances" like the still-vexatious French Treaty of 1778. Contrary to general misunderstanding, Washington did not opposed all alliances, but favorite only "temporary alliances" for "extraordinary mercy."

The Whiskey Rebellion, which flared up in Southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794, sharply challenged the new national government, Hamilton’s high excise tax bore harshly on these homespun pioneer folk. They regarded it not as a tax on frivolous luxury but as a burden on an economic necessity and a medium of exchange. Even preachers of the gospel were paid in "Old Monongahela rye." Rye and corn crops distilled into alcohol were more cheaply transported to eastern markets than bales of grains. Defiant distillers finally erected whiskey holes, similar to the liberty poles of anti-stamped tax days in 1765, and raised the cry "liberty and no excise." Boldly tarring and feathering revenue offers, they brought collection to a halt.

President Adams envoys, reaching Paris 1797, hoped to meet Talleyrand, the crafted French foreign minister. They were secretly approached by three go betweens, later reefed to as X, Y, and Z in the published dispatches. The French spokesman, among other concessions, demanded an unneutral loan 32 million florins, plus what amounted to bribe of 250 thousand dollars, for the privilege of merely talking with Talleyrand. These terms were intolerable. The American trio knew that bribe were standard diplomatic devices in Europe, but the gagged at paying a quarter of a million dollar for mere talk, without any assurances of a settlement. Negotiations quickly broke down, and John Marshall, on reaching New York in 1798 was held as conquering hero for his steadfastness. War hysteria swept through the United States, catching up even president Adams. The slogan of the hour became "Millions for defense, but not one sent for tribute." The Federalist were delighted at this unexpected turn of affairs, where as all except the most rabid Jeffersonians hung their heads in shame over the misbehavior of their French friend

T Mathis

Jeffersonian Era & War of 1812 ID

20) Barbary pirates were pirates that went around blackmailing and plundering ships at the Mediterranean Sea around the time of 1798. This was important because sending money put America into more debt than it already was trying to protect other countries.

21) Burr conspiracy was a conspiracy that said that Aaron Burr left after he killed Alexander Hamilton for New Orleans to acquire land in the Mississippi River Valley with some help from Harman Blennerhassett in 1804.

22) Chesapeake affair was an affair in 1807 in which the Americans wanted to take revenge against the British. This was important because it ignited the fuel to start a war between the two countries.

23) Embargo Act was an act passed in late 1807 that forbade the export of all goods from the United States, whether in American or in foreign ships. This was important because it hurt the commerce of New England in which the Jeffersonian Republicans were only trying to protect them from other foreign lands.

24) Era of Good Feelings was a period of 1817-1823 when there was little open party left after the decline of the Federalist Party. This was important because the people wanted to have a normal life and break away from political issues, and it was the first time a President had been seen since the Virginia dynasty came into power.

25) Hartford Convention was a convention in Hartford, Connecticut from December 15, 1814, to January 5, 1815. Its purpose was to discuss issues such as financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade, and constitutional amendments requiring a two-thirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared.

26) Lewis and Clark Expedition was an expedition in which Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase.

27) Marbury v. Madison was a case in 1803 that was decided by the United States Supreme Court. President John Adams had commissioned William Marbury the justice of peace in the District of Columbia. When Marbury did not receive the commission, he sued James Madison. This was important because the decision established the doctrine of judicial review.

28) Midnight judges were justices of peace appointed by the president at that present time.

29) New Orleans, Battle of was a battle in January, 1815 in which British wanted to crush the Americans at this strategic point in their third attempt to take over America after Napoleon’s downfall in Europe. This was important because even though Great Britain tried to recapture America, America still had control, restoring its pride.

30) Sacajawea a Shoshone Indian who aided the explorers in the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804. She served as their guide and interpreter, exploring the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase. This was important because the U.S. later claimed the area of Oregon Country.

31) Tecumseh and the Prophet were Indian chiefs that were killed during the Battle of the Thames with the British in 1813.

32) Tippecanoe was a battle in which William Henry Harrison launched attack against the Indians in 1811 in western Indiana. This was important because Indiana became a state in 1816, and Illinois became a state in 1818.

33) Treaty of Ghent was a treaty in 1814 between England and the United States. This was important it ended the war and restored the boundaries existing before the hostilities began.

34) War Hawks a group of young Republican politicians from the West and South who were strongly nationalistic and keenly desired American expansion which included leaders such as Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

Nationalism and Sectionalism

J Taylor

Also called the Transcontinental Treaty of 1819, the Adams-Onis Treaty was one of the critical events that defined the U.S.-Mexico border. The border between the then-Spanish lands and American territory was a source of heated international debate. In Europe, Spain was in the midst of serious internal problems and its colonies out west were on the brink of revolution. Facing the grim fact that he must negotiate with the United States or possibly lose Florida without any compensation, Spanish foreign minister Onis signed a treaty with Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. Similar to the Louisiana Purchase statutes, the United States agreed to pay its citizens' claims against Spain up to $5 Million. The treaty drew a definite border between Spanish land and the Louisiana Territory. In the provisions, the United States ceded to Spain its claims to Texas west of the Sabine River. Spain retained possession not only of Texas, but also California and the vast region of New Mexico. The treaty -- which was not ratified by the United States and the new republic of Mexico until 1831 -- also mandated that Spain relinquish its claims to the country of Oregon north of the 42 degrees parallel (the northern border of California). Later, in 1824, Russia would also abandon its claim to Oregon south of 54'40,' (the southern border of Alaska).

(Henry Clay) Henry Clay developed a plan to create a profitable home market. Still radiating the rationalism of war-hawk days, he thew himself behind an elaborate scheme known by 1824 as the American System. This system had three main parts. It began with a strong banking system, which would provide easy and abundant credit. Clay also advocated a protective tariff, behind which eastern manufacturing would flourish. Revenues gushing from the tariff would provide funds for the third component of the American system-a network of roads and canals, especially in the burgeoning Ohio Valley. Through these new arteries of transportation would flow foodstuffs and raw materials from the South and West to the North and East. In exchange, a stream of manufactured goods would flow in the return direction, knitting the country together economically and politically.

(Robert Fulton) An ambitious painter-engineer named Robert Fulton, installed a powerful steam engine in a vessel that prosperity came to know as the Clermont but that a dubious public dubbed "Fulton's Folly." In 1807, the quaint little ship made its way steadily from New York City up the Hudson River toward Albany. It made the run of 150 miles (240 kilometers) in 32 hours. People could now defy wind, wave, tide and downstream current, Within a few years Fulton had changed all of America's navigable streams into two-way arteries, thereby doubling their carrying capacity.

Election The North won the concession that Congress could forbid slavery in the remaining territories. More gratifying to many northerners was the fact that the immense area north of 36degrees 30, except Missouri, was forever closed to the blight of slavery. Yet the restriction on future slavery in the territories was not unduly offensive to the slave owners, partly because the northern prairie land did not seem suited to slave labor. Even so, majority of southern congressmen voted against the compromise. It was denounced by extremist on each side as a "dirty bargain."

The college had been granted a charter by King George III in 1769, but the democratic New Hampshire state legislature had seen fit to change it. Dartmouth appealed the case, employing as counsel its most distinguished alumnus, Daniel Webster. The "Godlike Daniel" reportedly pulled out all the stops at this tear-inducing eloquence when he declaimed, "It is, as I have said, a small college. And yet there are those are those who loved it." The Dartmouth decision had the fortunate effect of safeguarding business enterprise from domination by the states' government.

Attempts to secure federal funding for roads and canals stumbled on Republican constitutional scruples. Congress voted in 1817 to distribute $1.5 million to the states for internal improvements. But President Madison sternly vetoed this handout measure as unconstitutional. The individual states were forced to venture ahead with reconstruction of their own, including the Erie Canal, triumphantly completed by New York in 1825.

The suit grew out of an attempt by the state of New York to grant a private concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey. John Marshall sternly reminded the upstart state that the Constitution conferred on Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. He thus struck with one hand a blow at states' rights, while upholding with the other the sovereign powers of the federal government. Interstate streams were thus cleared of this judicial spirit of Hamilton may well have applauded.

The success of the early spinning mills of southern New England in the years before 1810 and the uncertainties of shipping led the son of a leading Boston merchant family, Francis Cabot Lowell, to seek a haven for his fortune in manufacturing. Having developed the country's first working power loom, Lowell, with fellow Bostonians Patrick Tracy Jackson and Nathan Appleton, established the Boston Manufacturing Company along the Charles River in Waltham in 1814. The power loom and related machinery permitted the combination of all the steps in the production of cloth under a single roof.

This suit in 1819 involved an attempt by the state of Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on its notes. John Marshall speaking for the court, declared the bank constitutional by invoking the Hamilton doctrine of implied powers. At the same time, he strengthened federal authority and slapped at state infringements when he denied Maryland the right to tax the bank. Marshall's ruling in this case gave the doctrine "loose construction" its famous formulation.

The Monroe Doctrine was born late in 1823, when the nationalistic Adams won the nationalistic Monroe over to his way of thinking. The president, in his regular annual message to Congress on December 2,1823, incorporated a stern warning to the European powers. Its two basic features were (1) noncolonization and (2) nonintervention.

When a paralyzing economic panic descended. It brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded pesthouses known as debtors' prisons. This was the first national financial panic since President Washington first took office. Many factors contributed to the catastrophe of 1819, but looming large was overspeculation in frontier lands, The Bank of the United States, through its western branches, had become deeply involved in this popular type of outdoor gambling.

The agreement between Britain and the United States that severely limited naval armament on the lakes. Better relations brought the last border fortifications down in the 1870s, with the happy result that the United States and Canada came to share the world's longest unfortified boundary-5,527 miles (8,899 kilometers) long.