APUS History Chapter 13-20 Identifications. Answer the following in complete sentences addressing WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, and WHY IMPORTANT.
Remember, these are scattered over chapters 13-20 so go for the index and then branch out from there.
N Ealey
11. Auburn System (prison reform)
Auburn 1821 this was the first of two prisons authorized by the New York law of 1816. The second prison was Sing-Sing. The emphasis was on individual cell-block architecture to create an environment to rehabilitate and reform, to separate the criminal from all contact with corruption and then teach him moral habits of order and regularity by means of sever discipline. Inmates worked as contract convict labor 10 hours per day, 6 days per week. The Auburn model influenced the emergence of reform schools and workhouses in the 1820s, such as the New York House of Refuge in 1825 that separated juveniles from the adult prisoners, and the workhouse on Blackwell's Island for vagrants and drunks and misdemeanants.
12. Dix, Dorothea
A reformer and prisoner in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820’s, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendent of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.
13. Douglass, Frederick
A self- educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglass became the best- known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti -slavery weekly, the North Star.
14. Gag rule
This rule stated: "No petition, memorial, resolution, or other paper praying the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia or any State or Territory, or the slave trade between the States or Territories in which it now exists, shall be received by this House, or entertained in any way whatever"
15. Garrison, William Lloyd
Garrison's outspoken stand in favor of immediate freedom for slaves made him and his newspaper unpopular with pro-slavery forces both North and South. In Columbia, South Carolina, the Vigilance Committee offered a $1500 reward for the arrest of anyone distributing The Liberator, and the Georgia House of Representatives offered $5000 for Garrison's capture and trial. In Boston, however, in July of 1831, Boston black leaders honored Garrison at
The African Meeting House
. Garrison's dedication to the abolition of slavery was already apparent; On January 1, 1831, Garrison, back in Boston, published the first issue of The Liberator.
16.Mann, Horace
A brilliant and idealistic graduate of Brown University. He was the secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education; he campaigned for more and better schoolhouses, longer shorter terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. He influenced other states, and improvements chalked up.
18. Millerites (Adventists)
Religious people that mustered several thousands adherents, rose from the superheated soil of the Burned – Over region in the 1830s. They interpreted the Bible saying that Christ would return in October 22, 1844. They gathered in prayerful assemblies to greet their Redeemer. The failure of Jesus to descend or schedule dampened but did not destroy the movement.
19. Mormonism (Mormons)
The spiritual embers of the Burned Over District that was one the ardent flame in 1820, they constituted the Book of Mormon, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) was launched. They arose further antagonism by voting as a unit. They kept a lot of problems.
20. Owen, Robert
A Scottish textile manufacturer who was wealthy and idealistic was seeking, human betterments. He founded in 1825 a communal society of about a thousand people at New Harmony.
H. Solomon
California Gold Rush
The California Gold Rush took place in 1849. It was a massive movement of people to California when they discovered gold there in 1848. There were three routes to the goldfields. A forty-niner could go by boat to Panama, cross to the city of Panama, and then catch a boat to San Francisco. The demand for passage was so great that ola and undersized ships were pressed into service. A number of them sank in the treacherous waters off Cape Horn. The Gold Rushes in the United States had a profound effect on the nation, as did the men who work for them. The Forty-Niners pioneered new trails through unknown regions and helped to open them up for settlement. They also added billions of dollars to the national wealth. These billions helped finance the growth of industry during the 19th century and helped make the United States an industrial nation.
James Polk
He was the 11th president of the United States. He was one of the nation’s most successful presidents. He served one term from 1845-1849. During his term in office the United States expanded westward to the Pacific Ocean, California and the New Mexico
Territory was won in the Mexican War, and the Oregon country was acquired through negotiations with Great Britain. He was a Jacksonian Democrat; he succeeded in putting the economic principles of the Democratic Party into law.
Manifest Destiny
Jingoistic tenet holding that territorial expansion of the United States is not only inevitable but divinely ordained. The phrase was brought up in 1845. It was later used by expansionist in all political parties to justify the acquisition of California, the Oregon Territory, and Alaska. By the end of the 19th century the doctrine was being applied to the proposed annexation of various islands in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean
Oregon Treaty
The U.S. wanted to continue the line to the Pacific Ocean as a means of dividing the Oregon country between the two claimants. The offer was rejected by Britain, which claimed it would give the Columbia River to the United States. During the administration of President John Tyler, the British offered to accept the 49th parallel as far west as the Columbia River and from there to follow the Columbia River to the Pacific. The U.S. government declined. The Democratic Party and its national platform of 1844, asserted the right of the U.S. to the whole of Oregon. The dispute was settled by the Oregon Treaty in 1846.
Battle of San Jacinto
It was the last of the Texan war of independence from Mexico fought April 21, 1836 near the sight of present day Houston, Texas. The Alamo by the forces of Mexican general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, the Texan commander in chief General Sam Houston with a small force of about 800 men, made a surprise attack on the Mexican army near the mouth of the San Jacinto River. They were shouting Remember The Alamo. It was important because Houston defeated the Mexican force in less than 20 minutes and they signed a treaty that granted Texans their independence and ended the war.
Lone Star Republic
The Lone Star Republic was established when Houston defeated the Mexican army in 1836. The settlers established the Republic of Texas. It was known as the Lone Star Republic because its flag had a single white star in a blue field.
Battle of Buena Vista
This battle took place in February 1847. This was the battle when Zachary Taylor called "Old Rough and Ready", invaded northern Mexico. After a series of battles, he captured the fortified city of Monterrey. When he continued, he defeated a numerically superior Mexican army under Santa Anna.
Overland Trail
A shaky American toehold was ultimately strengthened by the presence of missionaries and other settlers, a sprinkling of whom reached the grassy Willamette River Valley, south of the Columbia, in the late 1830s. It helped American and British pioneers make their way to the west.
Nativism
They organized the American Party, known as the Know-Nothing party because of its secretiveness, and in 1856 nominated the lackluster ex-president Fillmore. They were Antiforeign and anti-Catholic; they also adopted the slogan "Americans Must Rule America."
K Moses
41.Santa Anna. Antonio Lopez de - A Mexican general and dictator, who dominated Mexican politics for a quarter of a century.Santa Anna was born in Jalapa Enriquez and joined the army in his midteens. In 1821 he took part in the revolt against the Spaniards as a supporter of Agustin de Jturbide but soon turned against him and helped to establish the republic in 1823. He led the forces that thwarted the Spanish in recapturing Mexico and in 1 833 he was elected president.
42.The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - Thisbrought an official end to the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) that was signed on February 2, 1848. at Guadalupe Hidalgo, a city north of the capital where the Mexican government had fled with the advance of U.S. forces. To explore the circumstances that led to this war with Mexico, visit the Teaching with Documents lesson, ‘‘Lincoln’s Spot Resolutions.!
43.Webster-Ashburton Treaty — A turning point in U.S.-British relations came with the signing on August 9, 1842, of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, which settled several matters between the two nations. The treaty also settled the question of the U.S.-Canada boundary between Lake Superior and Lake of the Woods. As a result, the U.S. gained territory that included the rich Mesabi iron deposits discovered later. The two nations also agreed to cooperate in suppressing the slave trade.
44.Wilmot Proviso - An amendment to a bill put before the U.S. House of Representatives during the Mexican War; 1846, it provided an appropriation of $2 million to enable President Polk to negotiate a territorial settlement with Mexico.
45.Bleeding Kansas -. The Compromise of 1850 brought relative calm to the nation. Though most blacks and abolitionists strongly opposed the Compromise, the majority of Americans embraced it. believing that it offered a final, workable solution to the slavery question.
46John Brown John Brown was an American abolitionist, In 1856, in retaliation for the sack of Lawrence, he led the murder of five proslavery men on the banks of the Pottawatomie River.He became a martyr for many because of the dignity and sincerity that he displayed during his popular trial.
47.The Compromise of 1850 - January 29, 1850, the 70-year-old Clay presented a compromise. Missouri slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia, although slavery would still be permitted.
48.The Dred Scott Decision - The Dred Scott decision was passed by Supreme Court in 1857. The case was about an African American slave named Dred Scott. This decision divided the North and the South more than ever. The court’s decision meant that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.
49.The Election of 1860 - The election of 1860 profound divisions existed among Americans over The campaign of 1 860 accurately registered the country’s precarious condition after a decade of sectional turmoil.
50.Fort Sumter - Fort Sumter, named after a South Carolina Revolutionary War hero, was designed as part of a defensive system for Charleston Harbor. Plans were drawn in 1827, and construction began two years later.
K Jones
51. Free soil: Organized by Lewis Cass and Zachary Taylor. They came out foursquare for the Wilmot Proviso and against slavery in the territories. They broadened their appeal by advocating federal aid for internal improvements.
52. Freeport Doctrine: Douglas's reply to Lincoln that Congress couldn't force a territory to become a slave state against its will. No matter how the Supreme Court ruled, Douglas argued, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down.
53. Fugitive Slave Act 1850): "The Bloodhound Bill". Stirred up a storm of opposition in the North. The fleeing slaves could not testify in their own behalf, and they were denied a jury trial. It was feared that theses harsh practices threatened to create dangerous precedents for white Americans. Beyond question, the Fugitive Slave Law was an appalling blunder on the part of the South.
54. Gadsden Purchase: James Gadsden negotiated a treaty in 1853, which ceded to the U.S. the Gadsden area for $10 million. The transaction aroused much criticism among northerners, which objected to paying a huge sum for a cactus-strewn desert nearly the size of Gadsden's South Carolina. No doubt the Gadsden Purchase enabled the South to claim the coveted railroad with even greater insistence.
55. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854): One of the most momentous measures ever to pass Congress, it wrecked two compromises: that of 1820, which it repealed specifically, and that of 1850, which northern opinion repealed indirectly.
56. Know-nothing Party- an American party organized because of its secretiveness and in 1856 nominated the lackluster ex-president Fillmore. It opposed immigration and Catholic influence and they answered questions from the outsiders about the party by saying, "I know nothing."
57. Lecompton Constitution: Tricky document that was organized by proslavery forces. It suggested for Kansas' admission to the union but it was rejected.
58. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858-during Illinois Senatorial campaign). A series of seven debates. They argued important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won the debates, but Lincoln's position in these debates helped him beat Douglas in the 1860 presidential election.
59. Ostend Manifesto: Top-secret dispatch, which urged that the administration offer $120 million for Cuba. If Spain refused, and if it continued ownership with endangered American issues, the U.S. would be "justified by wresting" the island from the Spanish.
60. South Carolina's secession: South Carolina, which had threatened to go out of the "sectional" Lincoln came in, was as good as its word. Four days after the election of the "Illinois baboon" by "insulting" majorities, its legislature voted unanimously to call a special convention. Meeting at Charleston in December 1860, S.C. unanimously voted to secede.
61. Uncle Tom's Cabin: 1852-Harriet Breecher Stowe was determined to awaken the North to the wickedness of slavery by laying bare its terrible inhumanity, especially cruel splitting of families. It helped start the Civil War and win it.