Chapter 21 Identifications

1. Antietam is when General Robert Lee crossed the Potomac to invade Maryland and Pennsylvania. By dividing his army, he sent Stonewall Jackson to capture the large Union garrison at Harpers Ferry. General George B. McClellan found out about this expeditious venture and moved towards the attack at South Mountain near Antietam Creek. The battle of Antietam or Sharpsburg began on the morning of September 17, 1862. This event occurred during the month of September 1862.
2. Appomattox Court House is the place at which Confederate soldier Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union general Ulysses Grant on April 9, 1865. When Lee abandoned Petersburg and Richmond and retreated westward, Grant went around to cut him off at this site. This place is now a part of the national historical parks.
3. Bull Run, First Battle was the first major battle of the Civil War. This event occurred on July 21, 1861. The Union army, under General McDowell, began to move on to the Confederate forces, which were under General Beauregard. The Union army failed. Then July 21, McDowell made a left turn and attacked the Confederate forces near the stone bridge at Bull Run. They drove them all the way to Henry House Hill.
4. Draft riots of 1863 were mob action to protest unfair Union conscription. There was a Union Conscription Act made on March 3, 1863, which provided all able-bodied males between the ages of 20 and 45 to participate in the military services. There were some complications because a man either paid the government $300 or gave them an acceptable substitute, and he was excused. Then riots started to occur in New York City from July 13-16, 1863.
5. Emancipation Proclamation was the executive order abolishing slavery in the Confederate States of America. President Abraham Lincoln issued this order on January 1, 1861. It declared free all those slaves residing in territories that were in rebellion against the federal government.
6. Gettysburg is the place where President Abraham Lincoln made his famous Gettysburg Address. Gettysburg was incorporated in 1806.
7. Grant, Ulysses S. was the commander in chief of the Union army during the Civil War. He became the 18^th president of the United States of America from 1869-1877. President Andrew Johnson appointed him interim Secretary of War in April of 1867.
8. The United States Congress passed Homestead Act in 1862. It provided for the transfer of 160 acres of unoccupied public land to each homesteader on payment of a nominal fee after five years of residence. Land could be acquired after six months for $1.25 per acre.
9. Robert E. Lee was the general in chief of the Confederate armies of the American Civil War. He commanded the military and naval forces of Virginia. . Lee then became military adviser to Confederate President Jefferson Davis and was made a Confederate general. After the failure of his efforts to coordinate the activity of Confederate forces in the western part of Virginia, from July-October 1861, Lee organized the South Atlantic Coast defenses. Lee immediately took the offensive, and after ending McClellan's threat to Richmond in the Seven days battle June 26-July 2, he thoroughly defeated John Pope at the second battle of Bull Run from August 29-30.
10. George McClellan was the, Union general in the American Civil War. In May 1861, McClellan was made commander of the Dept. of the Ohio and a major general in the regular army. He cleared the western part of Virginia of Confederates (June-July, 1861) and consequently, after the Union defeat in the first battle of Bull Run, was given command of the troops in and around Washington. In November he became general in chief.
11. Monitor and Merrimack were two American warships that fought the first engagement between ironclad ships. When, at the beginning of the Civil War, the Union forces abandoned the Norfolk Navy Yard at Portsmouth, Virginia, they scuttled the powerful steam frigate Merrimack. She was subsequently raised by the Confederates, converted into an ironclad, and renamed the Virginia. On March 8, 1862, the Virginia, commanded by Capt. Franklin Buchanan, sallied forth into Hampton Roads against the wooden ships of the Union blockading squadron.
12. Morrill Land Grant Act was a bill first introduced in 1857 and later passed in 1862. It was introduced Congressman by Justin Smith Morrill. It provided for the granting of public lands for the establishment of educational institutions. These institutions were better known as land-grant colleges.
13. Peninsula Campaign was the unsuccessful attempt to capture Richmond, Virginia via the peninsula between the York and James rivers during the American Civil War from April-July 1862. This plan was purposed by McClellan in order to get his troops to Richmond, but the Confederate soldiers advanced them.
14. Sherman’s March was a Union general in the American Civil War. Sherman commanded a brigade in the first battle of Bull Run in July. Sherman became commander of the Army from Tennessee-October 1863. His Atlanta campaign May-September 1864 resulted in the fall of that city on September 2. The Confederate attempt to draw him back failed, and Sherman burned (November 15) most of Atlanta and the next day, with 60,000 men, began his famous march to the sea. With virtually no enemy to bar his way, he was before Savannah in 24 days, leaving behind him a ruined and devastated land. Savannah fell on December 21.
15. Trent affair was an incident in which the diplomatic relations between the United States and Great Britain, which occurred during the American Civil War. On November 8, 1861, the British mail packet Trent, carrying James M. Mason and John Slidell, Confederate commissioners to London and Paris respectively, was halted in the Bahama Channel by the U.S. warship San Jacinto, commanded by Capt. Charles Wilkes.
16. Vicksburg was a very important city during the American Civil War. The Union and the Confederate States of America were fighting in this city as regard as to who would have the final control over the Mississippi River. The fighting went on from November 1862-July 1863.

Barton, Clara, full name Clarissa Harlowe Barton (1821-1912), American humanitarian and founder of the American Red Cross

Stanton, Edwin McMasters (1814-1869), U.S. secretary of war under Abraham Lincoln, and later a prominent opponent of President Andrew Johnson.

Maximilian (1832-67), archduke of Austria and emperor of Mexico

Seward, William Henry (1801-72), American statesman

From 1861 to 1869, he served as secretary of state in the Republican administrations of President Abraham Lincoln and President Andrew Johnson. His perceptiveness and diplomacy in this office were to a large degree responsible for preventing European intervention during the American Civil War.

Davis, Jefferson (1808-89), first and only president of the Confederate States of America (1861-65)

It sank 64 Union ships before it was sank by the U.S.S. Kearsarge off the coast of Cherbourg, France in June 1864.

During the first half of the 19th century, economic differences between the regions also increased. By 1860 cotton was the chief crop of the South, and it represented 57 percent of all U.S. exports. The profitability of cotton was known as King Cotton.

The Confederacy had had a naval officer, James D. Bulloch, in Britain to buy or contract for cruisers to raid Northern commerce. In 1861 and 1862, Bulloch had managed to acquire and equip several ships. In 1862 he contracted through third parties with the British shipbuilding firm of Laird Brothers for two rams, or ironclads, which he believed would be able to sweep Northern commerce from the seas and destroy the trade from the Atlantic seaports of the Union.

Draft Riots, mob violence incited in New York City from July 13 to July 16, 1863, during the American Civil War, by opponents of conscription and individuals sympathetic to the Confederate cause. Because of the traditional hostility of the American people to compulsory military service, the federal government had relied, during the early stages of the war, on voluntary enlistment to obtain recruits for the Union armies. The pressing need for more soldiers compelled Congress to pass (March 3, 1863) legislation, known as the Enrollment Act, that imposed liability for military duty on virtually all ablebodied males between the ages of 20 and 45. Opponents of the administration and policies of President Abraham Lincoln vigorously attacked the bill, criticizing with particular emphasis a provision that enabled draftees to obtain exemption from service by supplying a substitute or by the payment of $300. As the date for enforcement of the act approached, dissatisfaction with this provision, called the "Rich Man's Exemption," became widespread among the poor of New York City, especially Irish immigrants.

Trent Affair, incident during the American Civil War that severely tested diplomatic relations between the United States and Britain. On November 8, 1861, Captain Charles Wilkes of the U.S. vessel San Jacinto intercepted at sea the British mail steamer Trent, bound for Europe from Havana, Cuba. He took from the ship two Confederate commissioners who were among the passengers, James Mason, who was accredited to Britain, and John Slidell, who was accredited to France. The two diplomats were subsequently held as prisoners in Boston, but Britain demanded their release on the ground that they had been forcibly taken from a neutral vessel on the high seas upon a voyage from one neutral point to another, and that therefore Wilkes's action had been illegal. Wilkes had been hailed as a hero in the U.S., and the possibility of war between the two countries seemed imminent. On December 26, however, U.S. Secretary of State William Henry Seward repudiated the capture of the prisoners, who were released the following January.