CHAPTER 29 OUTLINE

I. Struggle for Change in Latin America 1. The winds of revolution swept through Mexico between 1910 and 1920. 2. His novel captures the turmoil of the Mexican Revolution and details its effects on millions of Mexican men and women. 3. The Mexican Revolution unleashed radical forces. A. The Mexican Revolution 1. By 1910, the dictator Porfirio Diaz had ruled Mexico for almost 35 years. 2. Prosperity benefited wealthy landowners, business people, and foreign investors. 3. The unrest boiled over when Francisco Madero, a liberal reformer, demanded free elections. B. Reforms 1. The Constitution of 1917 addressed three major issues: land, religion and labor. 2. It permitted the breakup of large estates, placed restrictions on foreigners owning land, and allowed nationalization, or government takeover, of natural resources. 3. The government helped some Indian communities regain lands that had been taken from them illegally in the past. C. Rising Tide of Nationalism 1. Mexico’s move to reclaim its oil fields from foreign investors reflected a growing spirit of nationalism in Latin America. 2. During the 1920’s and 1930’s, world events affected Latin American economies. 3. They were determined to develop their own economies and end foreign economic control. D. The “ Good Neighbor” Policy 1. During the Mexican Revolution, the United States supported leaders who it thought would protect American interests. 2. In 1914, it bombarded the port of Vera Cruz to punish Mexico for imprisoning several American sailors. 3. Under the Good Neighbor Policy, the United States withdrew troops it had stationed in Haiti and Nicaragua. II. Nationalist Movements in Africa and the Middle East 1. The Kikuyu people of Kenya were outraged. The British had taken their land. 2. The Kikuyu were among many African people who resented colonial rule. 3. During the 1920’s and 1930’s, a new generation of leaders like Kenyatta, proud of their unique heritage, struggled to stem the tide of imperialism and restore Africa for Africans. A. Movements for Change in Africa 1. During the early 1900’s, more and more Africans felt the impact of colonial rule. 2. Those who were lucky enough to keep their land were forbidden to grow the most profitable crops- only Europeans could grow these. 3. Between 1910 and 1940, whites strengthened their grip on South Africa.    B. Growing Self-Confidence 1.  During the 1920s, a movement known as Pan-Africanism began to nourish the nationalist spirit. Pan-Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world. 2. Led by the African American W.E.B. DuBois, Pan-Africanists tried to forge a united front. DuBois organized the first Pan-African Congress in 1919. 3. French speaking writers in West Africa and the Carribean further awakened self-confidence among Africans. They expressed pride in African roots through the negritude movement.     C. Modernization in Turkey and Iran 1. Led by the determined and energetic Mustafa Kemal, Turkish nationalists over threw the sultan, defeated the western occupation forces, and declared Turkey a republic. 2. Like Peter the Great in Russia, Ataturk forced his people to wear western dress. 3. Reza khan rushed to modernize Iran and make it fully independent. He built factories and roads, railroads and strengthened bet.     D. Arab and Nationalism and European Mandates 1. The mandates-territories administered by European nations-set up by the Paris Peace Conference outraged Arabs. 2. Since Roman Times, Jews had dreamed of returning to Palestine. 3. In the 1930’s, anti-Semitism in Germany and Eastern Europe forced many Jews to seek safety in Palestine. III. India Seeks Self-Rule- 1. The Amrisar massacre was the turning point for many Indians. It convinced them of the British rule. 2. The British commander, had banned public meetings, but Indians either ignored or had not heard the order. 3. Tensions were running high in Armistar, a city in Northern India. Protests against British rule had sparked protests.     A.Moves toward Independence 1. The Tragedy at Amritsar was linked to India frustrations after World War I.  During the war, more than a million Indians had served overseas. 2. To quiet nationalist demands, the British promised India greater self-governemtn after the war. 3. Since 1885, the Congress party had served for self-rule within the British empire. B. Mohandas Gandhi 1. At age 19, he went to England to study Law. After returning to India, he tried to set up his own law practice but soon joined an Indian law firm in South Africa. 2. While leaders like Ataturk adopted western solutions to national problems, Gandhi embraced Hindu traditions. 3. Abandoning the western style of clothing, Gandhi dressed in dhoti, the simple white garment traditionally worn by village Indians. C. The Salt March 1. To mobilize mass support Gandhi offered a daring challenge to Britain in 1930. He set out to end the British salt monopoly. 2. To Gandhi, the government salt monopoly was an evil burden on the poor and a symbol of British oppression. 3. On March 12, Gandhi made good on his challenge, with 78 followers, he set out on a 240-mile march to the sea. D. Looking Ahead 1. As India came closer to Independence, Muslim fears of the Hindu majority increased. 2. During the 1930s, the Muslim league gained an able leader in Muhammad Ali Jinnah. 3. India was moving toward independence when a new world war exploded in 1939. Upheavals in China 1. Sun Yixian, “father” of the Chinese revolution, painted a grim picture of China after the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. 2. As the new Chinese republic took shape, nationalists like Sun Yixian set the goal of “catching up and surpassing the powers, east and west.” 3. But the goal would remain a distant dream as China suffered the turmoil of civil war and foreign invasion. The Chinese Republic 1. In 1912, Sun Yixian stepped down as president in favor of a powerful general, Yuan Shikai. 2. During this period of upheaval, foreign powers increased their influence over Chinese affairs. Foreign merchants, missionaries, and soldiers dominated the ports China had opened to trade. 3. On May 4, 1919, student protests erupted in Beijing and later spread to cities across China- a startling event in those days. Leaders for a New China 1. In 1921, Sun Yixian and his Guomindang, or Nationalist, party established a government in south China. 2. Among the Communists who escape Jiang’s attack was a young revolutionary of peasant origins, Mao Zedong. 3. Jiang Jieshi, however, was determined to destroy the “Red bandits,” as he called the Communists. He led the Guomindang in a series of “extermination campaigns” against them. Japanese Invasion 1. While Jiang was pursuing the communists across China, the country faced another danger. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria in northeastern China, adding it to the growing Japanese empire. 2. In 1937, the Japanese struck again. This time, they attacked China proper. As airplanes bombed Chinese cities, highly disciplined and well-equipped Japanese troops overran eastern China, including Beijing and Guangzhou. 3. From 1937 to 1945, the Guominding, the Communists, and the Japanese were locked in a three sided struggle. Empire of the Rising Sun             1.   Solemn ceremonies marked the start of Emperor Hirohito’s reign.             2.    A few honored participants gathered in the Secret Purple Hall.             3.    In the hall, the new emperor sat stiffly on the ancient throne of Japan. Liberal Changes of the 1920’s             1.    In the 1920s, Japan moved toward greater democracy.             2.    By 1925, all adult men had won the right to vote.             3.    During WWI, the Japanese economy enjoyed phenomenal growth. The Nationalist Reaction             1.    In 1929, the Great Depression rippled across the Pacific, striking Japan                    with devastating force.             2.    Prices for all exports plummeted.             3.    As the crisis worsened, nationalists demanded renewed expansion. Militarists in Power          1.    By the early 1930s, ultra nationalists were winning popular support for                 foreign conquests and a tough stand against the western powers.          2.    Civilian government survived, but in 1937 it had been forced to accept                 military domination.          3.    Japan expected to complete its conquest of China within a few years.