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THE
ANTECEDENTS OF THE PRESENT PROCESS |
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THE
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT 1955 - 1973 After
the second world war, EE UU. left fortified and was transformed into the
first power in the field of the capitalism one. On the other hand, they
were found clearly weakened, Great Britain, that had been hegemónica
since mediados of the century XVII, France and above all, the ones that
had constituted the block nazi fascista: Germany, Japan and Italy. As
of 1932, in United States, being president Franklin Roosevelt began to be
implemented the Welfare State, a new political, social, and economic model
of the capitalism one. This new plan, that suplantaba to the liberal,
responded to the economic ideas of Keynes. The model one benefactor, after
finished the SecondWar will
be expanded for the capitalist world and will dominate, in the three
following decades. The
U.R.S.S., under the direction of José Stalin, that had left triunfadora
of the war, although devastated material and humanly, recuperated quick.
Besides, a socialist field was formed, being added to the Soviet Union a
block of States of Europe Oriental, some freed by the contribution of the
Red Army and other, that they had defeated to the fascismo with their own
strengths, as Yugoslavia and Albania. Further on, they will join with this
block Korea, Vietnam and Chinese. After the XX Congress of the P.C.U.S.,
in 1956, began in the U.R.S.S., directed by the revisionismo ,
a process of desmantelamiento of the socialism that was going
to affect to the international communist movement. The
war had produced the debilitamiento of the control that exercised the
nations capitalistas dominant upon the dependent towns. This circumstance
permitted that was untied an oleada of revolutions and of national
movements of liberation developed after 1945. These processes were
conducted in some cases by the working class and in other by the national
bourgeoisie. Thus, in 1949, it is born the Popular Republic China, a short
time before there was herself independizado the India, while in 1954
succeeds the national revolution - democratic in Vietnam. In
many countriesof America
Latina, the world crisis of the capitalism one initiatedin
1929 first and then the Second War, they created conditions
so that a process of industrialization was initiatedby
sustitución of importings. The national bourgeoisies of
industrial character were expanded thus and also grew, notably, the
working class. The State was fortified for acting like an agent impulsor
of the national capitalist model of development. In Argentina, for
example, themselves estatizaron several businesses of the area of public
utilities (telephones, railroads), while they were created other (Aerolíneas
Argentinas, Gas of the State, Y.C.F., Water and Electric Energy) and also
they were prompted some preexistentes as AND. P. F. Perón in Argentina ,
Vargas in Brazil, Ibáñez in Chile, Cárdenas in Mexico,
Arbenz in Guatemala, the revolution of 1952 in Bolivia with the conduction
of Peace Stenssoro and Siles Suazo, are clear examples of these processes.
Few years later, in January of 1959, succeeded in Cuba a democratic
revolution and antiimperialista, conducted by Fidel Castro. The theory of
the revolutionary focus, based on the Cuban experience, will provoke deep
deviations in the revolutionary movement, in individual that of America
Latina. Before
the advance of the popular masses, privately in Europe, Asia and America
Latina, the States imperialistas were dedicated, in a first moment, to
achieve the political and economic recuperation of the powers weakened. EE
UU., once recovered the States of the block imperialista, lideró the
process of reconquistar the markets lost in thecountries
dependent, with the objective to liquidate the autonomous
capitalist intents of development. In that context should be fit in the
blows against Arbenz in 1954 and that of Argentina in September of 1955. In
the same year , wascelebrated
in Indonesia the Conference of Bandung. They participated twenty-nueve
African and Asian states, many
Ofthem recently they had achieved their independence. By
Africa they concurred Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Coast of Gold (Ghana),
Liberia and Libya. Among the leading politicians were emphasized Nehru of
the India and Chou In Lai, responsible for the foreign affairs of the
Popular Republic China. In the majority of the speeches was claimed to
prompt a capitalism independent one. For it it wasproposed
to develop the industry, the transportations especially themaritime
and the banca national .
These States, the majority ofthem
economically dependent of the large powers capitalistas ,
theypresented, in the relative thing to the political
outside, to be maintained neutrales in the conflictamong
the U.S.S.R. and EE UU. The national bourgeoisies were
esperanzadas in which this enfrentamiento would maintain occupied to the
dominant powers and time would give them to reach a high capitalist level
of development. In this meeting was born the Movement of Countries done
Not Align . Under
the direction revisionista, the U.S.S.R. was transformed of socialist
country in a superpower imperialista that disputed with United States the
control of the world. Its domination extended by Europe Oriental, Asia,
Africa and America Latina. Cuba, little after the triumph of the
revolution, was incorporated to the dependent assembly of states of the
socialimperialismo Soviet. To
end of the fifties and principles of the sixty, the international
communist movement itself escindió, before the accusation against the
revisionismo that headed the Party of Job of Albania and the Communist
Party Chinese, directed by Hoxha and Mao respectively. Few
years later, thetown of
Vietnam , continued
its long fight by the south social and national liberation
of the territory. To mediados of the sixties, the National Front of
Liberation confronted an enormous American army to the one that achieved
to defeat. The democratic revolution and antiimperialista succeeded in
1975. The
towns of Africa, after the Second World War, they initiated a deep fight
against the colonialismo, that will culminate, in 1975, with the
independence of the continent. The
boom ofthe of movements of
liberation of the towns of the dependent countries, that had begun
intensely after 1945, had declined thirty years later. THE
NATIONAL PROCESS 1955 - 1976 THE
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE LAST HALF OF THE CENTURY XX Since
the fall of the peronismo some tendencies in the evolution of the national
political, social, and economic process can be indicated. They
continued being expanded the relations of production capitalistas, what
implied a growth in the number of laborers and asalariados in general. Parallel,
also enlarged the exploitation of the working class, that suffered a
constant deteriorationof the
salaries and of the conditions of job. At
the same time, the small bourgeoisiesuffered
a significant one pauperización that obliged, to many of
his integrantes, to increase the rows of the asalariados. The
economy himself desnacionalizó, passing by hand of the monopolios
foreign, many associated times with the great bourgeoisie Argentina. This
transferencia occurred , in a
first moment, slowly, to then accelerate, above all since principles of
the ninety, to practically concluding to end of the century XX. This
centralización monopólica implied the disappearance of the State
businessman and the almost liquidation of the national bourgeoisie. This
social class, that had had an enormous importance to mediados of the
century, each time was differentiated more. While a sector evolucionó
until reaching to be defined as great bourgeoisie and was intertwined with
the capital foreigner , having
a significant weight in several branches of the production ,
its portion mayoritaria declined of a way each more apparent
time. The
American imperialism went clearly dominant during the second half of the
century. However, in the last decade, above all during the process
privatizador, the monopolios European, they disputed it the hegemony. The
external debt, in individual the public, grew sostenidamente until
reaching, to end of the century, extraordinary values. The
political conduction of the process, in general, was in the hands of the
alliance of the imperialism, mainly American, with the great bourgeoisie
Argentina. These
tendencies advanced for phases and themselves did not they develop in a
lineal way. In some cases, the advance was deep and
Veloz, very few times suffered a relative backward movement.
1955
- 1976 The
blow of September of 1955 indicated the beginning of the desmantelamiento
of the model of capitalism national that had articulated Perón. The
Fund Monetario International began to acquire, in our country,
Greater ingerencia in the economic elaboration of politics.
This agency , has required,
since 1957, a program that, in many of its guidelines, still today
continues in force; among others: to reduce the fiscal deficit, todiminish
the tariff protection, toreduce
the real salaries and to promote the endeudamiento external. The
open phase as of 1958, with the desarrollismo, showed the local expression
of a new phase in the evolution of the imperialism. The capital that they
were invested in the
dependent countries, without stop producing matters cousins for the large
powers, as themselves came carrying out since their start, they sought
also the aprovechamiento of the internal market. The capital financial one
American, now clearly hegemónico, had displaced to the English,that
I dominate since the century XIX to the decade of the forty.
This sustitución of a principal power by another he will import for
Argentina a serious difficulty to be inserted in the world market. Great
Britain, while he was dominant, he absorbed great part of our farm
production. On the other hand, EE UU. did not acquire ours main
merchandise of exportation and, including, a serious competitor in the
world market will result. The
government of the Radical Civic Union, among 1963 and June of 1966, he
implied a tepid intent of the national bourgeoisie to resist the advance
of the capital one monopólico. Example of this went the annulment of the
petroleum concessions. In
1966, the dictatorship of Onganía retomó the course and marked a leap of
quality in the course of the process. Themselves agudizaron the
concentration and the centralización of the capital one and they acquired
more importance the investments foráneas. In 1969, the 100 main
businesses industrial foreigners produced almost the 20% of the total of
Argentina, while in 1957 their participation had been of the 11,8%.
Considering to the assembly of the foreign businesses, their proportion
had raised itself of the following way: 18,2% in 1955, 24,7% in 1962,
26,8% in 1966 and 31% in 1972. By then, the hegemony of the capital one
turned out to be clear American. In 1969, more than the half of the
industrial production carried out by foreign businesses they corresponded
to filiales American, the 15,7% to British and the 10,8 to Frenchwomen. Also
itacquired greater
importance the influence of the Fund Monetario International in thedesign
of the economic politics.
The
national bourgeoisie was differentiated each time more. A sector of her
evoluciono having a significant weight in several branches of the
production as diet and wines. The
capitalist relations of production were followed expanding in Argentina.
The growth of the mass of asalariados is a good one indicador of this
phenomenon. If in 1947 the workers in relation of dependence represented
the 68,1% of the total of the population occupied, in 1970 had raised to
the 70,8%. The
working class, in its fights against the dictatorship, begins a
significant political and organizing growth. Rebellions as the Cordobazo
and the Viborazo will do to tremble to the state. This it will be seen
obliged, little later, for sortear the crisis, to seek an electoral exit. The
great bourgeoisie Argentina, directed at first by Perón,
Charge of the conduction of the political process among 1973-1976
is done, resisting very weakly the pressures of the monopolios and
achieving to deviate the revolutionary course that the masses had
initiated in the previous dictatorship. In
turn, the working class, that had conducted the fights against the
dictatorship in narrow alliance with other popular sectors, privately
estudiantiles, achieved certain concessions. For example, the real salary
was elevated in the bienio 1974/1975, in a 25% regarding 1970 .
however, to mediados of 1975, the government of Isabel Martínez
was entrusted, blow inflacionario by means of, of recomenzar the increase
of the rate of exploitation. The
participation of the state businesses in certain areas of the P. B. I.
still was prominent. In 1975 they produced the 53% of the electricity, gas
and water, the 48% of mines and quarries, the 40% of transportations and
communications and the 35,8% of finanzas, sure and goods real estate. THE
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT 1973 - 1983 The
crisis of the petroleum of 1973 can be considered like the moment in which
began the long economic phase of depression that affects to the capitalist
world system to our days. Thecrisis
of sobreproducción of thecapitalism
one generated a gigantic mass of merchandise and of capital
parasitario that, in great measurement, was placed in the dependent
countries, provoking in them the destruction of the industries linked to
the internal market and a vertical growth of the external debt The
economic school keynesiana, that had dominated since the decade of the
thirty, began to to be replaced by the doctrine neoclásica, dominant in
the whiteness of the imperialism. The
governments of Great Britain, directedby
Margaret Thatcher, And
of EE UU. , headline by Ronald Reagan,
they were leaders in the application of
this orientation, being initiated, in this way, the international
process of liquidation of the called State
Of Welfare. The conquests of the working class began to to be
trimmed, permitting that the monopolios wereappropriated
of a greater rate of plusvalía that compensated the
tendency declinante of the rate of profit. At the same time, the state
businesses were delivered gradually To
the capital financier. It was born Thus
a new model of capitalism that, then, was called neoliberalor
neoconservador. The
neoliberalismo extended for the world quickly, displacing upon exhausting
benefactorismo. The process, though generalized, developed of uneven way.
More pausado in the countries monopolistas ,
more acceleratedand
deep in the dependent countries. In
this framework, the imperialism, to brake the popular advance and to begin
to apply the new model one neoliberal, prompted a wave of coup d'etats in
various countries of America Latina (Chile, Bolivia, Uruguay, Argentina). THE
NATIONAL PROCESS 1976 - 1983 In
our country, the dictatorship had as one of its main objectives to finish
to liquidate a revolutionary process of ascent of the popular masses,
whose date of start can be located in the Cordobazo of May of 1969. To
defeat to the popular movement was necessary to deepen the economic line
anticipated : tostimulate
the concentration and the centralización of the capital one in the hands
of the monopolios foreign associates to the great local bourgeoisie and to
create conditions that to permit an increment in the exploitation of the
working class and in the proletarización of the small bourgeoisie. The
first one of these aspects implied the transferencia by hand of the groups
monopolistas of the capital of smaller importance, being deepened a
persistent liquidation of the national bourgeoisie linked to the internal
market. The
dictatorship began to open the customs borders permitting the introduction
of the excedente industrial of the dominant States, the ones that competed
with advantage with the local production. A process was initiated of
desindustrialización. The national merchandise of elaboration by similar
articles were substituted imported, affecting preferably those branches
linked to the capital national one. The
external debt Argentina grew brutally. Toward 1975 it patrolled the or$s
10.000 million, to reach, to the end of the military dictatorship, an I
mount that rotated around the or$s 50.000 million. The payment of the
interests of this debt will weigh seriously upon the effort of the
Argentine town, privately of its workers. The
organic composition of the capital one had grown uninterruptedly since
1950/54 (3,89) to 1971/73 (5,36). At the same time the rate of
exploitation (P V) does it to a greater rhythm almost being duplicated in
the same interim (passes from 0,76 to 1,41). As consequence of this last
excessive increase the tendency is compensated to decline of the rate of
profit (P/c+v) that is elevated from 0,19 to 0,26. Though
the increment of the rate of exploitation of the working class Argentina,
as arises of the previous paragraph, is not new, exist certain indicadores
that permit to describe its extraordinary growth as of 1976. In effect,
just as is shown with the following picture, in the first year of
installation of the dictatorship genocida, diminished the real salary a
33% regarding 1975. When it finished this phase had descended still more. Picture
1 Variation
of the real salary 1975/1993 Index 1975=100 Year
Salary 1975
100,0 1976
66,4 1977
51,3 1978
53,9 1979
57,7 1980
66,3 1981
61,9 1982
53,6 1983
63,6 1984
76,5 1985
68,8 1986
64,1 1987
58,7 1988
59,6 1989
54,5 1990
49,3 1991
46,8 1992
48,7 1993
49,1 Fountain:
Azpiazu - Nochteff On
the other hand, the growth of the pauperización relative of the working
class regarding the bourgeoisie, can be detected considering another
indicador: the participation of the asalariados active in the Internal
Rough Product (P.B.I.) Thus, for example, while in 1974-75 was of the
44,1%, descended perpendicularmente in 1976 to the 27,9%. At last in the
segmento 1977-1980 went of the 31,4%, importing a repunte facing the sharp
decrease of 1976, but being maintained very under the level of 1975. The
general picture indicated in the previous paragraph is maintained
incorporating the participation of the asalariados passive, understanding
that the retirements and pensions imply the restitución of part of the
plusvalía appropriated by the bourgeoisie to the working class. Himself
constata, in the picture that follows, that the total mass of asalariados
(active and passive) in 1974/75 reached the 48,9% of the P.B.I., while in
1977/82 had diminished to the 36,4%, that is to say a cercenamiento nearby
to the 30%. PICTURE
2 Participation
of the asalariados in the income (in percentage) Period
Asalariadosactive AsalariadosPassive
Total asalariados 1974/75
44,1
4,8
48,9 1976
27,9
3,6
31,5 1977/80
31,4
5,0
36,4 Fountain:
Susana Torrado, work cited, Pág. 266. The
following picture shows that, since 1976, the rates of unemployment and
subocupación rotated in something less than the 10%, being elevated,
lightly, toward the end of the dictatorship. Thus, it can be concluded
that the decrease of the real salary and the consequent increase of the
rate of plusvalía were not condicionados, in this phase, by the growth of
the army of reservation that, as was anticipated, was maintained stable.
Because of it, the dictatorship was seen obliged to drive since the
superestructura state to achieve the decrease of the salary level,
prompting measured of distinct nature to defeat the foreseeable opposition
of the working class. Itappealed
to the terrorismo directed in individual toward the popular militants.
Upon this base, arranged a legal assembly of dispositions, that operated
so much in the collective right of the job (prohibition of the strikes,
modification of the union law, congelamiento of the collective conventions
of job, fijación of the salary increments under the index inflacionario,
among others) as in the land of the individual labor relations
(modification of the Job Contract Law). PICTURE
3 Idle
and subocupados in Argentina 1974-1995 Wave month of May. Total
year Population Pob. Econ. Ac. Idle
Subocupados Total 1974
25.241.297
40,6
5,0
5,4
10,4 1975
25.695.640
40,0
3,5
5,3
8,8 1976
26.157.162
39,9
5,2
5,3
10,5 1977
26.629.009
38,8
3,9
4,1
8,0 1978
27.108.131
38,8
4,2
5,5
9,7 1979
27.596.281
38,2
2,6
3,9
6,5 1980
29.949.480
38,3
2,6
4,5
7,1 1981
28.340.773
38,5
4,2
5,0
9,2 1982
28.737.544
38,2 6,0
6,7
12,7 1983
29.139.869
37,4
5,5 5,9
11,4 1984
29.547.827
37,8
4,7
5,4
10,1 1985
29.961.497
37,9
6,3
7,5
13,8 1986
30.380.958
38,6
5,9 7,7
13,6 1987
30.806.291
39,5
6,0
8,2
14,2 1988
31.237.579
38,7
6,5
8,9
15,4 1989
31.674.905
40,2
8,1
8,6
16,7 1990
32.118.354
39,1
8,6 9,3
17,9 1991
32.608.687
39,5
6,9
8,6
15,5 1992
33.005.209
39,8
6,9
8,3
15,2 1993
33.406.552
41,5
9,9
8,8
18,7 1994
33.812.776
41,1
10,7
10,2
20,9 1995
35.223.939
42,4
18,6
11,3
29,9 Fountain: RAFFAGHELLI RAFFAGHELLI
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