Chapter 14 Section 4 (A-J) Section 5 (A-G)

(A) Anabaptists were people that felt that only adults should receive the sacrament of baptism. Some Anabaptists sought radical social change as well. Some called for the abolition of private property.

(B) Henry VIII was the English King, who wanted to end papal control over the English church. The final break of the church was led by Henry VIII. 

(C) Mary Tudor inherited the throne after Edward died. Mary was Catholic and was determined to make England Catholic again. Mary failed to do so.

(D) The Book of Common Prayer was written by Thomas Cranmer. It imposed a moderate form of protestant service but preserved many Catholic doctrines.

(E) Elizabeth I was Mary’s half sister. Elizabeth, Mary realized, possessed two qualities that made her dangerous to an unpopular Catholic Queen. Elizabeth was protestant and popular.

(F) The Catholic Reformation was led by Pope Paul III. During the 1530’s and 1540’s, he set out to revive the moral authority of the church and roll back the Protestant tide. The successors guided the Catholic Reformation for the rest of the century.

(G) Council of Trent- To establish the direction that should take, the pope called the council of trent in 1545. The council reaffirmed traditional Catholic view, which Protestants had challenged. The council also took steps to end abuse in the church.  

(H) Inquisition was to deal with the Protestant threat more directly; Pope Paul strengthened the inquisition. The inquisition was a church court set up to root out heresies during the Middle Ages. The inquisition used secret testimony, torture, and execution to stamp out heresy.

(I)Jesuits- In 1540, the pope recognized a new religious order, the society of Jesus, or Jesuits. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, the Jesuit order was determined to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith.

(J) St. Teresa of Avila symbolized this religious renewal. She set up her own order of Carmelite nuns. Teresa had to reorganize and reform convents and monasteries throughout Spain. 

Section 5

(a)    Nicolaus Copernicus- Copernicus was a Polish scholar. He proposed a heliocentric, or sun-centered, model of the universe. The Earth, He went on, was just one of several planets that revolved around the Sun.

(b)   Tycho Brahe- He was a Danish astronomer in the late 1500s. He provided evidence that supported Copernicus’s theory. Brahe set up an astronomical observatory.

(c)    Johannes Kepler- Scientists of many lands built on the foundations laid by Copernicus and Kelper. Kelper was the assistance of Brahe and he was a brilliant German astronomer and mathematician.

(d)   Galileo Galilei- In Italy, Galileo used technology developed by a Dutch lens grinder to assemble an astronomical telescope. Galileo discoveries caused uproars.  

(e)    Andreas Vesalius- In 1543, Andreas Vesalius published On the Structure of the human anatomy. Vesalius’s careful and clear drawings corrected errors inherited from ancient classical authorities.

(f)     William Harvey- He is an English scholar, who described the circulation of the blood for the first time. He showed how the heart serves as a pump to force the blood through veins and arteries.

(g)    Rene Descartes- He devoted himself to the problem of knowledge. He also rejected Aristotle’s scientific assumptions.