Revolutions and Nationalism Study Guide Ch. 19 & 23

 Suffrage- the right to vote. It was to be extended to all male citizens, not just to property owners. This was a big turn for the other males that were not allowed to vote before

 Sans-culottes- The working class men and women who called the radical action in France during the French Revolution. By 1791, many sans-culottes demanded a republic. They also wanted the government to guarantee them a living wage. 

Abdicate- to give up a high office. Napoleon stepped down from power. The victors exiled him to Elba, an island in the Mediterranean. They then recognized Louis XVIII, the bother of Louis XVI, as the king of France.

Deficit spending- situation in which a government spends more money than it takes. Hand in hand with the social unrest went a mushrooming financial crisis.

Plebiscite- a ballot in which is votes have a direct say on an issue. Each time the French strongly supported Napoleon. To understand why, we must look at his policies. 

Blockade- the shutting off of a port to keep people or supplies from moving in or out. During their long struggle, both Britain and France seized neutral ships suspected of trading with the other side.

Bourgeoisie- the middle class. The bourgeoisie included the prosperous 

bankers, merchants, and manufactures who propped up the French economy. 

Nationalism- feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country. The 

government rallied sons and daughters of the revolution to defend the nation

 itself.

Émigré- A person who flees his or her country for political reasons. Nobles, clergy and others who fled revolutionary France. 

Louis XVI- He failed flight brought further hostile rumblings from abroad. In August 1791, the king of Prussia and the emperor of Austria- who was Marie Antinette's brother- issued the Declaration of Pilnitz. 

Clemens von Mettwenich- While the entertainment kept thousands of smaller players busy, the real work fell to Prince Clemens von Mettwenich of Austria, Czar Alexander I of Russia, and Lord Robert Castlereagh of Britain. 

Napoleon- Napoleon Bonaparte was born in lower noble status in Ajaccio, Corsica on August 15, 1769, and was one of eight children. Napoleon was a French ruler that fought many wars. He was known around the world as the most popular leader in France.

Olympe de Gouges- Olympe de Gouges, a journalist, demanded equal rights in her Declaration of the Rights of Women. Women did gain some rights. The government made divorce easier, a move aimed at weakening Church authority.

Rosbespierre-  Rosbespierre was a shrewd lawyer and politician who quickly rose to the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety. At home, the government battled counterrevolutionaries under the guiding hand of Maximilien Robospierre. He also embraced the idea of general will.

Jacques Louis David –Jacques was the leading artist of the period. David immortalized such stirring events as the Tennis Court Oath, and, later, the reign of Napoleon. Davids paintings helped shape the way future generations pictured the French Revolution.

Who denounced Fr. Rev? Why?- Napoleon denounced the French Revolution. This is because Napoleon wanted to conquer another nations to gain land.

Reign of Terror- The campaign known as the reign of terror lasted from July 1793 to July 1794. This was when the supporters of the revolution began to question the need for constant executions. The revolution transformed daily life in France.

Napoleon annexed who?-  Napoleon redrew the map of Europe. He annexed, or added outright, some areas to France, including the Netherlands and Belgium as well as parts of Italy and Germany. He abolished the tottering Holy Roman Empire.

Congress of Vienna- The Congress of Vienna faced the monumental task of restoring stability and order in Europe after 25 years of war. The congress met for 10 months. They finally came to a conclusion and worked out a framework for peace.

Alexander II- Alexander the Great came to the throne in 1855 during the Crimean War. Alexander made reforms and issued a royal decree emancipating, or freeing, the serfs. Alexander also set up a system of local government, elected assemblies, called zemstvos.

Francis Joseph-  Francis was emperor of Austria. He inherited the throne when he was 18. Francis Joseph realized he needed to strengthen the empire at home and made some reforms.

Giuseppe Garibaldi- Garbaldi was a longtime nationalist and an ally of Mazzini. He wanted to create an Italian Republic. He recruited 1,000 red-shirted volunteers.

Otto Van Bismarck: He came from Prussia’s Junker class, which was made up of conservative landowning nobles. Bismarck served Prussia as a diplomat in Russia and France before King William I made him chancellor.

William II: In 1888, William succeeded his grandfather as Kaiser. The new emperor was supremely confident of his abilities and wished to put his own stamp on Germany.

Camillo Cavour: In 1852, He was called as a prime minister. The new prime minister came from a noble family but favored liberal goals. He was a flexible, practical, and crafty politician.

Anarchist: Socialists organized strikes while anarchists, people who want to abolish all government, turned to sabotage and violence. The government slowly extended suffrage to more men and passed laws to improve social conditions.

Refugee: Many Jews escaped Russia and became Refugees, or people who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere. Large numbers of refugees fled to the United States

Pogrom: Official persecution encouraged violent mob attacks on Jews, known as pogroms. Gangs beat and killed Jews and looted and burned their homes.

Realpolitik: Bismarck’s success was due in part to his strong will and ability to manipulate others. He was a master of Realpolitik, or realistic politics based on tough-minded evaluation of the needs of the state.

Zemstvo: These were elected assemblies who were made responsible for matters such as road repair, schools, and agriculture.

Economic development in Germany: Germany has a good disciplined and well-educated work force helped the economy and Germany’s growth was due to ample iron and coal resources, the basic ingredients for industrial development.

Nationalism threatened? Who? (Which country the most): - feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country. The government rallied sons and daughters of the revolution to defend the nation itself.

Revolution of 1905: In the months that followed the Bloody Sunday, discontent exploded across Russia. Strikes multiplied. In some cities, workers took over local governments. In the countryside, peasants revolted, demanding land.