is divided, for 12 years; 2. Of district courts, composed of the judges of the circuits for each section, and the judge of the supreme court for that section; 3. Of 11 circuit courts, each presided over by a judge, elected by the people of his particular circuit, for 8 years. Every white male citizen, 21 years old, a resident of the state for 2 years, and of the county, city, or town in which he votes for 12 months next preceding an election, may vote. Virginia is entitled to 13 members in the national house of representatives, and to 15 electoral votes for president. According to the report of the second auditor of the board of public works, the state debt of Virginia was $18,041,775.50; but of this, $8,121,500 is represented by productive investments. In 1852, the school fund was $1,132,666; productive property, $7,060,565; unproductive property, $6,052,266; ordinary expenses, exclusive of debt and school, $600,000; income for 1851-2, $1,129,526; assessed value of property in 1850, $381,376,660; estimated value, $430,701,082. The estimated value in 1852 was $465,000,000.

Banking Institutions.--The banks of Virginia had in December, 1852, an aggregate capital of $10,583,700; a circulation of $12,020,378.41; and $3,238,874.98 in coin.

History.--Virginia is the oldest of the permanent settlements made by the English, and the oldest of the thirteen states that confederated at the Revolution. It was settled by a party of English, led by the celebrated Captain John Smith, in 1607, and had in its earlier career great difficulties to contend with, in the shape of famine, disease, and the hostilities of the natives, often incited to depredations by worthless settlers. Bacon's rebellion, the most serious of these disturbances, broke out in the autumn of 1676. A party who were discontented with Berkeley for refusing to commission Bacon to lead them against the savages who had invaded the white settlements, slaughtering and burning, as was their custom, chose Bacon for their commander, despite the governor, who, on Bacon's return from a successful foray against the Indians, declared him a rebel. The people rose again, put Bacon at their head, and commenced a civil war against the governor, in which Jamestown was burnt, and the total defeat of the governor's party was only prevented by the death of Bacon. Berkeley put to death many of the adherents of Bacon's party. In 1677, Virginia obtained a new charter, depriving her of some of her former privileges, as a punishment for the rebellion. It was, however, soon after annulled by Charles II. on account of the discontents of the people. In 1752, Washington, then a young man, was sent by Governor Dinwiddie as an envoy to the French commander at Fort Du Quesne, (Pittsburg,) and two years after, at the head of 400 men, defeated the French party at the Great Meadows, but was obliged to capitulate shortly after to nearly a quadruple force. In 1755, Washington served as a colonel in Braddock's army, and saved it from utter ruin. Virginia took an active part in the events leading to, and in the conduct of the war of the Revolution, and gave to the army and to the nation that illustrious chief whose wisdom and firmness not only conducted us through the perils of a seven years' war, but also contributed so greatly to establish our government on a firm basis. Besides Washington, several eminent statesmen and officers were natives of Virginia; among them were Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, the two Lees, Patrick Henry, Chief-Justice Marshall, and a number of others. On her soil occurred several events of the Revolution; prominent among them, the surrender at Yorktown in October, 1781, which in reality put an end to the war. Washington died, December 14th, 1799. Alexandria capitulated to the British, August 27th, 1814. Nat Turner headed a negro insurrection in 1831, in which a number of whites were massacred. Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and Tyler, all presidents of the United States, were citizens of Virginia; and President Harrison also was a native of this state, though not a citizen at the period of his election. A constitution was formed in 1776, suited to the changed circumstances of the state as a republic, which was remodelled in 1830, and again in 1851.

VIRGINIA, a township in the S. W. part of Coshocton co., Ohio. Population, 1226.

VIRGINIA, a small post-village of Cass co., Illinois, 13 miles E. by S. from Beardstown.

VIRGINIA GROVE, a post-office of Louisa co., Iowa, about 40 miles S. S. E. of Iowa City.

VIRGINIA MILLS, a post-office of Buckingham co., Virginia.

VIRGINIA MINES, a post-village of Franklin co., Missouri, on the Maramec river, about 50 miles W. S. W. from St. Louis.

VIRGINIA SETTLEMENT, a small village of Wayne co., Missouri.

VIRGINSVILLE, a post-village of Berks co., Pennsylvania, 68 miles E. from Harrisburg.

VISCHER'S FERRY, a post-village of Saratoga co., New York, about 16 miles N. by W. from Albany.

VISTA, a post-village of Westchester co., N. Y., about 120 miles S. by E. from Albany.

VISTA RIDGE, a post-office of Carroll parish, Louisiana.

VOAK, a post-office of Yates co., N. Y.

VOGANSVILLE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.

VOLCANO, a post-village of Calaveras co., California, 50 miles E. N. E. from Stockton.

VOLGA CITY, a post-office of Clayton co., Iowa.

VOLINIA, a post-township of Cass co., Michigan, 10 miles N. by E. from Cassopolis. Population, 607.