Chapter 14 Outline
                                        The Renaissance and Reformation

I. The Renaissance in Italy
A. What Was the Renaissance?
1. The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in many areas-political, social, economic, and cultural.
2. Rome, creative Renaissance minds set out to transform their own age.
3. The Renaissance did produce new attitudes toward culture and learning. The Renaissance supported a spirit of adventure and a wide-ranging curiosity that led people to explore new worlds.
B. Italian Beginnings
1. The Renaissance began in Italy in the mid 1300’s, then spread north to the rest of Europe.
2. Since Italy was the center of ancient Roman history, it was only natural for this reawakening to start here.
3. Florence, perhaps more than any other city, came to symbolize the Italian Renaissance.
C. Humanism
1. Humanism was based on the study of classical culture, and focused on worldly subjects rather than on the religious issues that had occupied medieval thinkers.
2. Humanist’s believed that education should stimulate the individual’s creative powers.
3. Petrarch lived from 1304-1374, and was an early Renaissance humanist.
D. A Golden Age in the Arts
1. In the golden age the Renaissance reached its most glorious expression in its paintings, sculpture, and architecture.
2. Renaissance painters developed new techniques fro representing both humans and landscapes in a realistic way.
3. Leonardo, Michelangelo was a many-sided genius- sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet.
E. Writings for the New Age
1. The most widely read book was the The book of the Courier.
2. Machiavelli wrote a different kind of handbook. He studied ancient Roman history.
3. Machiavelli combined his personal experience of politics with his knowledge of the past to offer a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power.


II. The Renaissance Moves North
A. Artists of the Northern Renaissance
1. The Northern Renaissance began in the 1400s in the prosperous cities of Flanders, a region that included parts of what is today northern France.
2. Albrecht Durer traveled to Italy in 1494 to study the techniques of the Italian masters.
3. A leading Flemish artsist of the 1500s was Pieter Bruegel. He used vibrant colors to portray lively scenes of peasant life.
B. Northern Humanists
1. Northern humanists scholars stressed education and a revival of classical learning.
2. Erasmus the Dutch humanist used his knowledge to produce a new Greek edition of the New Testament and a much improved Latin translation of the same text.
3. Sir Thomas also used his pen like Erasmus to press for social and economic reform.
C. Literature of the Northern Renaissance
1. The French humanist Francois Rabelais had a varied career as a monk, physician, Greek scholar, and author.
2. The towering figure of Renaissance literature was the English poet and playwright William Shakespeare. He wrote 37 plays.
3. The Renaissance in Spain in the 1600s produced its own great works. Best known is Don Quixote.
D. The Printing Revolution
1. By 1300, methods of papermaking had reached Europe. With the Gutenburg Bible, the European age of printing had begun.
2. By 1500, they had turned out more than 20 million volumes. In the next century, between 150 and 200 million books went into circulation.
3. The new presses contributed to the religious turmoil that engulfed Europe in the 1500s.
III. The Protestant Reformation
A. Abuses in the Church
1. Church became increasingly caught up in worldly affairs.
2. The Popes competed with Italian princes foe political power.
3. An indulgence was a pardon for sins commited during a person’s lifetime.
B. Luther’s Protest
1. Protests in Church abuses continued to grow.
2. In 1517, these protests erupted into a full-scale riot.
3. Luther taught that salvation could be achieved through faith alone. He rejected the Church doctrine that good deeds were necessary for salvation.
C. Spread of Lutheran Ideas
1. By 1530, the Lutherans were using a new name, Protestant, for all those who protested papal authority.
2. Many of the clergy saw Luther’s reforms as the answer to corruption in the Roman Catholic Church.
3. In 1524, a peasant’s revolt erupted across Germany demanding other changes in their harsh lives.
D. John Calvin
1. Calvin was born in France and trained as a priest and lawyer.
2. In his books he provided advice on how to organize and run a protestant church.
3. Calvin taught that God was all powerful and that humans were by nature sinful.
IV. Reformation Ideas Spread
A. Radical Reformers
1. A number of groups called the Anabaptists, argued that adults should receive the sacrament of baptism.
2. Some Anabaptists called for the abolition of private property. Others wanted to speed up the coming of God’s day of judgment.
3. Most Anabaptists were peaceful women and men.
B. The English Reformation
1. In England, religious leaders such as John Wycliffe had called for Church reform as early as the 1300s.
2. Henry wanted to end papal control over the English church.
3. Between 1536 and 1540, Henry shut down all convents and monasteries in England and seized their lands.
C. Elizabeth I Restores Unity to England
1. Elizabeth was Protestant and popular.
2. Elizabeth’s unjust imprisonment in the tower had made her even more popular with the people.
3. As queen, Elizabeth adopted a policy of religious compromise.
D. The Catholic Reformation
1. The leader of the movement, known as the Catholic Reformation was Pope Paul III.
2. To end corruption within the papacy itself, he appointed reformers to key posts.
3. They created new schools to create a better educated clergy who could challenge Protestant teachings.
E. Widespread Persecution
1. Catholic mobs attacked and killed Protestants.
2. Protestants killed Catholic priests and destroyed Catholic churches.
3. Those accused of being witches, or agenst of the devil, were usually women, but some men faced similar attacks
F. Looking Ahead
1. The upheavals of the Catholic and Protestant reformations sparked wars of religion in Europe until the mid-1600s.
2. At that time, issues of religion began to give way to issues of national power.
3. Catholic and Protestant rulers of the mid-1600s often made decisions based on political interests rather than for purely religious reasons.
V. The Scientific Revolution
A. Changing Views of the World
1. In the 1500s and 1600s, some startling discoveries radically changed the way Europeans viewed the physical world.
2. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric, or sun –centered, model of the universe.
3. Galileo became the first person to see the mountains on the moon and sunspots.
B. Newton Ties It All Together
1. By the age of 24, Newton had developed a brilliant theory to explain why planets moved.
2. He showed that a single force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun; he called this force gravity.
3. Newton also argued that nature follows uniform laws.
C. More Scientific Advances
1. Robert Boyle distinguished between individual elements and chemical compounds.
2. A French physician, Ambrose Pare, developed a new and more effective ointment for preventing infection.
3. William Harvey, an English scholar, described the circulation of the blood for the first time.
D. Bacon and Descartes
1. The new scientific method was really a revolution in thought.
2. Two giants of this revolution were the Englishman Francis Bacon and the Frenchman Rene Descartes.
3. They helped bring the scientific method to the pursuit of all knowledge