1. 10 Percent Plan- Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction provided for pardons to all Southerners who had participated in the war, provided they took an oath of allegiance to the United States, and restoration of a seceded state to the Union after 10% of the whiter who had voted in the 1860 election took an oath of allegiance and formed a state government guaranteeing the abolition of slavery.
2. Black Codes- Laws designed to regulate the affairs of the emancipated blacks. They varied in severity from state to state, but they had much in common. They aimed to ensure a stable and subservient labor force. They also sought to restore as nearly as possible the pre-emancipation system of race relations. But all codes forbade a black to serve on a jury; some even barred blacks from renting or leasing land. These oppressive laws mocked the ideal of freedom, so recently purchased by buckets of blood. They imposed terrible burdens on the unfettered blacks, struggling against mistreatment and poverty to make their way as free people.
3. Compromise of 1877 provisions- Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results. He took Union troops out of the South.
4. Crop-lien system- As security for the merchant's credit the only asset most sharecroppers could offer was a mortgage or "lien" on their crops. The lien gave the shopkeeper first claim on the crop until the dept was paid off.
5. Freedman's Bureau- the task of supervising the translation from slavery to freedom on southern plantations fell to the Freedman's Bureau, a unique experiment in social policy supported by the federal government. Assigned the task of protecting freed people's economic rights, approximately 550 local agents supervised and regulated working conditions in southern agriculture after the war. The primary means of enforcing working conditions were the Freedmen's Courts, which Congress created in 1866 in order to avoid the discrimination African-American's received in state courts. In 1869, with the Bureau's work scarcely under way, Congress decided to shut it down and by 1872 it had gone out of business. Despite its mixed record, it was the most effective agency in protecting blacks' civil and political rights. Its banning signaled the beginning of the northern retreat Reconstruction.
6. Johnson’s impeachment- when Johnson tried to dismiss Stanton in February 1868, the determined secretary of war barricaded himself in office. Angrily, the House of Representatives opened articles of impeachment. The articles focused on the violation of the Tenure of Office Act, but the charge with the most substance was that Johnson had conspired to systematically obstruct Reconstruction legislation. In the trial before the Senate, his lawyers argued that a president could be impeached only for an indictable crime, which Johnson clearly had not committed. The Radicals countered that impeachment applied to political offenses and not merely criminal acts.
7. Ku Klux Klan- a paramilitary organization founded in 1866 in Tennessee. It functioned as unofficial arms of the Democratic Party. These well-to-do leaders did not face social and economic competition from African-Americans, and in any case, they were confident that if outside influences were removed, they could control the black vote.
8. Lincoln’s assassination- On April 14, Lincoln was watching a film at the theatre. John Wilkes Booth slipped into the presidential box and shot him. He died the next morning.
9. Radical Republicans- Congress was dominated this group, led by Representative Thaddeus Stevens and Senator Charles Sumner. They held the view that the former Confederate states were held "conquered provinces" and should be punished for their disloyalty.
10. Carpetbaggers and scalawags- scalawags meant "animals of little value" and were especially susceptible to the race. Carpetbaggers were less sensitive to race, although most felt that their black allies needed guidance and should be content with minor offices. The friction between the two, which grew out of rivalry for party owners, was particularly intense.
11. Sharecropping- under this arrangement African-American families farmed separate plots of land and then at the end of the year divided the crop, normally at an equal basis, with the white landowner. It had higher status and offered greater personal freedom than being a wage laborer.
12. Slaughterhouse cases (1873)- Supreme Court determines that the federal government was under no obligation to protect the privileges and immunities of citizens of a particular state from arbitrary actions by that state government.
13. Tenure of Office Act- It required the approval of the U.S, Senate for the discharge of any federal official whose appointment had been made with the advice and consent of the Senate.
14. Wade-Davis Bill-(1864) Bill declared that Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt to weaken the power of the president. Lincoln vetoed it. Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a dictator by vetoing it.

1.Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan
Former Confederate states would be readmitted to the Union if 10% of their citizens took a loyalty oath and the state agreed to ratify the 13th Amendment, which outlawed slavery. Not put into effect because Lincoln was assassinated.

2. Black codes
Restrictions on the freedom of former slaves, passed by Southern governments. The south barred freedmen from voting, failed to make provisions for them to be educated and took other steps to keep them illiterate, unskilled and without property.

3.Compromise of 1877
Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results. He took Union troops out of the South.

4. Crop Lien System
Sharecropping provided the necessities for Black farmers. Storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of.

5. Freedmen's Bureau
1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.

6.Johnson’s impeachment

Impeachment is to bring charges against a public official. Johnson was impeached, but was saved from being taken out of office by one vote. The dismissal of Secretary of War Stanton led to the impeachment of Johnson because Johnson had broken the Tenure of Office Law.

7. Ku Klux Klan
White-supremacist group formed by six former Confederate officers after the Civil War. Name is essentially Greek for "Circle of Friends". Group eventually turned to terrorist attacks on blacks. The original Klan was disbanded in 1869, but was later resurrected by white supremacists in 1915.

8. Lincoln’s Assassination

On April 14, 1865 while sitting in his box at Ford's Theatre watching "Our American Cousin", President Lincoln was shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth. Booth was an actor, who planned with others to abduct Lincoln at the start of the war, but they were foiled when Lincoln didn't arrive at the scheduled place.

9. Radical Republicans
After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

10.Scalawags and Carpetbaggers

Scalawags
Was a derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners.

Carpetbaggers
Was a derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.

11.Sharecropping

It was the replacement for the former slave-labor system in the South. Blacks worked in the fields much like they did as a slave only they were giving wages and shelter.

12.Slaughterhouse cases

13. Tenure of Office Act
1866 - Enacted by radical Congress, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime".

14. Wade-Davis Bill, veto, Wade-Davis Manifesto
1864 - Bill declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt to weaken the power of the president. Lincoln vetoed it. Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a dictator by vetoing.

2. Johnson, Andrew 

Living from (1808-1875), and being the17th president of the United States holding a term from (1865-1869). Johnson was the first U.S. president to be impeached. The House of Representatives charged him with misbehavior in office, and he escaped conviction in his Senate trial by only one vote. Johnson became president at a critical time in American history. He succeeded Abraham Lincoln when Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865, only a few days after the Civil War ended.

In addition to these trying circumstances, Johnson also had trouble cooperating with other political leaders while proceeding to accomplish his aims. Johnson's impeachment was the result of a struggle to preserve the powers of the presidency in the face of attacks by a determined Congress of the United States. Even though Johnson contributed materially to his own difficulties, he must be respected for his staunch defense of the rights reserved to the president by the Constitution of the United States. The one great achievement that Johnson’s administration committed was the purchase of Alaska.

U.S. politician. Born in Wilkes Co., Ga., he served in the U.S. House of Representatives 1843-59, where he defended slavery but opposed dissolution of the Union. When Georgia seceded, he was elected vice president of the Confederacy. He supported constitutional government, opposed attempts by J. Davis to infringe on individuals' rights, and advocated a program of prisoner exchanges. He led the delegation to the Hampton Roads Conference (1865). After the war he was held in Boston for five months. He later served again in the House (1873-82) and as governor of Georgia (1882-83).

U.S. politician. Born in Boston, he practiced law while crusading for abolition, prison reform, world peace, and educational reform. He was elected to the U.S. Senate (1852-74) and spoke out against slavery. He denounced the Kansas-Nebraska Act as the "crime against Kansas" and scorned its authors, Sen. S. Douglas and Sen. Andrew P. Butler. In 1856 an incensed relative of Butler, a congressman from S. Carolina, invaded the Senate and severely beat Sumner. He returned to the Senate in 1859, and as chairman of the foreign relations committee (1861-71) helped resolve the Trent Affair.

U.S. politician. Born in Danville, Vt., he practiced law in Pennsylvania, defending fugitive slaves without fee. In the U.S. House of Representatives (1849-53, 1859-68), he opposed the extension of slavery into the W territories. After the Civil War he was a leader of the Radical Republicans and demanded strict criteria, incl. justice for blacks, for readmission of the seceded states. He helped establish the Freedmen's Bureau and secured passage of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. He opposed the moderate Reconstruction policies of Pres. A. Johnson and introduced the resolution for his impeachment.

8. 10% Plan

This was Lincoln's reconstruction plan for after the Civil War. Written in 1863, it proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, and then formally erect their state governments. This plan was very lenient to the South, would have meant an easy reconstruction.

Measure passed by the U.S. Congress to set Reconstruction policy. It was co-sponsored by Sen. B. Wade and Rep. Henry W. Davis (1817-1865) to counter Pres. A. Lincoln's lenient plans for readmitting Southern states after the Civil War. Supported by the Radical Republicans, the bill called for provisional military government of the seceded states, an oath of allegiance from a majority of the state's whites, and new state constitutions that would abolish slavery and disqualify Confederate officials from holding office. Lincoln considered the bill too harsh and by pocket veto allowed it to expire.

The term "conquered provinces" deals with the Reconstruction Period. The period is divided into several phases, the Stalemate, Radical, and Redemption periods. During the period of the Stalemate, southern state governments were run mainly by white leaders some of whom were ex-confederates.  These governments felt they were making a good faith effort to abide by the Union victory but Republican leaders in Congress did not like "traitors" assuming power and they did not like the patronizing attitude the restored governments exhibited towards the Freedmen, (the newly liberated black population).  President Andrew Johnson attempted to defend these state governments against the determination of Thaddeus Stevens and other Radical Republicans to take control and treat the southern states as "conquered provinces."  The greatest executive - legislative battle for power in U. S. history since the Jacksonian presidency unfolded. Dealing with the Radical phase (1867 -- it is unclear when it definitively ended), the Republicans took control of Congress, kicked out southern representatives from the ex-confederate states, unleashed a fury of tough legislation towards the South, and went on the attack against Andrew Johnson.   These measures initiated the infamous carpetbag era.  Observe the specific actions taken. The Radicals soon overreached themselves, especially when they used strong-arm tactics to ram through the 14th Amendment and also tried to depose Johnson.  Southern whites were outraged and less than radical northerners appear to have been dismayed by the excesses and by the corruption in the Radical sponsored program.  The Redemption phase (1868 -- 1876) soon began, accompanied by an alarming amount of violence against blacks in the South.   Gradually conservative white leaders retook control of the southern state governments.  Blacks were steadily removed from power as the Redeemers found means to side step constitutional protections like the 15th Amendment. The last episode in the Reconstruction Era was the presidential election of 1876.  Observe its bizarre and controversial nature and how the deal that resolved it ended the period.

11. Moderate/Radical Republicans

Moderate republicans agreed with Lincoln's ideals. They believed that the seceded states should be restored to the Union swiftly and on the terms of Congress, not the President. The radical republicans believed that the South should pay dearly for their crimes. The radicals wanted to social structure of the South to be changed before it was restored to the Union. They wanted the planters punished and the blacks protected by federal power. They were against Abraham Lincoln.

The Black Codes were laws that were passed in the southern regimes in the south after the Civil War. The laws were designed to regulate the affairs of the freed blacks. They were aimed to ensure a stable labor supply and they sought to restore, as closely as possible, the pre-freedom system of racial relations. They recognized freedom and a few other rights, such as the right to marry, but they still prohibited the right to serve on a jury, or renting or leasing land. No blacks were allowed to vote. They mocked the ideal of freedom and created horrible burdens on the free blacks that were desperately struggling to make it. The north viewed it as re-enslaving the freed slaves. They thought that if this was true then the war was fought in vain. These laws caused Radical Republicans to pass the Civil Rights Act in 1866.

13. Sharecropping

After the Civil War former landowners "rented" plots of land to blacks and poor whites in such a way that the renters were always in debt and therefore tied to the land.

Comprehensive U.S. law intended to end discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin. It is generally considered the most important U.S. law on civil rights since Reconstruction (1865-77). It guarantees equal voting rights (Title I); prohibits segregation or discrimination in places of public accommodation (Title II); bans discrimination, incl. sex-based discrimination, by trade unions, schools, or employers that are involved in interstate commerce or do business with the federal government (Title VII); calls for the desegregation of public schools (Title IV); and assures nondiscrimination in the distribution of funds under federally assisted programs (Title VI).

(Ratified July 9, 1868)

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provision of this article.

16. "swing around the circle"

Beginning in the late summer of 1866, their was a serio-comedy of errors. The president delivered a series of "give ‘em hell" speeches in which he accused the radicals in congress of having planned large-scale anti-black riots and murders in the South. As he spoke, hecklers hurled insults at him. Reverting to his stump-speaking days in Tennessee, he shouted back angry retorts, amid cries of "you be damned" and ‘"Don’t get mad, Andy." The dignity of his high office sank to a new low, as the old charges of drunkenness were revived.

Period after the Amer. Civil War affecting former Confederate states. Problems associated with readmitting the 11 Southern states were confronted first by Pres. A. Lincoln, who planned to readmit states in which at least 10% of the voters had pledged loyalty to the Union. This lenient approach was opposed by the Radical Republicans, who passed the Wade-Davis Bill. Pres. A. Johnson continued Lincoln's moderate policies, but enactment in the South of the black codes and demand in the North for stricter legislation resulted in the Reconstruction Acts of 1867. These established military districts in the South and required the Southern states' acceptance of the 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution to ensure the freedmen's civil rights.

While the Constitution's 15th Amendment had guaranteed the right to vote regardless of race since 1870, blacks in the South faced efforts to disenfranchise them (incl. poll taxes and literacy tests) as late as the 1960s, when the civil rights movement focused national attention on the need to protect blacks' voting rights; Congress responded with the Voting Rights Act, which prohibited many Southern states from using literacy tests to determine eligibility to vote. Later laws prohibited literacy tests in all states and made poll taxes illegal in state and local elections.

Lambden P. Milligan had been sentenced to death by an army court in Indiana for allegedly disloyal activities. Lincoln delayed his execution, but after Lincoln's assassination, the new president, Andrew Johnson, approved the sentence. Milligan's attorney appealed for his release under the 1863 Habeas Corpus Act, and the federal circuit court split on the question of whether civilian courts had jurisdiction over appeals from military tribunals. Although this seems only a technical matter, the case gave the Supreme Court a chance -- now that the fighting was over -- to comment on the limits of the government's war powers.

Were used to describe the new Republican regimes. In the early 1860s moderate and radical Republicans quarreled bitterly over their war aims, even as they fought together against their common Democratic enemy. Radicals wanted to use the war to end slavery and, to some degree, to reshape the society and power structure of the South. The moderates agreed on the abolition of slavery, but rejected the idea of imposing racial equality or attempting to reshape the South's social and economic structure. President Lincoln skillfully played off one faction against another, and after his death the battle for control of the party continued until the radicals failed to oust President Andrew Johnson from office in 1868; the party then began to nominate increasingly moderate candidates.

U.S. Southerner who supported Reconstruction. Opponents also applied the pejorative term to those who joined with carpetbaggers and freedmen to support Republican Party policies. The term, of unknown origin, was used from the 1840s to denote a worthless farm animal and later a worthless person. Scalawags included former Whigs and hill-country farmers with Unionist sympathies and comprised almost 20% of the white electorate after the Amer. Civil War. Many held government positions in the South and advocated moderate reforms.

Epithet used during the Reconstruction period (1865-77) to describe a Northerner in the South seeking private gain. The word referred to an unwelcome outsider arriving with nothing more than his belongings packed in a satchel or carpetbag. Many carpetbaggers were involved in corrupt financial schemes, but others helped rebuild the economy in the South and participated in educational and social reforms.

Either of two U.S. terrorist groups. The first was organized by veterans of the Confederate Army, first as a social club and then as a secret means of resistance to Reconstruction, with the goal of restoring white domination over newly enfranchised blacks. Dressed in robes and sheets, Klansmen whipped and killed freedmen and their white supporters in nighttime raids. It had largely accomplished its goals by the 1870s, and gradually faded away. The second KKK arose in 1915, partly out of nostalgia for the Old South and partly out of fear of the Russian Revolution and the changing ethnic character of U.S. society. It counted Catholics, Jews, foreigners, and labor unions among its enemies. Its membership peaked in the 1920s, with over 4 million members, but declined during the Great Depression. It became active again during the civil-rights movement, with bombings, whippings, and shootings attributed to it, but growing racial tolerance and a government crackdown reduced its numbers to a few thousand.

Series of four acts passed by the U.S. Congress (1870-75) to protect the rights guaranteed to blacks by the 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution. The acts authorized federal authorities to penalize any interference with the registration, voting, office holding, or jury service of blacks. Violations produced over 5,000 indictments and 1,250 convictions throughout the South. The Supreme Court later ruled sections of the acts unconstitutional.

Law forbidding the U.S. president to remove civil officers without consent by the Senate. Passed by the Radical Republicans in the Congress over Pres. A. Johnson's veto, it sought to prevent Johnson from removing cabinet members who supported Congress's harsh Reconstruction policies. When Johnson tried to dismiss his secretary of war, E. Stanton, an ally of the Radical Republicans, they began impeachment proceedings based on his defiance of the law. The law was partially repealed in 1869 and completely repealed in 1887; in 1926 it was found unconstitutional.

Acquisition in 1867 by the U.S. from Russia of 586,412 sq mi (1.5 million sq km) at the NW tip of N. America, comprising the current state of Alaska. The territory, held by Russia since 1741, had become an economic liability, and in 1866 it was offered for sale. Pres. A. Johnson's secretary of state, W. Seward, negotiated its purchase for $7.2 million, or about two cents an acre. Critics labeled the purchase "Seward's Folly." Congressional opposition delayed the appropriation until 1868, when extensive lobbying and bribes by the Russians secured the required votes.