WHc10ID’sgroup 4
P. Ford
Section1
Southwest Asian society during the 600s
The Bedouins organized into clans during the 600sin Southwest Asia. They were known for their fighting ability.
The Prophet Muhammad
Muhammad was the first prophet of Islam. He lived in Mecca. Around 613 he started preaching publicly. He married Kadijah at the age of 25
Beliefs of Islam
The Five Pillars are a set of guidelines that every Muslim must live by. If you want to be a Muslim you would have to follow these pillars. They will come into action as soon as you become a Muslim.
Compare and contrast Judaism, Christianity, and Islam by creating a graphic organizer
Judaism |
Christianity |
Islam |
|
who is the person that they worship |
God |
Jesus Christ |
Allah |
what do they live by |
Torah Scroll |
Bible |
Qur’an |
when do they worship |
As frequent as the individual feels |
As frequent as the individual feels |
5 times a day |
where do they worship |
synagogue |
churches |
anywhere as long as it is facing Mecca |
Section 2
Muhammad’s successors spread Islam
Muhammad’s successors were, in increasing order, Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. They were known as caliphs. They used the Qur’an and Muhammad’s action for leadership to teach others Islam and what Muhammad stood for. Abu-Bakr became the first caliph in 632. They were remembered by helping to expand the Muslim territory by military force.
Internal conflicts in the Muslim Hierarchy
Conflicts stared after Uthman’s death in 656. The conflicts arose within various groups struggling for power. A civil war began. This helped the development of the Sunni and the Shi’a.
Islamic influence in Southwest Asia, North Africa, and South Europe.
The Abbasids move their capital to Baghdad around 762 because the location to key trade routes gave the caliph access to trade goods, gold, and information about parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. The Abbasids developed a strong bureaucracy to conduct the huge empire’s affairs.
Section 3
Muslim society and scholarship
In 762, four main social classes began in the Muslim urban centers. The classes were, from highest to lowest, Muslim, Muslim converts, protected people, and slaves
Arts and Sciences in the Muslim world
In the House of Wisdom, scholars included researchers, editors, linguists, and technical advisers. They developed standards and techniques for research that are a part of the basic method of today’s research. The Muslim contributions in sciences were most recognizable in medicine, mathematics, and astronomy.
R. Hall
4.
Religions |
|||
Characteristic |
Judaism |
Islam |
Christianity |
Monotheistic |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Heaven/hell |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Day of judgement |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Ancestry of Abraham |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Word of God in a book |
Torah |
Qur’an |
Bible |
Paid poll tax in Islamic countries |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
Based on life of Christ |
No |
No |
Yes |
The Cross |
No |
No |
Yes |
Palm Sunday |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
Pastor |
No |
No |
Yes |
Church or synagogue |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Prayer rug |
No |
No |
No |
Crescent moon |
Yes |
No |
No |
Based on teachings of Muhammad |
No |
Yes |
No |
Star of David |
Yes |
No |
No |
Yarmulke |
Yes |
No |
No |
Can’t eat pork |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Celebrations/Holidays |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Special Prayer Center |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Rituals |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Pilgrimage |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
C. Lewis
1. The religion of Isalm rose in the 600's .On the Arabian Peninsula and throughout southwest Asia. Goods were traded and ideas were shared.
2. The prophet Muhammad spread his teachings of Islam religion in 613 in Mecca.
3. Muslim beliefs of Islam were the Five Pillars of Islam.Their pratice and beliefs took place in Mecca. To be a muslim all believers have to carry out five duties Faith, Prayer,Alms, Fasting, and Pilgrimage.
4. Judaism
Christianity
Islam
All Three Religions
5. Muhammad successors spread Islam after his death . In 632 in Arabia Abu- Bakr became the first caliph. The four rightly guided caliphs made great progress in their quest to spread Islam.
6. Internal conflicts in the Muslim hierarchy cause civil war with various groups struggling for power . In 656 Umayyads came in power in Mecca. The growth of scholorship in various branches of Islamic learning and law.
7. Abbasids consalidate power in the 750 's and independent Muslim states started. In Africa, Asia and Europe. The Muslim Trade Network helped the Muslim Empire expand.
8. In the Muslim society the Empire expand. With towns turning into cities in the 700's in Europe,Africa and Asia. Classes arose and the role of women became important.
A. Van Dyke
1.
By the early 600s, many Arabs had chosen to settle in an oasis in a market town; trade routes connected Arabia to the major ocean and land trade routes. The city of Mecca was an important stop on trade routes. Caravans bought religious pilgrims who came to worship at an ancient shrine in the city. The concept of belief in one God, called Allah in Arabic, was no stranger to the Arabian Peninsula. Many Jews and Christians lived in Arab lands and practiced monotheism. Into this mixed religious environment of Mecca, round A. D. 570, Muhammad was born.2.
Muhammad was born into a powerful Meccan family, orphaned at age six and raised by his uncle and grandfather. He had little schooling and became a trader and business manager for Kadijah, a wealthy businesswoman who he later married. Muhammad took a great interest in religion and at about age 40, his life almost changed overnight when the voice of Gabriel told him he was a messenger of God. After a lot of soul searching, Muhammad believed he was the last of the prophets, and his wife and many close friends and relatives were his first followers. By 613, he began to teach publicly in Mecca at first he had little success because many Meccans believed his ideas would lead to neglect of the Arab gods and Mecca would lose its position as a pilgrimage center. Because of the brutality against his followers, Muhammad moved to Yathrib which later became known as Medina, city of the prophet. This trip was known as the Hijrah. He became an accepted political leader, a religious leader and a military leader. In 630 Muhammad returned to Mecca with 10,000 of his followers. Mecca’s leaders surrendered and Muhammad destroyed the idols in the Ka’ aba and most of the Meccans pledged their loyalty to Muhammad and converted to Islam. Muhammad died at age 62.3.
The main teaching of Islam is that there is only one God, Allah. The holy book of the Muslims is the Qur’an. Muslims believe that each person will stand before Allah on a final judgement and go to either heaven or hell. To be a Muslim, all believers have to carry out the Five Pillars of Islam that demonstrate a Muslim’s submission to the will of God.Muslims don’t eat pork, don’t drink alcohol, and have communal worship and prayer every Friday. Islam has no central religious authority. The revelations of Muhammad were collected in a book-The Qur’ an, which is written in Arabic. Arabic can only be used in worship. Muslims believed that Muhammad’s mission as a prophet was to receive the Qur’an and to demonstrate how to apply it to everyday life. To them the Sunna is the best model for proper living. The shari’a regulates the family life, moral conduct, and business and community life of Muslims bringing all aspects of life together. Muslims Christians and Jews all trace their ancestry to Abraham and they all believe in heaven and hell and they all are monotheistic. Muslims had religious tolerance for Christians and Jews.
4.
Religious Comparisons |
|||
Judaism |
Christianity |
Islam |
|
Characteristics |
-monotheistic |
-monotheistic |
-monotheistic |
-heaven ‘n’ hell |
heaven ‘n’ hell |
heaven ‘n’ hell |
|
-judgement day |
-judgement day |
-judgement day |
|
-Abraham |
-Abraham |
-Abraham |
|
-holy book |
-holy book |
-holy book |
|
-holidays |
-holidays |
-holidays |
|
-symbol |
-symbol |
-symbol |
|
-place of worship |
-place of worship |
-place of worship |
5.
Muhammad did not name a successor or instructed his followers to do so, but relying on ancient tribal custom, in 632 the Muslim community elected Abu-Bakr as the firs caliph. Abu- Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali were known as the "rightly guided" caliphs, and their rule was called a caliphate. Abu- Bakr had promised the Muslim community he would uphold what Muhammad stood for. By the time Abu-Bakr died in 84 the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia. By 750, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River, The Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles. The four "Rightly guided caliphs made great progress in their quest to spread Islam. The success of the Muslim armies was also due to the weakness in the two empires north of Arabia. Many conquered people chose to accept Islam. Though they were not allowed to spread their religion, Christians and Jews played important roles as officials, scholars, and bureaucrats in the Muslim state.6.
Despite spectacular gains on the battlefield, the Muslim community had difficulty maintaining a unified rule. The murder of Uthman in 656 triggered a Civil War. Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, was chosen as Uthman’s successor and in 661 was assassinated as well. A family known as the Umayyads came to power and set up a hereditary system of succession. In the interest of peace, the majority of Muslims accepted the Umayyads’ rule. A minority did continue t resist the rule of the Umayyads. Another group reacted to the luxurious life of the Umayyads by pursuing a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path. Vigorous religious and political opposition to the Umayyad caliphate led to its downfall. Rebel groups overthrew the Umayyads in the year 750. The Abbasids, took control of the empire.7.
When th abbasids came to power in 750, they murdered the remaining members of the Umayyad family. The Abbasids’ strength lay in the former Persian lands including Iraq Iran and central Asia, the capital was moved to Baghdad. The Abbasids developed a sttrong bureaucracy to conduct the empire’s affairs. The Abbasids caliphate lasted from 750-1258. The two major sea trading zones linked the Muslim Empire into a world system of trade by sea. To encourage the flow if trade, Muslim money changers set up banks in cities throughout the empire. At one end of the Muslim Empire was the city of Cordoba in al-Andalus. Cordoba became a dazzling center of Muslim culture, with 70 libraries, 700 mosques, and 27 free schools. In Cordoba, Damascus, Cairo, and Baghdad, a cultural blending of people fueled a period of imense achievements in arts and sciences.Section 3- Muslim Achievement
8.
Arts and Sciences Flourish in the Muslim WorldOver time, the influence of Muslims grew as the empire encompassed people from a variety of lands. Throughout the empire, market towns blossomed into cities. The Abassid capital, Baghdad, impressed all who saw it. Baghdad’s population, made of different cultures and social classes, was typical for a large Muslim city in the eighth and ninth centuries. The four classes consisted of Muslims at birth, converted Muslims, Christians and Jews, and slaves. The Qur’ an says that men are managers of the affairs of women, and that righteous women are therefore obedient. It also says that men and women, as believers are equal. Muslim women had more rights than European women of the time. Responsibilities of a woman depended on the income of their husbands. Poor women worked the fields with her husband, rich women supervised the house and servants. Both were responsible for raising their children.
Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge
9.
Muslim rulers wanted physicians treating their ills. The faithful Muslims relied on mathematicians and astronomers to calculate the times for prayer and the direction of Mecca. The Muslims energy devoted to knowledge also came from Muhammad’s curiosity about the world and quest for truth. The prophet’s emphasis on study and scholarship led t ostrong support of places of learning by Muslim leaders. In the early 800's. Caliph al- Ma’mum opened in Baghdad a combination library, academy, and translation center called the House of Wisdom. There, many scholarsof different cultures and beliefs worked side by side translating texts from Greece, India, Persia, and other places into Arabic.