Steroid sales
Examining cases in which effects do not occur can also be very instructive in understanding the processes involved. steroid sales Articles on steroid use in sports. But just like tales of sober driving and safe sex, such tales do not make headlines. There seems a strong juxtaposition between science and entertainment - the research on the psychological effects of AAS use is rarely presented to the public in a thoughtful or critical manner. Although the amount of research on AAS use and psychological factors has grown over the years, it has too often been ignored, misrepresented, or misused to create one-line summaries. steroid sales Online-steroid-sales. Even accomplished researchers fall prey to such lapses, ignoring much of what is known about psychological processes in substance use and its outcomes. Presenting research to the public is never easy, however, and I should note that, as a researcher, there a few things scarier than seeing a study that took years to plan, run, analyze, and publish summarized in 30 seconds on the evening news. Believe me, I always end up mumbling, "But, that's not what I said!"Methods of Research on the Psychological Effects of AASThe majority of the research on AAS' psychological effects has described the psychological characteristics of users, compared them to non-users, and sometimes compared them to prior users who are not currently using. steroid sales Steroids use in baseball. Some studies use non-using resistance trainers (generic term for people who train with weights) to control for training's effects on psychological factors. Of course, such a broad classification is controversial - weight lifters, power lifters, and body builders are likely different in ways that relate to AAS use patterns and outcomes. There are also a number of potential differences between users and nonusers that, while not directly related to AAS use, potentially influence behavior, yet are not accounted for in designs using pre-existing groups. Experimental designs control for such factors by randomly assigning non-using participants to receive AAS or placebo. They frequently also prescribe a training regimen. Thus differences intrinsic to users and non-users, as well as characteristics such as endogenous T levels, are evenly represented across the groups. However, as will be noted below, the cost of this control is typically a reduced ability to mirror real world patterns of AAS use. Overview: The Psychological Characteristics of AAS UsersResearch generally suggests that AAS users are more hostile, aggressive, irritable, manic, and depressed than former users or non-users. They are often reported as more likely to abuse other drugs, as well. Empirical studies (described above, typically self-reported "observations") and anecdotal reports (case studies and gym lore, basically self-reported) agree that some AAS users show increased emotional instability, impulsivity, and aggression. However, to interpret these reports means considering the prevalence of these characteristics. In what percent of users studied do clinically relevant levels of psychopathology occur? Do users and nonusers differ in this prevalence? Do these levels differ depending on where in a cycle the user is assessed? To get beyond generalizations, 30-second sound bites, and brief headlines about the psychological effects of AAS, these details are crucial. And these are only a few of the issues that need to be addressed to understand the relationship between negative psychological outcomes and AAS use reported in empirical studies. In spite of the apparent consistency of these reports, there is really little evidence of a direct link between AAS and negative psychological effects. Certainly, some AAS users show these effects, but there is no inevitable one-to-one relationship.
Steroid sales
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