WHc10ID’sgroup 4

P. Ford

Section1

Southwest Asian society during the 600s

The Bedouins organized into clans during the 600sin Southwest Asia. They were known for their fighting ability.

 

The Prophet Muhammad

Muhammad was the first prophet of Islam. He lived in Mecca. Around 613 he started preaching publicly. He married Kadijah at the age of 25

Beliefs of Islam

The Five Pillars are a set of guidelines that every Muslim must live by. If you want to be a Muslim you would have to follow these pillars. They will come into action as soon as you become a Muslim.

Compare and contrast Judaism, Christianity, and Islam by creating a graphic organizer

 

Judaism

Christianity

Islam

who is the person that they worship

God

Jesus Christ

Allah

what do they live by

Torah Scroll

Bible

Qur’an

when do they worship

As frequent as the individual feels

As frequent as the individual feels

5 times a day

where do they worship

synagogue

churches

anywhere as long as it is facing Mecca

Section 2

Muhammad’s successors spread Islam

Muhammad’s successors were, in increasing order, Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. They were known as caliphs. They used the Qur’an and Muhammad’s action for leadership to teach others Islam and what Muhammad stood for. Abu-Bakr became the first caliph in 632. They were remembered by helping to expand the Muslim territory by military force.

Internal conflicts in the Muslim Hierarchy

Conflicts stared after Uthman’s death in 656. The conflicts arose within various groups struggling for power. A civil war began. This helped the development of the Sunni and the Shi’a.

 

 

 

Islamic influence in Southwest Asia, North Africa, and South Europe.

The Abbasids move their capital to Baghdad around 762 because the location to key trade routes gave the caliph access to trade goods, gold, and information about parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. The Abbasids developed a strong bureaucracy to conduct the huge empire’s affairs.

 

Section 3

Muslim society and scholarship

In 762, four main social classes began in the Muslim urban centers. The classes were, from highest to lowest, Muslim, Muslim converts, protected people, and slaves

Arts and Sciences in the Muslim world

In the House of Wisdom, scholars included researchers, editors, linguists, and technical advisers. They developed standards and techniques for research that are a part of the basic method of today’s research. The Muslim contributions in sciences were most recognizable in medicine, mathematics, and astronomy.

R. Hall

  1. By the early 600s, many Arabs had chosen to settle in an oasis in a market town; trade routes connected Arabia to the major ocean and land trade routes. The city of Mecca was an important stop on trade routes. Caravans bought religious pilgrims who came to worship at an ancient shrine in the city. The concept of belief in one God, called Allah in Arabic, was no stranger to the Arabian Peninsula. Many Jews and Christians lived in Arab lands and practiced monotheism. Into this mixed religious environment of Mecca, round A. D. 570, Muhammad was born.
  2. Muhammad was born into the clan of a powerful meccan family. He and a wealthy businesswoman, whom he worked for, were married when he was 25. At the age of about 40, Muhammad’s life was changed overnight when a voice called to him while he meditated, this voice was said to be that of the angel Gabriel who told him that he was a messenger of God. After much soul-searching, Muhammad came to believe that the Lord who spoke to him through Gabriel was Allah and became convinced that he was indeed the last prophet. He taught that the one and only god was Allah and that all other gods must be abandoned. People who agreed with this belief were called Muslims. In Arabic, Islam means "submission to the will of Allah"; Muslim means "one who has submitted." By 613, Muhammad had to preach publicly in Mecca. Facing much hostility in Mecca, Muhammad and his followers left Mecca. In 622, Muhammad settled in Yathrib. This migration became known as the Hijrah. Yathrib was later renamed Medina. Muhammad fashioned an agreement that joined his people with the Jews and Arabs of Medina as a single community. He was considered a political leader as well as a military leader. In 630, the Prophet and 10,000 of his followers marched to the outskirts of Mecca and reclaimed Mecca.
  3. The main teaching of Islam is that there is only one God, Allah. The holy book of the Muslims is the Koran. Muslims believe that each person will stand before Allah on a final judgement day and enter either heaven or hell. To be a Muslim, all believers must carry out 5 duties:
  1. Faith- A Muslim must testify to a statement
  2. Prayer- five X’s a day at a mosque or wherever they find themselves.
  3. Alms- Muslims have the responsibility to support the less fortunate. To meet this, they must give alms (money) for the poor, through a special religious tax.
  4. Fasting- During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, Muslims fast.
  5. Pilgrimage- All Muslims must perform the hajj, pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once a lifetime.

4.

Religions

Characteristic

Judaism

Islam

Christianity

Monotheistic

Yes

Yes

Yes

Heaven/hell

Yes

Yes

Yes

Day of judgement

Yes

Yes

Yes

Ancestry of Abraham

Yes

Yes

Yes

Word of God in a book

Torah

Qur’an

Bible

Paid poll tax in Islamic countries

Yes

No

Yes

Based on life of Christ

No

No

Yes

The Cross

No

No

Yes

Palm Sunday

Yes

No

Yes

Pastor

No

No

Yes

Church or synagogue

Yes

Yes

Yes

Prayer rug

No

No

No

Crescent moon

Yes

No

No

Based on teachings of Muhammad

No

Yes

No

Star of David

Yes

No

No

Yarmulke

Yes

No

No

Can’t eat pork

Yes

Yes

No

Celebrations/Holidays

Yes

Yes

Yes

Special Prayer Center

Yes

Yes

No

Rituals

Yes

Yes

No

Pilgrimage

Yes

Yes

No

  1. Abu-Bakr was Muhammad’s first caliph. Abu-Bakr and the next three caliphs—Umar, Uthman, and Ali—were known as the "rightly guided" caliphs. Upon Muhammad’s death, some Islamic tribes began to abandon the true Islam. Abu-Bakr used military force to reassert the authority; by his death in 634, Muslims controlled all of Arabia. Under Umar, highly disciplined armies conquered Syria, lower Egypt, and parts of the Persian Empire. Uthman and Ali continued to expand Muslim territory both eastward and westward. Many people converted to Islam, while others retained their original religion, such as Judaism and Christianity. Jews and Christians were considered "people of the book" and were only required to pay poll taxes every year in exchange for exemption from military duties. The Muslims presented extreme religious tolerance.
  2. After the murder of Uthman in 656, Ali and Muawiya fought for power as the next caliph. Yet in 661, Ali was assassinated and the elective system of choosing a caliph was done away with. The Ummayyads came to power and set up a hereditary system of succession; they also moved the Muslim capital to Damascus. The Ummayyads non-Muslims way of life led to a division of Muslims. Four groups resulted from this: the majority that accepted the Ummayyads way of ruling; the Shi’a believed that the caliph needed to be relative of the Prophet; the Sunni did not outwardly resist the rule of the Ummayyads, yet were followers of Muhammad’s example; the Sufi reacted to the luxurious life of the Ummayyads by pursuing a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path, they were similar to Christian and Buddhist monks by attempting to make direct personal with God through mystical means. Vigorous religious and political resistance to the Ummayyads caliph led to its downfall. In 750, a powerful group of rebels known as the Abbasids overthrew the Ummayyads.
  3. The only Ummayyad to escape the ruthless murdering of the Ummayyads was prince Abd al-Rahman, whom fled to Spain. Spain had already been settled by Muslims from North Africa, known as Berbers, led by Tariq. In 762, the Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad. Due to the Abbasids’ careless political control, numerous independent Muslim states sprang up and dominated smaller regions. The Fatima Dynasty, named for Muhammad’s daughter, began in North Africa and spread to west Arabia and Syria. The Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean linked the Muslim Empire to the world trade system by sea. At the end of the Muslim Empire was the city of Cordoba in al-Andus with a population of 500,000. Arabic was the empires universal language.
  4. Throughout the empire, market towns blossomed into cities. Fine cloth called damask and steel swords and armor were among the top traded goods in Damascus. Damascus was also the cultural trade center of Islamic learning. Muslim society was made up of four classes. The upper class, those who were Muslims at birth. The second class was of converts to Islam (they paid a higher tax than the upper class, but lower than non-Muslims. The third class was of protected peoples. Lowest class was of slaves (all non-Muslims). Muslim women had more rights than European women of that time. The energy that Muslims devoted to preserving and extending knowledge went far beyond political concerns. The Prophet’s emphasis on scholarship and study led to strong support of place of learning by Muslim leaders. In the early 800’s, caliph al-Mamun opened the House of Wisdom, a combination library, academy, and co translation center in Baghdad. Both Ummayyads and Abbasids encouraged scholars to collect and translate scientific and philosophical texts after the fall of Rome.
  5. Muslims made huge medical advances in medical books, location of hospitals, and cure/treatments of diseases. Of all the ideas introduced by Muslim scholars, two stand out greatly: algebra and the study of optics. In addition to science works, scholars at the House of Wisdom translated works of philosophical and religious views of important philosophers into Arabic. This in-turn blended philosophical and religious views. Muslim literature reflected the spirit of desert life with ideas involving love, bravery, generosity, and hospitality. The Quran id the standard for all-Arabic literature and poetry. Islamic forbade the depiction of living beings therefore artists turned to calligraphy, woodwork, glass, ceramics, and textiles. Architect work involved much Roman mosque art and various other cultures.

 

 

C. Lewis

1. The religion of Isalm rose in the 600's .On the Arabian Peninsula and throughout southwest Asia. Goods were traded and ideas were shared.

 

 

2. The prophet Muhammad spread his teachings of Islam religion in 613 in Mecca.

 

3. Muslim beliefs of Islam were the Five Pillars of Islam.Their pratice and beliefs took place in Mecca. To be a muslim all believers have to carry out five duties Faith, Prayer,Alms, Fasting, and Pilgrimage.

4. Judaism

  1. View Jesus as a prophet
  2. Review the Qur'an regarding as the word of God as revealed to Muhammad
  3. Christianity

  4. View God as Son of God
  5. Belive the Gospels were revealed to Moses and The New Testament writers
  6.  

    Islam

     

     

    All Three Religions

  7. Same God worshipped
  8. Refer ti the Holy Book
  9. Belive in Heaven and Hell
  10. Belive in Judgement Day
  11. Trace ancestry
  12. Monotheistic religions

 

5. Muhammad successors spread Islam after his death . In 632 in Arabia Abu- Bakr became the first caliph. The four rightly guided caliphs made great progress in their quest to spread Islam.

6. Internal conflicts in the Muslim hierarchy cause civil war with various groups struggling for power . In 656 Umayyads came in power in Mecca. The growth of scholorship in various branches of Islamic learning and law.

7. Abbasids consalidate power in the 750 's and independent Muslim states started. In Africa, Asia and Europe. The Muslim Trade Network helped the Muslim Empire expand.

8. In the Muslim society the Empire expand. With towns turning into cities in the 700's in Europe,Africa and Asia. Classes arose and the role of women became important.

  1. Arts and Science in the Muslim world flourished in the late 700's and early 800's. Muslims, Greeks , and Arabs played a major role in the development in Science ,math and arts in the city of Damascus. These scholars developed standards and techniques for reasearch that are a part of the basic method of todays research many cultures were recognized in the arts.

 

A. Van Dyke

1. By the early 600s, many Arabs had chosen to settle in an oasis in a market town; trade routes connected Arabia to the major ocean and land trade routes. The city of Mecca was an important stop on trade routes. Caravans bought religious pilgrims who came to worship at an ancient shrine in the city. The concept of belief in one God, called Allah in Arabic, was no stranger to the Arabian Peninsula. Many Jews and Christians lived in Arab lands and practiced monotheism. Into this mixed religious environment of Mecca, round A. D. 570, Muhammad was born.

2. Muhammad was born into a powerful Meccan family, orphaned at age six and raised by his uncle and grandfather. He had little schooling and became a trader and business manager for Kadijah, a wealthy businesswoman who he later married. Muhammad took a great interest in religion and at about age 40, his life almost changed overnight when the voice of Gabriel told him he was a messenger of God. After a lot of soul searching, Muhammad believed he was the last of the prophets, and his wife and many close friends and relatives were his first followers. By 613, he began to teach publicly in Mecca at first he had little success because many Meccans believed his ideas would lead to neglect of the Arab gods and Mecca would lose its position as a pilgrimage center. Because of the brutality against his followers, Muhammad moved to Yathrib which later became known as Medina, city of the prophet. This trip was known as the Hijrah. He became an accepted political leader, a religious leader and a military leader. In 630 Muhammad returned to Mecca with 10,000 of his followers. Mecca’s leaders surrendered and Muhammad destroyed the idols in the Ka’ aba and most of the Meccans pledged their loyalty to Muhammad and converted to Islam. Muhammad died at age 62.

3. The main teaching of Islam is that there is only one God, Allah. The holy book of the Muslims is the Qur’an. Muslims believe that each person will stand before Allah on a final judgement and go to either heaven or hell. To be a Muslim, all believers have to carry out the Five Pillars of Islam that demonstrate a Muslim’s submission to the will of God.

  1. Faith To become a Muslim, a person has to testify to the following statement of faith: "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah." This statement is heard repeatedly in Islamic rituals an Muslim daily life.
  2. Prayer Five times a day, Muslims face towards Mecca to pray. They may assemble at a Mosque. Or they may pray wherever they find themselves. The duty of praying serves to bring Muslims closer to God.
  3. Alms Muhammad taught that all Muslims have a responsibility to support the less fortunate. Muslims meet this social responsibility by giving alms, or money for the poor, through a special religious task.
  4. Fasting During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, Muslims fast. They eat and drink nothing between dawn and sunset. A simple meal is eaten at the end of the day. The duty of fasting reminds Muslims that they have " greater needs than bread."
  5. Pilgrimage All Muslims perform the hajj to Mecca at least once in a lifetime. In the past, this involved a journey across deserts, mountains, and seas. Today, many pilgrims arrive by airplane. During the pilgrimage events in Mecca, pilgrims wear identical garments so that all stand as equals before God.

Muslims don’t eat pork, don’t drink alcohol, and have communal worship and prayer every Friday. Islam has no central religious authority. The revelations of Muhammad were collected in a book-The Qur’ an, which is written in Arabic. Arabic can only be used in worship. Muslims believed that Muhammad’s mission as a prophet was to receive the Qur’an and to demonstrate how to apply it to everyday life. To them the Sunna is the best model for proper living. The shari’a regulates the family life, moral conduct, and business and community life of Muslims bringing all aspects of life together. Muslims Christians and Jews all trace their ancestry to Abraham and they all believe in heaven and hell and they all are monotheistic. Muslims had religious tolerance for Christians and Jews.

4.

Religious Comparisons

 

Judaism

Christianity

Islam

Characteristics

-monotheistic

-monotheistic

-monotheistic

 

-heaven ‘n’ hell

heaven ‘n’ hell

heaven ‘n’ hell

 

-judgement day

-judgement day

-judgement day

 

-Abraham

-Abraham

-Abraham

 

-holy book

-holy book

-holy book

 

-holidays

-holidays

-holidays

 

-symbol

-symbol

-symbol

 

-place of worship

-place of worship

-place of worship

5. Muhammad did not name a successor or instructed his followers to do so, but relying on ancient tribal custom, in 632 the Muslim community elected Abu-Bakr as the firs caliph. Abu- Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali were known as the "rightly guided" caliphs, and their rule was called a caliphate. Abu- Bakr had promised the Muslim community he would uphold what Muhammad stood for. By the time Abu-Bakr died in 84 the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia. By 750, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River, The Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles. The four "Rightly guided caliphs made great progress in their quest to spread Islam. The success of the Muslim armies was also due to the weakness in the two empires north of Arabia. Many conquered people chose to accept Islam. Though they were not allowed to spread their religion, Christians and Jews played important roles as officials, scholars, and bureaucrats in the Muslim state.

6. Despite spectacular gains on the battlefield, the Muslim community had difficulty maintaining a unified rule. The murder of Uthman in 656 triggered a Civil War. Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, was chosen as Uthman’s successor and in 661 was assassinated as well. A family known as the Umayyads came to power and set up a hereditary system of succession. In the interest of peace, the majority of Muslims accepted the Umayyads’ rule. A minority did continue t resist the rule of the Umayyads. Another group reacted to the luxurious life of the Umayyads by pursuing a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path. Vigorous religious and political opposition to the Umayyad caliphate led to its downfall. Rebel groups overthrew the Umayyads in the year 750. The Abbasids, took control of the empire.

7. When th abbasids came to power in 750, they murdered the remaining members of the Umayyad family. The Abbasids’ strength lay in the former Persian lands including Iraq Iran and central Asia, the capital was moved to Baghdad. The Abbasids developed a sttrong bureaucracy to conduct the empire’s affairs. The Abbasids caliphate lasted from 750-1258. The two major sea trading zones linked the Muslim Empire into a world system of trade by sea. To encourage the flow if trade, Muslim money changers set up banks in cities throughout the empire. At one end of the Muslim Empire was the city of Cordoba in al-Andalus. Cordoba became a dazzling center of Muslim culture, with 70 libraries, 700 mosques, and 27 free schools. In Cordoba, Damascus, Cairo, and Baghdad, a cultural blending of people fueled a period of imense achievements in arts and sciences.

Section 3- Muslim Achievement

8. Arts and Sciences Flourish in the Muslim World

Over time, the influence of Muslims grew as the empire encompassed people from a variety of lands. Throughout the empire, market towns blossomed into cities. The Abassid capital, Baghdad, impressed all who saw it. Baghdad’s population, made of different cultures and social classes, was typical for a large Muslim city in the eighth and ninth centuries. The four classes consisted of Muslims at birth, converted Muslims, Christians and Jews, and slaves. The Qur’ an says that men are managers of the affairs of women, and that righteous women are therefore obedient. It also says that men and women, as believers are equal. Muslim women had more rights than European women of the time. Responsibilities of a woman depended on the income of their husbands. Poor women worked the fields with her husband, rich women supervised the house and servants. Both were responsible for raising their children.

Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge

9. Muslim rulers wanted physicians treating their ills. The faithful Muslims relied on mathematicians and astronomers to calculate the times for prayer and the direction of Mecca. The Muslims energy devoted to knowledge also came from Muhammad’s curiosity about the world and quest for truth. The prophet’s emphasis on study and scholarship led t ostrong support of places of learning by Muslim leaders. In the early 800's. Caliph al- Ma’mum opened in Baghdad a combination library, academy, and translation center called the House of Wisdom. There, many scholarsof different cultures and beliefs worked side by side translating texts from Greece, India, Persia, and other places into Arabic.