Vladimir Moss
At the Name of Jesus
every knee will bow.
Philippians 2.10.
“And holy is His
name”. The name of God is said to be holy, not because it contains in its
syllables any special virtue, but because in whatsoever way we contemplate God,
we see Him pure and holy.
St. Basil the Great, On Psalm 32.
There was a time when God had no name, and
there will be a time when he will have no name.
St. Isaac the Syrian, unpublished chapters on knowledge, III,1,
syr e7, Bodleian.
So far nobody has found any name which is
completely worthy of God; nor is this very ‘Word’ used strictly and essentially
of Him, it only shows that the Son was born from the Father without passion.
Blessed Theophylact of Bulgaria, Commentary on John, 1.2.
Remember, the power
is not in the word, not in the name,
but in Christ
Himself, Who is named.
St. Barsonuphius of Optina.[1]
The Divinity rests
in the Name of God.
Archbishop Theophan of Poltava.[2]
At the beginning of the 20th century there arose the heresy of name-worshipping (imyaslavie or imyabozhie in Russian), which consists in the belief that the Name of God is not only holy and filled with the grace of God, but is holy in and of itself, being God Himself. It arose among Russian monks on Mount Athos, with the publication, in 1907, by Schema-monk Hilarion, of a book on the Jesus prayer entitled On the Mountains of the Caucasus. This book was at first well-received and passed the spiritual censor; but later its claim that the name of God is God elicited criticism. Soon monastic opinion in Russia was polarised between those who, like the monks of the Kiev Caves Lavra, approved of the book and its name-worshipping thesis, and those, like the monks of the Pochaev Lavra and the Optina Desert, who rejected it. The heresy was condemned by the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 1912 (under Patriarch Joachim III) and 1913 (under Patriarch German V), and by the Russian Holy Synod in 1913 (Charter No. 758 of Patriarch German V to Mount Athos, dated February 15), and by the Russian Holy Synod in 1913 (Epistle of May 18, and Decree of August 27, No. 7644).
However, as Vladimir
Gubanov writes, “the illiterate G.E. Rasputin interceded for the heretical
name-worshippers and even tried to incite the empress to attack the fighters
against the heresy of name-worshipping.”[3] In 1914 the leading name-worshippers,
including Hieroschemamonk Anthony (Bulatovich), author of An Apology of
Faith in the Name of God and the Name of Jesus (1913) by the Moscow Diocesan
Court, which declared: “… The Synodal Office has found that in the
confessions of faith in God and in the Name of God coming from the named
monks, in the words, ‘I repeat that in naming the Name of God and the Name of
Jesus as God and God Himself, I reject both the veneration of the Name of God
as His Essence, and the veneration of the Name of God separately from God
Himself as some kind of special Divinity, as well as any deification of the
very letters and sounds and any chance thoughts about God’ – there is contained
information allowing us to conclude that in them there is no basis for leaving
the Orthodox Church for the sake of the teaching on the Names of God.’ (decree № 1443 of May 8, 1914)”
Of course, this decree does not
constitute a “justification” of the name-worshippers’ teaching, especially in
view of the fact that on the same day the Office, led by Metropolitan
Macarius, affirmed that name-worshipping – “the new false-teachings on the
names of God proclaimed by Schema-Monk Hilarion and Anthony Bulatovich” –
was a heresy (decree № 1442 of May 8, 1914). Moreover, in rejecting “any
deification of the very letters and sounds and any chance thoughts about
God”, Bulatovich was obliged also to renounce his words in the Apology:
“Every mental representation of a named property of God is the Name of God [and therefore, according to the name-worshippers, God
Himself]”, “the contemplation of the His name is God Himself”, “the conscious
naming of God is God Himself”, “Every idea about God is God Himself”, “we call
the very idea of God – God”. But did he in fact repent?
Unfortunately, the repentance of the name-worshippers
turned out to be fictional. Bulatovich did not repent, but concealed his heresy
behind ambiguous words and phrases. Thus on May 18, 1914, in a letter to
Metropolitan Macarius, Bulatovich thanked him for his “justification”, and
nobly deigned to declare that he was now ready to return into communion with
the Orthodox Church (!). And he added: “Concerning the Name of God and the Name
of Jesus Christ, we, in accordance with the teaching of the Holy Fathers,
confessed and confess the Divinity and the Divine Power of the Name of the
Lord, but we do not raise this teaching to the level of a dogma, for it has not
yet been formulated and dogmatised in council, but we expect that at the
forthcoming Council it will be formulated and dogmatised. Therefore we, in
accordance with the teaching of the Holy Fathers, in the words of the
ever-memorable Father John of Kronstadt said and say that the Name of God is
God Himself, and the Name of the Lord Jesus is the Lord Jesus Christ Himself,
understanding this not in the sense of a deification of the created name, but
understanding it spiritually, in the sense of the inseparability of the
God-revealed Truth, Which is the Action of the Divinity.”
These words of Bulatovich show that he was not sincere in his signature below the confession of faith in God and in the Name of God, but deceived Metropolitan Macarius (who
was probably under pressure from the Over-Procurator Sabler, who was in turn
under pressure from the fervent name-worshippers Gregory Rasputin). “Mixing truth with unrighteousness” (Rom. 1.18), Bulatovich mixed Orthodoxy with heresy. Thus Orthodoxy recognises that there is a “Divine Power” in
the name of Jesus, but does not recognise that it is “Divinity”. Again,
Orthodoxy recognises that in prayer the name of God is indeed inseparable from God, but
it does not confuse the two, as
does Bulatovich. For while a shadow is
inseparable from the body that casts it, this is not to say that the shadow is
the body. Finally, Bulatovich’s “dogma” is
still not “formulated and dogmatised in council” – because it is not
a dogma, but heresy!
The
Most Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church accepted that Bulatovich and his
fellows had not really repented, so they set aside decree № 1442
of the Moscow Synodal Office, and confirmed the sentences against the
name-worshippers (decree № 4136 of May 10-24, 1914), which
confirmation was again confirmed by decree № 2670
of March 10, 1916. “In this decree of the Most Holy Synod,” wrote the future
Hieromartyr Basil (Zelentsov), Bishop of Priluki, “we find a confirmation of
the basic rule that the name-worshippers must be received into ecclesiastical
communion and admitted to the sacraments of the Church only on the unfailing
condition that they reject the false teaching of name-worshipping and witness
to their faithfulness to the dogmas and teaching of the Church and to their
obedience to Church authority”
Finally, on October 8/21, 1918, in the most recent decision on this questionPatriarch Tikhon and the Most Holy Synod declared: “The Most Holy Synod does notchange its former judgement on the error itself [of name-worshipping]… and hasin no way changed its general rule, according to which the name-worshippers, ashaving been condemned by the Church authorities, can be received into Churchcommunion… only after they have renounced name-worshipping and have declaredtheir submission to the Holy Church… The petition of Hieroschemamonk Anthony toallow him to serve is to be recognised as not worthy of being satisfied so longas he continues to disobey Church authority and spread his musings which havebeen condemned by the Church hierarchy to the harm of the Church”.
After this decision, the leading name-worshipper, Anthony Bulatovich, broke communion for the second time with the Russian Church and was shortly afterwards killed by robbers.
In spite of all these condemnations, the name-worshipping movement did not die out; it survived in the Caucasus and South Russian region (where the Tsar had transported the rebellious monks); and the sophianist heretics Florensky and Bulgakov also confessed name-worshipping in the inter-war period. In modern times the heresy has enjoyed a revival in intellectualist circles in Russia, especially in the works of Hieromonk Gregory (Lurye) of St. Petersburg, who supports the heretical views of Bulatovich, considers Bulatovich himself to be a saint, and those who oppose his ideas, including several hieromartyrs of the Russian Church to be “enemies of the Name”!
This article represents a critique of the name-worshipping heresy in the context of an attempt to delineate the Orthodox teaching on the name of God.
The act of naming is the very first recorded act of the first-created man in Genesis. Thus we read that “out of the ground the Lord God formed every beast of the field and every fowl of the air, and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them; and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof” (2.19). St. Ephraim the Syrian writes: “The words ‘He brought them to Adam’ show the wisdom of Adam… It is not impossible for a man to discover a few names and keep them in his memory. But it surpasses the power of human nature, and is difficult for him, to discover in a single hour thousands of names and not to give the last of those named the names of the first… This is the work of God, and if it was done by man, it was given him by God.”[4] For, as St. Ambrose of Milan writes, “God granted to you the power of being able to discern by the application of sober logic the species of each and every in order that you may be induced to form a judgement on all of them. God called them all to your attention, so that you might realise that your mind is superior to all of them.”[5]
What was this language that Adam used in naming the animals, and where did it come from? Metropolitan Philaret of Moscow writes: “The original language existed before the creation of the woman, and, like the gift of tongues in the Apostles, did not require much time or effort for its composition and formation. Man received this together with his existence; perhaps he perfected his knowledge through converse with the Creator by means of sensory sounds, and added to it from himself but with inspiration from God, Who had predetermined man for social living.
“St. Chrysostom explain the intention to survey and name the animals when he says that ‘God did this in order to show us the great wisdom of Adam… and as a sign of his dominion.’[6] In order to present the giving of names as an act of wisdom, we must suppose that Adam previously had a knowledge of the general properties and laws of existing things, and in applying to this general knowledge that which he discovered by experiment or the closest observation in the particular species of creatures, he gave them names which depicted their nature. Such names have been preserved to this day mainly in the Hebrew language.”[7]
The second act recorded of Adam is also an act of naming. We read: “The Lord brought upon the man a deep sleep; and when he awoke He took one of his ribs and covered up the place with flesh. And the Lord God built out of the rib that had been taken from the man a woman, and the man said: ‘This is now bone of my bone and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man’” (2.23). On which St. Ephraim comments: “Just as on this day all the animals received from Adam their names according to their kinds, so also the bone, made into a woman, he called not by her proper name, Eve, but by the name of woman, the name belonging to the whole kind.”[8] In other words, the naming of Eve was not simply denotative, but connotative; the name was not just a pointer, but the expression of knowledge.
What was this knowledge? That
Eve had been created from him. And this knowledge was expressed in the name; for
the Hebrew word “isha” (woman) is clearly derived from “ish” (man).[9]
It was also revealed to him, as the following verses show, that from the union
of man and woman would come the whole human race. So this God-inspired
knowledge was not only of the present, but also of the future; it was
prophetic.
This knowledge and these names were clearly man’s; for God “brought them unto Adam to see what he [Adam] would call them”. At the same time, the inspiration of this knowledge was no less clearly God’s, insofar as it “surpassed the power of human nature”, in St. Ephraim’s words. Thus the act of the correct naming, classification and knowledge of created nature is a work of Divine-human synergy.
At this point an interesting question arises: Why, having been granted to know and name the creatures that were below and equal to him, was not Adam granted to know and name Him Who was higher than himself, his Creator? Of course, the fact that Adam is not described as naming God in Paradise does not necessarily mean that no such naming took place. And, as we shall see, there are good grounds for believing that Adam did in fact know the name of God. Nevertheless, the omission of any reference to Adam’s naming of God in the sacred narrative is significant. Its significance lies in the fact that whereas the rational knowledge, naming and classification of creatures is possible for man, albeit only with the help of God, such knowledge is impossible in relation to the Creator, God Himself, Whose being infinitely transcends all human knowledge.
This is not to say that no knowledge of God is possible. Adam in a real sense knew God in Paradise; he was still without sin and conversed with Him openly; and if he had remained in obedience to Him, he would have ascended to a still higher knowledge, the knowledge that comes through сontemplation of Him. Such knowledge through сontemplation, according to St. Gregory the Theologian, was in fact the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Only it was forbidden to Adam at this stage in his spiritual development. For “сontemplation… is only safe for those who have reached maturity of habit to enter upon, but… is not good for those who are still somewhat simple and greedy; just as neither is solid food good for those who are yet tender and have need of milk.”[10]
Сontemplation, or the knowledge of good and evil, can safely be given only to those who have already reached spiritual maturity, that is, who have exercised their free will to choose good and reject evil in a steadfast, constant manner. The reward for such steadfastness in the practice of the good is the сontemplation of Goodness Itself and the ability to discern and trample on all the snares of the evil one. However, those who attempt to see God without having passed this test fall into spiritual deception and the pseudo-knowledge of God. Since their real motivation is not to know God for His own sake but to “be as gods” for their own sake – in other words, not love, but self-love, - they receive the due reward of their evil works, which is enslavement to the evil one. The archetypal evil works in this connection are the practice of magic, which seeks to manipulate the “names of God” (as the magicians suppose) in order to control and manipulate God for their own antitheist ends, and heresies, which give a false, blasphemous understanding of God.
The tree of knowledge was God’s instrument in testing man: if he was obedient to God, then the fruit of the tree would be ever-increasing knowledge of God and enjoyment of the Good through сcontemplation. If, on the other hand, he was disobedient, then the tree would be for the knowledge and experience of evil. Thus, depending on the fulfilment or non-fulfilment by man of the commandment, the tree was indeed the tree of the knowledge of both good and evil.
Man disobeyed the commandment, and so the tree, which, when partaken of at the right time, would have been for the knowledge of good in the true knowledge of God in contemplation, became for the knowledge of evil in spiritual deception, sin and death.
However, some glimmers of the true knowledge of God and creation remained. We see this in the second name that Adam gave to his wife after the fall – “Eve”, meaning “life”, “because she was the mother of all living” (3.20). We might at first see here a certain inappropriateness in the name, since it would have been more accurate to call her “death”, as being the mother of all mortals. But, as Metropolitan Philaret points out, there is a prophetic meaning in it: “the woman is called life by reason of the promise given by God concerning her seed, ‘she was the mother of all living’ as mother of the second Adam, who is ‘a life-giving Spirit’ (I Cor. 15.45)”. [11]
Conclusion: 1. The
first act of the first-created man was the naming of the animals. He thereby demonstrated his knowledge of their nature. The act of naming with correct
names and classifications, and the knowledge of created natures is a combined
activity of God and man.
During the time of Enos, the
grandson of Adam, we read (in the Hebrew text) that “men began to call on the
name of the Lord God” (4.26). On which Metropolitan Philaret
comments: “In the time of Enos, with the multiplication of the pious [Sethite]
race, public and open Divine services were established, which had been formerly
carried out by each family and private person without the agreement of others”.[12] And we read in the hymnography of
the Church: “The wondrous Enos trusted in the Spirit and with divine wisdom began
to call upon the God and Master of all with mouth, tongue and heart.”[13]
This interpretation is supported by
Archbishop Theophan of Poltava in his fundamental work on the Old Testament
name of God, The Tetragram[14], and by Fr. Seraphim Rose.[15]
It opens up the fascinating hypothesis that the name of God in question,
“Jehovah”, was not revealed for the first time to Moses on Mount Horeb, but was
known to the people of God much earlier – certainly in the time of Enos, and
possibly even earlier, in Paradise. This thesis is defended in detail by
Archbishop Theophan, who concludes that since “Jehovah” was “the name of the
living God Who reveals His life in revelation”, it was «very probably contemporaneous to the
existence of revelation and,
consequently, has existed from the very beginning of human history. It probably
arose, in our opinion, as early as the lives of the first people in Paradise.
Here, as we know, man gave names to the animals and, of course, to all the
objects of the visible world. It cannot be that the Being with Whom he was most
of all in communion with, should remain without a name for him. And out of the
possible Divine names that are known to us from revelation, the name ‘He Who
is’ was as suitable as could be for this purpose. As being higher than every
existence and human thought, and as excelling all in goodness, the Creator of
the world created man according to His image and thereby instilled into the
very bases of the spiritual nature of man the thought and knowledge of His own
eternity. Through this He made him, according to the expression of St.
Athanasius the Great, a contemplator and knower of Him Who is, so that man, in
converse with God, lived a blessed and immortal life. From this contemplation
of God by the radiant mind of the first-created man, undimmed by sinful
impurity, there arose the present name. But even after the fall, when the union
of man with God was broken and the mental contemplation of God ceased, this
name continued to retain for man its complete signficance, although it changed
in its religio-historical content in conformity with the course of the whole of
soteriological revelation in general. It is self-evident that when to the name
‘He Who is’ is ascribed such profound antiquity, it is not the name’s external
wrapping in sounds that we have in mind, whose antiquity, of course, cannot
extend beyond the antiquity of the language that created it, but the very idea
of the living God, which found its incarnation in the tetragram at a definite
historical moment. From such a point of view, the idea of God as ‘He Who is’ is
bound in the very closest way with the whole of the Old Testament revelation
and reflects in itself all the destinies of this revelation…”[16]
“And Moses said
to God: Behold, I shall go to the sons of Israel and shall say to them: ‘The
God of your fathers has sent me to you’. And they will say to me: ‘What is His
name?’ What shall I say to them? God said to Moses: ‘I am the Existing One’ And
He said: ‘Say this to the sons of Israel: “The Existing One has sent me to
you”’ And against God said to
Moses: say this to the sons of Israel: the Lord, the God of our fathers, of
Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacov has sent me to you. This is My
name for ever, a memorial of Me from generation to generation” (Exodus 3.13-15).
Moses was concerned that the sons of Israel would not believe that he had been sent by the true God. So the Lord gives him the “password”, as it were: the name of God as it had been revealed to Adam, and used in Divine services since the time of Enos. The Israelites did not need to worry: it was truly Jehovah Who had sent him, the same God Who had appeared to Abraham and Isaac and Jacob, the God of their fathers.
But God did more than identify Himself by means of a commonly accepted name: at this critical point in the history of mankind and of His chosen people, He revealed to them something of the inner meaning of the name, its true significance. Philo of Alexandria summed up this significance in the form of two lessons: “First tell them that I am He Who is, that they may learn the difference between what is and what is not, and also the further lesson that no name at all can properly be used of Me, to Whom alone existence belongs.”[17]
St. Gregory of Nyssa expands this first lesson as follows: “None of those things which are apprehended by sense perception and contemplated by the understanding really subsists, but the transcendent essence and cause of the universe, on which everything depends, alone subsists. For even if the understanding looks upon any other existing things, reason observes in absolutely none of them the self-sufficiency by which they could exist without participating in true Being. On the other hand, that which is always the same, neither increasing nor diminishing, immutable to all change whether to better or to worse (for it is far removed from the inferior and it has no superior), standing in need of nothing else, alone desirable, participated in by all but not lessenes by their participation – this is truly real Being. And the apprehension of it is the knowledge of truth.”[18]
So
God is true Being, absolute personhood, transcendent from, and independent of,
all other beings and persons. This conception of God is sharply distinct from
the pagan conception in which, as Archbishop Theophan writes, “the divinity
either merges pantheistically with the world and, deprived of conscious
rational self-determination, develops according to the laws of cosmic necessity,
or if it is represented personally, then the very person is seen
anthropomorphically and anthopopo-passionately, with all the traits of human
limitedness and sinfulness”.[19]
But – and this is the second lesson to be drawn from the definition of the name – such a Being cannot be named. For to name something - if such a name is more than simply a label, if it not only denotes but also connotes something, - means to define it in relation to, or in terms of, something else: X is Y. But this is impossible for God the absolutely transcendent One. God can be defined only in terms of Himself: X is X. Hence the formula, which is here best translated from the Hebrew: “I am Who I am” (‘ehyeh šer ‘ehyeh), of which the word “Jehovah” or “Yahweh” is a contraction.[20] In other words, what we have is a tautology which, like all tautologies, tells us precisely nothing about the object named. And yet the very emptiness and negativeness of this definition tells us something very important about God: that He cannot be known through naming, definition, conceptual reasoning. For He is simply existence, life, and life can only be lived, not conceptualised. That is why it was the tree of life that was placed at the centre of the garden, and why access to it was barred to Adam and Eve after they had tasted of the tree of knowledge. For those who think they can know God by naming, by conceptual reasoning can never know Him as He is in Himself, that is, as ineffable and indescribable life. Thus the world of abstract essences revealed by logic and reasoning is incomensurable with the world of concrete existences. And God is “the Existing One” par excellence, before and above all other existences. And if He is also essence (for, as St. John of Damascus writes, “He is called both Existence and Essence”[21]), that essence cannot be known by us. Thus He is not something. He simply is.
Before
leaving the subject of the tetragram, let us consider the question: what is the
difference in meaning between the name of God as “Jehovah” or “Yahweh” and the
the other major name of God in the Old Testament, “Elohim”? These two names
alternate frequently in the early books of the Bible, but in the later books
“Jehovah” comes to predominate. Modern critics have tended to see in this
difference evidence of multiple authorship of the early books. However,
Archimandrite Theophan provides a much more illuminating explanation, and one
much more in accord with the spirit of faith. He shows in detail, from the
study of many passages of Scripture, that “Elohim” expresses the idea of the
cosmic, transcendent “God of nature”, providing for and sustaining all things
that exist, including all men; while “Jehovah” expresses the idea of “the God
of Revelation” (the meaning of the name was explained in a special revelation
to Moses) and “the God of grace”, which is given, not to all men, but only to
His chosen people, with a view to their salvation (hence the revelation
of the name took place just before the Exodus, when God saved His people
from slavery to the Egyptians). Thus “in the light of an integrated Biblical
world-view, the Divine names Jahveh and Elohim signify two special spheres of
the Divine rule of the world – regnum gratiae and regnum naturae. Historically,
insofar as the knowledge of God in His capacity as Master of nature is
accessible to every man who has not lost a living feeling for God, it
undoubtedly characterises the knowledge of God already of the very first part
of the patriarchal period. While the knowledge of God in His capacity as the
God of grace, according to the clear witness of Exodus 6.3, began to be
assimilated into the religious consciousness of Old Testament man only with the
coming of the Sinai period, and in particular with the exodus of the Hebrews
from Egypt”[22]
If, in the beginning, there was no distinction between nature and grace, and so no distinction between the meanings of “Elohim” and “Jehovah”, insofar as the kingdom of nature was identical with the kingdom of grace, after the fall and the disjunction between nature and grace the distinction became important. And with each succeeding covenant between God and His chosen people – first with Noah, then with Abraham, then with Moses – it also became sharper. But if the connotations of the two names were different, their denotation always remained the same: the God of nature was the same God as the God of grace. However, towards the end of the Old Testament period, as Archbishop Theophan explains, the distinction became corrupted by a nationalistic consciousness among the Jews, who tended to see Jehovah as the God exclusively of the Jews in a strictly ethnic sense. Hence there arose, among the later prophets, the increasing use of the term “Jehovah Sabaoth”, “Lord of hosts”, as if to emphasise: Jehovah is indeed the God of the chosen people of Israel, but He is also the God of the heavenly hosts, of the whole of nature under the heavens, and hence also of the whole of mankind, both Jews and Gentiles.
And so, as Archbishop Theophan writes, “in the first pages of the Bible the tetragram has the widest significance, meaning the God of Revelation generally in distinction from His purely cosmic providence over the rest of the world. Then it is narrowed to a strictly theocratic name. And, finally, it is again broadened to include traits of universality and super-universality.”[23]
Thus
the stage was set for the coming to earth of Jehovah Himself, Who would indeed
be salvation for the Jews, but also for the Gentiles, a truly universal
Saviour…
Conclusion: 2.
According to His Essence, God cannot be named, He is
unknowable. For He simply is. Therefore His Essence can be named or defined
only by means of a tautology – “I am Who I am” or “I am the Existing One”.
And yet, while God is unnameable in His essence, He is described in terms of other beings in the Holy Scriptures. Why? St. John of Damascus explains: “The Deity being incomprehensible is also assuredly nameless. Therefore since we know not His essence, let us not seek for a name for His essence. For names are explanations of actual things. But God, Who is good and brought us out of nothing into being that we might share in His goodness, and Who gave us the faculty of knowledge, not only did not impart to us His essence, but did not even grant us the knowledge of His essence. For it is impossible for nature to understand fully the super-natural. Moreover, if knowledge is of things that are, how can there be knowledge of the super-essential? Through His unspeakable goodness, then, it pleased Him to be called by names that we could understand, that we might not be altogether cut off from the knowledge of Him but should have some notion of Him, however vague. Inasmuch, then, as He is incomprehensible, He is also unnameable. But inasmuch as He is the cause of all and contains in Himself the reasons and causes of all that is, He receives names drawn from all that is, even from opposites: for example, He is called light and darkness, water and fire: in order that we may know that these are not of His essence but that He is super-essential and unnameable: but inasmuch as He is the cause of all, He receives names from all His effects”. [24]
«And so,” writes St. Basil the Great, “the God-inspired Scriptures of necessity use many names and expressions for the particular and, moreover, enigmatic (i.e. unclear) portrayal of the glory of God”.[25]
Again, St. Gregory the Theologian writes: “The Divinity is unnameable. When we represent God by borrowing certain traits from that which surrounds God, we compose a certain unclear and weak idea gathered in parts from this and that. And the best theologian among us is not he who has discovered everything, but he whose idea is broader, and who has formed in himself a fuller likeness or shadow of the truth.”[26]
“We,” writes St. Gregory of Nyssa, “following the suggestions of Scripture, have learned that that nature (of God) is unnameable and unspeakable, and we say that every term either invented by the custom of men, or handed down to us by the Scriptures, is indeed explanatory of our conceptions of the Divine Nature, but does not include the significance of that Nature itself”.[27]
Seeking greater clarity, we may ask: if God is unnameable, do the names we give Him describe anything at all about Him? And if they tell us nothing about His essence, what, precisely, are they describing? And if they are not describing His essence, is it not the case that they are not describing God at all?
The answers to these questions are to be found in the distinction between the essence and the energies of God, which was most fully expounded by St. Gregory Palamas in the fourteenth century, but is to be found clearly expressed already in St. Basil the Great: “While we affirm that we know God in His Energies, we scarcely promise that He may be approached in His very Essence. For although His Energies descend to us, His Essence remains inaccessible.”[28] The Energies of God “descend to us”, that is, they are God coming out of Himself, as it were, and descending to the realm of created nature. We may compare the Energies of God to the rays of the sun, and His Essence – to the sun itself. Thus God as He is in Himself, in His Essence, is unknowable and unnameable, but God as He comes out of Himself and reveals Himself to us, in His Energies, is both knowable and nameable.
This distinction is of critical importance in the name-worshipping controversy; for the name-worshippers attempt to proceed from the fact that the Energies of God are nameable to the much more dubious proposition that the names of God are the Energies of God and therefore God. Their main support in this argument is the authority of St. Dionysius the Areopagite, who in his The Divine Names does indeed call the Energies of God the Names of God.
However, as we have seen, the holy fathers much more frequently described the names of God as the “inventions of men”, in St. Gregory of Nyssa’s words, which refer to (or are explanations of, in St. John of Damascus’ words) the Energies of God, but are not to be identified with them. For how can an invention of men be identified with the Uncreated God? The truth is that the Uncreated God is not identified with His names, but portrayed by His names, each name portraying one Energy.
This is particularly clearly expressed by St. Basil’s friend, St. Amphilochius of Iconium: “What did Christ not suffer to be called for our sake? We cannot enumerate [all of] His names, but I will attempt to state [some of] them, beloved: Door, Way, Sheep, Shepherd, Worm, Stone, Pearl, Flower, Angel, Man, God, Light, Fountain, and Sun of Righteousness. Though He has many names, Christ is one, and though He has many names, the Son is one, not being subject to change or alteration, for His Divinity is immutable; but He accomodates Himself to each thing according to His energies, assigning a particular name to each energy. Now let us see, beloved, whether we can portray an energy by each of these names.”[29]
Even St. Dionysius uses the word “name” in this conventional, “human” usage, as we can see in the following passage: “He is many-named, because this is how they represent Him speaking: ‘I am He Who is, I am Life, Light, God, Truth’. And when the wise in God praise God Himself, Creator of all, by many names gathered from created things, such as Good, Beautiful, Wise, Beloved…”[30]
Later
theologians also use the word “name” in the conventional usage. Thus St.
Maximus the Confessor writes in his commentary on St. Dionysius: “Note that the
name ‘God’ does not show the essence, or what God is, but a certain good deed
in relation to us, and that we create names for God from the gifts of
God of which we are participants”.[31] And
St. Gregory Palamas, the theologian par excellence of the Energies of
God, also makes it clear that the naming of God is a human activity: “God
exists completely in each of the worshipful Energies, according to each of
which we name Him”.[32]
So we may conclude that the Holy Fathers understood the Names of God as referring to His Energies (in most cases), but not as being those Energies, but rather as being the creations of men.
Why “in most cases” only? Because in some cases the name of God refers, not to His Energies, but to one or more of the Divine Persons or Hypostases. Among these Personal names of God we must include both “Yahweh” and “Elohim”. And, as we shall see in more detail later, the all-important name “Jesus”.
As for the word “God”, it sometimes refers to His Energies, sometimes even, by a certain “economy”, to His unnameable Essence, and very often, of course, to One or Other of the Hypostases of the Holy Trinity. Thus the name “God” in “God so loved the world that He gave His only Son” (John 3.16) refers exclusively to the Father. And in “God became man” – exclusively to the Son.
The names of God cannot refer simultaneously to the Energies and the Hypostases of God. For, on the one hand, all the Energies of God belong to all three of the Hypostases and do not each have their own Hypostasis; for, as St. Gregory Palamas writes: “It [the Energy of God] is enhypostasised’, not because it possesses its own hypostasis, but to the degree that the Spirit sends it into the hypostasis of another…”[33]. And on the other hand, some of the actions of individual Persons of the Trinity – for example, the Incarnation of the Son, or the Descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost – can be ascribed only to one of those Persons.
Conclusion: 3. Although God is unnameable in His Essence, He is nameable in His Energies, which are God’s actions, or, in the words of one of the Holy Fathers,
“the movements of the Essence”. The names of God sometimes refer to His
Uncreated Energies, and sometimes to His Divine Hypostases.
At a certain specific historical time and in a certain specific geographical place, the Creator of the universe, He Who is, the same God Who spoke to Adam in the garden, and to Moses in the burning bush, and to the judges and kings and prophets of Israel, became man. And on becoming man, He acquired a new name, “Jesus”. For “at the end of eight days, when He was circumcised, He was called Jesus, the name given by the angel before He was conceived in the womb” (Luke 2.21, 1.31).
Some have asserted that “Jesus” became the name of the humanity of Jesus Christ. But this is a mistake that smacks of Nestorianism. “Jesus” is the name, not of the humanity of Christ, but of His complex, Divino-human Hypostasis - according to His human nature. For, as St. John of Damascus writes: “By the word ‘Christ’ we understand the name of the Hypostasis, not in the sense of one kind only, but as signifying the existence of two natures”, in that after the Incarnation “the natures are united in the Hypostasis, they have one compound Hypostasis” (mian upostasin sunqeton).[34]
Now the name “Jesus”, unlike “Elohim” and “Jehovah”, is not exclusively a Divine name; it is not exclusively the name of God the Son in accordance with His human nature. Before being given to God, the name “Jesus” was also applied to Jesus (Joshua) the son of Nave (Nun), among others. The fact that Jesus the son of Nave and Jesus the Son of God have the same name is not accidental. “Jesus” means “Saviour”, and both were the saviours of their people, albeit in different ways and with very different degrees of profundity and appropriateness. Jesus the son of Nun was the saviour of his people, the Israelites, in the sense that he conquered their enemies and made a way for them into the Promised Land, which was at that time called Canaan. Jesus the Son of God was and is the Saviour of His people in an infinitely more profound sense: He conquered our enemy, the devil, and made a way for us into the Promised Land, the Kingdom of heaven.
Before the Incarnation of the Son of God, “Jesus” was an ordinary name in the sense that it was an ordinary human invention applied to ordinary human beings. Several different people could have, and did have, the same name “Jesus”, and these people were, of course, able to exchange this name for another. Thus “Jesus” was no different in principle from other ordinary human names such as Peter and Paul.
St. Gregory of Nyssa emphasises the human
origins of these names when he writes that the Apostle Peter could change his
name and become Cephas without ceasing to be Peter, and that “Peter and Paul
received their names from people, whence it follows that in their case it was
possible to change their names… What, of the things that exist, did not receive its
name from men?”.[35]
However, after the
Incarnation the grace of God has come to rest on
the name of Jesus, and
“Jesus” will remain glorious and worthy of veneration as the name of the Son of
God to the ages of ages.
As the Most Holy Synod put it in their Epistle on name-worshipping of May 18, 1913: “The name of God is holy, and worthy of veneration, and desired, because it serves for us as a verbal sign of the supremely desired and most holy Being – God, the Source of all good things. This name is divine, because it is revealed to us by God, it speaks to us about God, and raises our mind to God.”.[36]
Conclusion: 4. «Jesus» is the name
of the compound Divine-human Hypostasis of the Son of God. It is created, and
before the Incarnation of the Son of God it was the name, not of God, but of created
people. But after the Incarnation it has become holy and worthy of veneration
and indissolubly bound with our Lord Jesus Christ Himself.
Now
let us pass to a more detailed examination of the arguments of the leading
name-worshippers.
Names are paradoxical, in that they seem to hover between
extreme insignificance, even nothingness, on the one hand, and great power,
almost equal to that of their bearers, on the other. In Goethe’s Faust Mephistopheles
says:
Happiness,
heart, love, God –
I
have no name for it – feeling is all;
Names
are but sound and smoke
Dimming
the glow of heaven.
This romantic view is clearly
wrong: names, like icons can reveal
the glow of heaven, rather than dim it. Here the comparison with icons is
useful (and will be discussed in more detail in a later section). Icons, in the
words of St. Stephen the Younger, are “doors to heaven”, doors that open the
way to heaven, rather than closing it; and the same can be said of the names of
God and His saints. As Bishop Nicon pointed out in his report to the Russian
Most Holy Synod on name-worshipping, even if names are no more than shadows of
their bearers, it remains a fact that shadows, like the shadow of the Apostle
Peter, work miracles[37]
The
question is: Is a shadow part of the body that casts it? Not according to the
ordinary use of language. Nor, according to the same ordinary use of language,
are names identical with, or part of, the people or things who bear them.
Nor is
this just a truth of the “common-sense” use of language. For the common-sense
usage is confirmed by the Holy Fathers. We have seen this already in the words
of St. Gregory of Nyssa in his debate with the heretic Eunomius, who insisted
on the identification of names and their objects: “One thing is the object which is
subject by its nature to,
aother the name which signifies the object”.[38]
It is sometimes argued that this may be true of ordinary objects and persons, but it is not true of God insofar as God is eternal and unchanging, and everything about Him, including His names, is eternal and unchanging and inseparable from Him. However, St. Gregory of Nyssa, in the work quoted from above, was speaking precisely about the Divine names.
In
any case, it is necessary to point out that the name-worshippers generally do not
make this distinction between Divine names and ordinary names, but rather
insist on the universal identification of names and the things they
name. Thus Fr. Hilarion wrote: “Can
anything be without a name? The name expresses the very essence of the object
and is inseparable from it”[39] And again: “The name
expressing the essence of an object cannot be removed from the object without
the object losing its significance. We can also see this in simple things, for
example, a glass. Do you see how the name lies in the very essence of an object
and is merged into one with it, and it is impossible to separate it without the
concept of the object changing? [Thus] if you separate the name of Jesus from
Him, the concept we have of Him and which we unite with this name of His will
also be changed.”[40]
The
absurdity of the idea that a glass ceases to be a glass when it is called by
another name would appear to be self-evident. And yet it has been defended by
the leading contemporary name-worshippers. Thus Hieromonk Gregory (Lurye), in a
semi-official dialogue with the present writer, declares: “If
you take away the name “glass” from
a glass, it truly ceases to be a glass, but turns into a cylindrical (or some other form of) glass (or made out of some other material)
vessel, which is usually used as a container for liquid or some wet substance. You can no longer speak of it as a “glass”. The
same applies to any other named objects – in the absence of a name their
definition disappears and we are forced to describe them as a combination of
other objects, dividing their hypostatic integrity in accordance with various
properties of various natures (for example, we have to speak of a glass as a
combination of “glassness”, “cylindricity”, “use for liquids” and, so to speak,
“vesselness”). In this way the simple nature of the glass is as it were
annihilated, and any existent glass is turned into a complex hypostasis of the
above-named properties.”[41]
But
it is of the essence of language that different words and names can refer to
one and the same object. And yet an object in no way changes in essence or is
“annihilated” if its name changes.
Fr.
Gregory continues: “Not one nature is contemplated in itself (as the Fathers,
and above all St. John of Damascus teach), but is contemplated in hypostases
(moreover, the holy father indicates hypostases precisely through the name, see
for example, Dialectics, ch. 44: “the nature of people is not
contemplated in its own hypostasis, but in Peter, in Paul and in other human
hypostases), either in one’s own – as humanity in the human hypostasis of
Peter, or in another’s – as humanity in the incarnate hypostasis of the Son of
God. But in both the one and the other case to the hypostasis in which the
nature is contemplated there belongs a definite name, which indicates precisely
this hypothesis, “this glass” (that is precisely this glass, which we have in
mind), “Peter” (that is, the Peter in question). If it is possible to pose the
purely abstract question: what is to be done with an unnamed hypostasis
(although there are no unnamed hypostases), then in respect of people such
theoretical speculation is impossible, insofar as the existence of human
hypostases without names turns out to be simply impossible.”[42]
However,
Fr. Gregory merely asserts, without attempting to prove, that it is “simply
impossible” for a person not to have a name. In the absence of such a proof we
have the right to remain unconvinced. The theoretical possibility seems
self-evident.
Fr.
Gregory continues: “It is characteristic that the changes in name that take
place in baptism and monastic tonsure are perceived in an ecclesiastical sense
as a new birth, that is, as the appearance of a new hypostasis. Besides, it is
precisely the acquisition of the new name that is the indicator, as it were, of
the appearance of this new hypostasis”.[43]
This shows to what dangerous distortions of true doctrine in other spheres the name-worshipping heresy can lead. What happens in baptism? Human nature is cleansed and reborn through water and the Holy Spirit. We call this a new birth, but this does not mean that at baptism a new hypostasis is created. It means that the human nature of one and the same person is renewed. The change in name undoubtedly signifies a renewal of nature. But not a change of person or hypostasis.»[44]
Fr. Gregory continues: “This
makes it still more understandable why the Person of the Lord cannot be linked
by us with any other name than the name “Jesus”. Even to think of such a change
or remove this name is blasphemous and impossible. It would signify the
abolition of the whole of Christianity, the whole existence of the Church and
Her teaching and sacraments. This fact is still more powerfully emphasised by
the fact that this name was pronounced by the Archangel at the same time as the
conception of the Lord, and, still earlier than the Nativity and already from
the time of the conception, constituted an inalienable property of His
Theanthropic Hypostasis”.[45]
Of course, there is no
denying – and we have openly asserted it above – that the name of the Son of
God is “Jesus” now and to the ages of ages; and anyone who, knowing this truth,
would seek to deny it would be lying and even blaspheming. And yet, as we have
also pointed out above, the name “Jesus” can be, and has been applied, to other
people than the Son of God. Moreover, there was a time, before the Incarnation
of Christ, when the same Divine Person Whom we now call “Jesus” was not called
Jesus. And yet the saints of the Old Testament knew Him and worshipped Him and
prayed to Him – under another name, the name of “Jehovah” or “Yahweh”. Indeed,
one of the major differences between the Orthodox and the Jehovah’s Witnesses
lies in the fact that we, unlike those heretics, confess that the Jehovah whom
the saints of the Old Testament worshipped and prayed to is the same Jesus
Whom we now see clothed in human flesh and with a human name.
It is important here to
distinguish between the denotation of the name Jesus, its indicating the
Son of God, and the name’s connotation, its meaning as “Saviour”.
When we think of the names of people we naturally think of them in their
denotational use, as indicating the persons, no more. That is how we
would naturally understand the statement “the Son of God is called ‘Jesus’”.
However, this statement is not equivalent to the statement: “the Son of
God is the Saviour”, nor to the statement: “the Son of God is rightly and
appropriately called ‘Jesus’, insofar as He is truly the Saviour of the world”.
The name-worshippers craftily confuse the denotative and connotative uses of
the name “Jesus” in order to accuse their Orthodox opponents of blasphemy.
Thus the Orthodox fully
accept that Jesus Christ is rightly and appropriately called “Jesus”, insofar
as He is truly the Saviour of the world. This is a fundamental tenet of our
faith, to deny which would indeed be to “signify the abolition of the whole of
Christianity, the whole existence of the Church and Her teaching and
sacraments”. But it is quite another truth, - and a truth of a lower, less
fundamental order, - that the Lord’s name according to His humanity was
“Jesus”. A person who denies that Jesus Christ is the Saviour of the world is
not a Christian. But a person who accepts this truth, but for some reason or
other does not know that the Lord is called “Jesus”, or thinks he had another
name according to His humanity, has not denied the faith and is still a
Christian.
Fr. Gregory attempts to
justify his and Fr. Hilarion’s teaching on names by a very strange distinction
between the concepts “word” and “name”. “Any human being you like can be called
by the word ‘Jesus’, and it can become his name. But the name ‘Jesus’
as the property of the Person of the God-man belongs only to Him and
cannot belong to any other hypostasis. The name ‘Jesus’ in Jesus son of Nave
and the name ‘Jesus’ in the Lord, are identical words but different names
belonging to different persons”.[46]
However, in ordinary
language names are words. And in ordinary language “Jesus” as referring
to the Son of God and “Jesus” as referring to the son of Nave are one and
the same word and one and the same name. Moreover, if they were not one and
the same word and one and the same name having one and the same connotative
meaning, the very important correspondence – albeit on vastly different
planes – between the two Jesuses would be missed: the correspondence, namely,
between the mission of Jesus the son of Nave as physical and political saviour
of the Old Testament people of God, and the mission of Jesus the Son of God as
the spiritual Saviour of the New Testament people of God.
In confirmation of all this, St.
Theodore the Studite writes: “Many bear the name of Jesus, but only the
Saviour of all – Jesus Christ”.[47]
One and the same name
can point to different people depending on the intention of the person who uses
it, just as a torch can point to different objects in the darkness depending on
the direction in which it is pointed. It goes without saying that if the torch
illumines a beautiful picture, the effect will be different that if it
illumined only a dustbin. But in both cases the torch remains the same. In the
same way, although the name “Jesus” acquires an infinitely greater depth and
power when it refers to the Son of God – a genuinely Divine depth and power, -
than when it refers to a simple mortal, it remains one and the same name.
The persistence with which both Fr. Hilarion and Fr. Gregory insist on the identification of objects and persons with the names they bear shows that this is a cardinal axiom of the name-worshipping heresy, whether in its early, unsophisticated, or contemporary, more sophisticated form.
Perhaps not coincidentally, it was also a cardinal axiom of the fourth-century heretic Eunomius, who said: “A name is one and the same as the object being named”[48], on the basis of which he constructed his heretical teaching on the knowability of the Essence of God through certain revealed Names which express that Essence. And Hilarion certainly seems to come close to Eunomianism when he writes that “the name expresses the very essence of the object and is inseparable from it”; for if the object in question is God, then this statement is asserting that the name of God expresses His essence. The later name-worshippers expressed themselves more cautiously.
This is not the only similarity that was observed between name-worshipping in its early phase and Eunomianism. Many suspected the early name-worshippers of believing, like Eunomius, that the Essence of God was knowable through the Divine Names. Later, however, as we have seen, this misunderstanding was cleared up when the leading name-worshippers, especially Fr. Anthony Bulatovich, declared that by “God” they did not mean the Divine Essence, but the Divine Energies.
But
misunderstandings continued to be created by the name-worshippers’ use of the
phrase “God Himself”, as in the confession of faith of the
name-worshippers of the Athonite skete of St. Andrew on January 10, 1913: “I,
the undersigned, do believe and confess that the Name of God and the Name of
the Lord Jesus Christ is holy in itself, inseparable from God, and is God
Himself…" The addition of the
word “Himself” was considered by the Ecumenical Patriarch German V to be
heretical on the grounds that it presupposed the idea of the Divine Essence;
and he condemned the name-worshippers on these grounds.[49]
The name-worshippers were also suspected of identifying the names of God with the physical sounds or letters with which they are pronounced or written. That this was a real temptation for some Russian believers is proved by the superstition of some priestless Old Believers, who reasoned that since the Orthodox spelled the name of the Son of God according to His humanity as “Iisus” in Russian, while they themselves spelt it as “Isus”, the Orthodox were actually worshipping a different Jesus.[50] The better-educated name-worshippers did not fall into this temptation. However, the theological commission established by the Ecumenical Patriarch Joachim III in September, 1912 noted, and condemned, a tendency towards pantheism among the name-worshippers, that is, a tendency to confuse the boundary between the created and the Uncreated. As we shall see in more detail below, the conclusion of the Greek theologians is confirmed by a study of both the old and the new name-worshippers.
An example
of the kind of text that gave rise to this suspicion is the following: “But can
this Divine feeling be removed from the mind of the believer, who sees God
existing in the whole of creation, in Heaven and on Earth, in the seas and in
all the abysses. There is not the smallest line in space, nor a single moment
in time. But everything that exists in the visible and invisible world is full
of the presence of the Divinity. As a most pure and boundless Spirit, the whole
Lord is everywhere in the whole of His Essence. And without doubt he abides in
it also in Holy name.”[51]
But then, to avoid any suspicion of pantheism, the elder goes on: “Only one must remember that, as it says in Theology, although ‘the action of the omnipresence of God is everywhere, it is not to the same degree at every level of created being: it is in different forms in impersonal and personal beings, in pious and impious people. It is in the one place and in the other in accordance with the capacity of creatures to receive it.’ And this may be the true reason why they do not want to give Divine status to the name ‘Jesus’ and have this name as, as it were, the Son of God Himself.”[52]
In avoiding the accusation that they are deifying written letters or sounds, the name-worshippers are forced to distinguish between two senses of the word “name”, one created and the other Uncreated. Thus Bulatovich writes: “When we are talking about the Name of God, and have in mind the essence of the Name itself, by which we name God, then we say that the Name of God is God. But when we have in mind letters and syllables, by which the truth about God and the Name of God is conventionally expressed, then we say that God is present in His Name”. Again he writes: «In the Name of Christ we have a created, so to speak, shell, that is, those sounds and letters by which we express the Truth. These sounds and letter are different in each language, and do not pass into eternity, and are not united with the Lord Jesus Christ, which is why, when we, in speaking about the Name, have in mind the created human word, by which an idea about God and Christ is expressed, it is fitting to speak about the presence of God in His Name. But when we have in mind the Name itself, then it is the Truth itself, is God Himself, as the Lord said of Himself: ‘I am… the Truth’ (John 14.6)”.[53] Fr. Gregory Lurye makes a similar distinction between created names of God and Uncreated Names of God: “Created names are indissolubly bound up with the Uncreated Energy-Names, and in their capacity as names point to God or to the Mother of God, Angels and Saints represented in them, and not to chance objects or people”.[54]
Does this distinction between
created names and Uncreated Energy-Names help the name-worshippers? No: it
helps clear up some confusions, only to create others.
Thus
what is the relationship between the created name and the Uncreated
Energy-Name? Does not the one name the other? Is not the created name
“wisdom”, for example, the name of the Uncreated Energy-Name Wisdom? Yes, of
course. “Wisdom” is the name of Wisdom, the name of the Name.
But then a distinction must be made
between the created name “wisdom” referring to the Uncreated Energy-Name,
Divine Wisdom, and the created name “wisdom” referring to the created property
of men, human wisdom. And then these two kinds of wisdom, together with their
created names, must be distinguished from Christ, “the Wisdom and the Power of
God” (I Corinthians 1.24). For here “wisdom” is not a common name
referring to a human property or Divine Energy, but a proper name referring to
a Divine Hypostasis, in Whom “are hidden all the treasures of wisdom” (Colossians
2.3), both human and Divine, but Who is to be distinguished from these treasures
as being their Possessor. So now we have the following schema:
1) “Wisdom”, the name
of the Lord Jesus Christ, the Divine Wisdom,
2) “Wisdom”, the name of
the Uncreated Energy-Name, Divine Wisdom, and
3) “Wisdom”, the name
of the created property, human wisdom.
In this context it hardly matters
whether we call “wisdom” a single name with three different denotations, or
three distinct name-“homonyms”, as Fr. Gregory prefers. The important point is
that it is impossible to tell, simply by hearing or reading the created name
“wisdom”, whether it is referring to a Divine Hypostasis, a Divine Energy or a
human energy. A further piece of information is required: the intention of
the speaker or writer, the idea he had in his mind when uttering or writing the
word.
What
is the relation between the created name and the idea behind the name, which
determines what the name refers to? Let us first see Bulatovich’s answer to
this question: “The word of every language and in every form, as long as
it is alive and is pronounced orally or mentally, is, of course, a reflection
of the idea, and has a real connection with the idea, - while the
idea is also a reality, having a hypostatic existence. For example:
the Russian “благо”,…
Greek “to agaqon”,
etc. – these are words. Then there is “идея-благо”, and
finally
“Благо-Бог, триипостасный”.[55]
“The word… is… a
reflection of the idea” is somewhat vague. Could the word be said to be a name
of the idea, its “external shell”?
To the present writer’s knowledge, this question is left unanswered by
Bulatovich and the other leading name-worshippers.
In any case it seems that we must
distinguish between three levels of reality: the name-word, the name-idea
and the object named. Thus we get the following expanded schema:
(1) “wisdom”, a name-word Þ (a) “wisdom”, a
name-idea Þ
(a)
Jesus Christ;
(2) “wisdom”, a name-word Þ (b) “wisdom”, a
name-idea Þ
(b)
Divine Wisdom;
(3) “wisdom”, a name-word Þ (c) “wisdom”, a
name-idea Þ
(g)
human wisdom.
From this schema it is immediately
evident that the Lord Jesus Christ, the Hypostatic Wisdom of God (a), has only a created
name (1 or a), confirming our conclusion in part I. The non-Hypostatic
(“Energetic”) Wisdom of God (b) also has only a created name (2
or b), while being Itself an Uncreated Name (in the unconventional, “Dionysian”
sense of the word “name”). As for human wisdom (g), that is, of course,
created, and has itself a created name (3 or c). Thus out of the nine elements
in the schema only one (b) can be called a Name of God in the
name-worshippers’ understanding – that is, a Name of God that is at the same
time God Himself. But of all these nine applications of the word “name”, this
one is the most unusual, the most unnatural. For in ordinary language
“name” never means “energy”.
At the same time, we have
involuntarily had to resort to the conventional sense of the word “name” in
order to explicate the name-worshippers’ unconventional use of the word. For
there is no other way to understand the relationship between created names
(whether name-words or idea-names) and Uncreated Names except in terms of the
created names being the names (in the conventional, everyday sense) of
the Uncreated Names. They are the names of the Names, as it were.
But then the thought arises: if we
have to use the word “name” in the conventional sense (in which names are
distinct from their bearers) in order to explicate the meaning of “Name of God”
in the unconventional sense (in which names are not distinct from their
bearers, but are fused with them, as it were), why not stick to the
conventional sense in all our discourse in order to avoid confusion? True, St.
Dionysius used the word “name” in an unconventional sense for a specific
purpose: to express the idea that the Energies of God reveal God to us, and are
therefore in a sense the “names” of God. But since God in His Essence is in
fact unnameable, there is nothing, strictly speaking, that these Names actually
name; they are the Names of the Unnameable. So the heresy of Eunomianism can be
avoided only by making it clear that these Names are not “names” in the
conventional sense; they reveal God without naming Him.
Conclusion: 5. Following the heretic Eunomius, the name-woshippers identify names with
that which is named. But names are distinct from the objects and persons to which they point,
just as a shadow is distinct from the body that casts it. We can distinguish nine possible meanings of the word “name” in the context of the
name-worshipping controversy. Out of these nine only one corresponds to the
name-worshippers’ use of the word, that is, “name” in the sense of the
uncreated Energy of God. But this “energetic” meaning of the word is the most
unusual and the most unnatural, since in ordinary language “name” never
signifies “energy”. Moreover, if we ask the question: «What or who is named by
these uncreated Name-Energies?», then only reply is possible: the Essence of
God. But the theory that the Essence of God is nameable is the heresy of
Eunomius.
The name-worshippers have not been in
a great hurry to dispel the confusion which they have created
in the minds of their readers by their revolutionary use of language. They have
created confusions, as we have already noted, not only between created and
uncreated name-words, but also between uncreated and created name-ideas.
Now let us examine more closely how these confusions are developed in
Bulatovich’s Аpology.
The
name-worshippers thesis is that if an idea is about God, it is God, whoever thinks this idea. As Troitsky
writes: “In the Apology [of Bulatovich] it is proved that the name, as
our idea about God and our expression of this idea in words, is God. ‘Every
mental representation of the named property of God is the Name of God’, it is
said here (p. 52). The contemplation of
the name of
God is God
Himself
(53). ‘The
conscious naming of
God is God
Himself’
(27). ‘We
call the very
idea of God
God’
(26).”[56]
What
if the person who has the idea of God is a heretic or a criminal or even a
demon? It makes no essential difference, according to Bulatovich. The idea is
still God, only in the case of an evil man the idea is thought to his
condemnation, just as the Body and Blood of Christ is received by an evil man
to his condemnation.
In what sense, according to Bulatovich, is the name of God an idea about God, and therefore God Himself? In the sense that it is an Energy of God, or more precisely: a verbal Energy or Action of God. Bulatovich approaches these subject in the following way: “God is unchanging, but also ever-moving. The evermovingness of God is expressed in the revelation by Him of the properties of His Essence. Before the creation of the angels and men, the action of God was turned towards God Himself – ‘and the Word was with God’ (John 1.1). But lo! God turned His attention partly also to creatures, and in creation He began to show His Divine properties. And, first of all, being Himself Light unapproachable, He poured out His Divine Light on the ranks of the angels, making them in different degrees light-bearing. And this Light by which the angels are radiant – is God Himself. But the first-created people shone with a similar Light in Paradise, but the fall deprived them of this Light. However, although God deprived man of a visible radiance, He did not completely deprive him of the radiance of the Light of Truth, and after the fall continued to reveal to men the God-revealed truths about Himself by His Holy Spirit through the patriarchs and prophets. And finally He shone with the noetic Light of Truth in the Sun of Righteousness – His Only-Begotten Son. And so, just as the Divine visible Light is the action of the Divine Light and is God, so the noetic Light of Truth is the verbal action of God and is God Himself. And so, just as the Church recognises the visible Light of Tabor to be God and pronounces anathema on those who do not recognise this Light to be God, so also the words of God on Tabor, that is the naming of Jesus as the ‘Beloved Son’ (Luke 9:35), is also God Himself, as being the verbal action of God; and so also in general, every God-revealed truth announced to people by the Holy Spirit through the prophets and apostles and God-bearing men, and also every truth pronounced by the incarnate God and Word, and also every God-moved prayer and the Church prayers inspired into the Church by the Holy Spirit – are God, for they are the verbal action of God. Consequently also, every Name of God, as a God-revealed truth, is God Himself, and God exists in them with the whole of His Essence, in accordance with the inseparability of His Essence from His actions.[57]
Two things immediately strike us about this definition. The strangeness of the definition of statements of truth as “names”. And the broadness of the definition of “the verbal action of God”.
Let us examine the first point first. In ordinary language a name is not a truth, because to name or indicate a thing or person is not the same as to affirm a statement – and truths are affirmed, not named or indicated. Тhus “Jesus” is a name, and “Saviour” is a name. But “Jesus is the Saviour” is not a name, but an affirmation, an affirmation of a most important truth. The word “Truth” is also a name when it refers to Jesus Christ, but “’Jesus’ means ‘Saviour’” or “Jesus Christ is the Truth”, or “I am the Truth” in the mouth of Christ Himself, are all not names, but true affirmations.
By
means of a confusion between true names and affirmations of the truth, the
name-worshippers try to confuse prayer and theology. Thus it is one thing to
call on the name of Jesus, invoking the Saviour and speaking to Him, and quite
another to declare the truth: “Jesus is the Saviour”. The first is prayer; the
second is theology, a statement of truth. Of course, true prayer must be based
on true theology; he who prays to Jesus not knowing that He is the Saviour, is
not praying to the true Jesus. And it is also the case, as one Church writer
said, that only he who truly prays can be a true theologian, and theology that
is not mixed with the spirit of prayer is empty words. Nevertheless, prayer and
theological thought are different activities involving different persons of
speech (the second person in the case of prayer, the third in the case of
theology). The name-worshippers’ error here consists in confusing intellectual
activity about God with prayer to God, the statement that Jesus is the
Saviour with the Person of Jesus the Saviour. It is the intellectualist
heresy par excellence.
As regards the definition: “every
Name of God, and God-revealed truth is God Himself,…the verbal action of God”,
great caution is necessary.
First, Bulatovich tries to draw a parallel between the Uncreated Light of Tabor, which is indeed the Action (Energy) of God, and every true word that has ever been spoken about God, which is not. By introducing the theme of the Uncreated Light, the name-worshippers hoped to invoke the authority of St. Gregory Palamas in their favour and against their Orthodox opponents. Since the link between name-worshipping and Palamism is not immediately obvious, it may be worth reminding ourselves of the main thesis of Palamism, which consists in the assertion that the Divine Essence is to be distinguished from the Divine Energies (this distinction is already explicit in the words of St. Basil quoted above), but that both are uncreated and both God. Hence the Divine Light which the apostles saw on Mount Tabor, being a Divine Energy, was God (or “the Divinity”, to use the terminology of the Russian Synodal theologians). Now the name-worshippers point out that the Divine Light was not the only Divine Energy manifest on Tabor: there was also the voice of the Father, Who said: “This is My Beloved Son”. By analogy, therefore, assert the name-worshippers, all the words that are used in the Holy Scriptures and the Divine services and the Holy Fathers, and in general all true ideas or thoughts about God are “the verbal actions of God” and God Himself in His uncreated Energies. And those who deny it, they say, fall into the same category as the heretic Barlaam, who denied that the Divine Light on Tabor was God and who was anathematised by the fourteenth-century Palamite Councils!
But is there really no substantial difference between the words of God the Father on Tabor and the writings of the Holy Fathers? Is there really no difference between “the verbal actions of God Himself” and the «verbal actions», not of God Himself, but of men inspired by God – and still more, of any man on the street who dares to speak about God?
It is necessary to understand the
difference between the direct Revelation of God, which is uncreated, and the consequences
of this Revelation in the created wordl. We must distinguish between:
The boundary between
uncreated grace and the effects of grace in the created world is
difficult, if not impossible to draw. And yet the necessity of there being such a boundary may be understood
from the following example. When the Lord created man, “He breathed into his
face the breath of life, and man became a living soul” (Genesis 2.7). Now
the words for the Spirit Who inbreathes (pneuma, Дух) and the human soul created as a
result of this inbreathing (pnoh, душа) are very similar in both Greek and
Russian, and indicate a real kinship between the created human soul and the
Creator God in Whose image it is created.[58] Nevertheless, to infer that the soul is God
is paganism of the grossest kind. The soul may be filled with God, it may be deified
by communion with God, so that, as the apostle says, our spirit and God’s
become “one Spirit”. And yet our created soul, or spirit, is not the
uncreated God.
In defence of his definition of idea-names as “the verbal Actions of the Divinity”, Fr. Antony writes: “Let us try to prove that the Name of God is by no means a simple everyday human word, but Spirit and Life, a living and active word. God is unnameable, that is, the very essence of the Divinity remains unknown and unattainable for the minds of created beings, and cannot be expressed by a created word. But insofar as the human soul is created in accordance with the image and likeness of God, that is, it possesses properties similar to the properties possessed by God, the properties of God can be named by man, and God is nameable by man in accordance to the properties of God that are known to him, which God Himself revealed to man, either from His creation, or in His word. One of the properties of God is His truthfulness, and, consequently, every word of truth is a verbal action of God Himself, and, consequently, as an action of God it is also God Himself (cf. the 5th definition against Barlaam). Every word of truth about God, being a truth revealed by God, and the word of God, is not an abstract and lifeless truth, but is living truth… The fact that truth is one of the main properties of the Divinity, and that the Tri-Hypostatic God can truly be named the Tri-Hypostatic Truth by us is witnessed to by the Lord Jesus Christ Himself: ‘I am the Truth’ (John 14.6). and “He Who glorifies Me (the Father) is true” (John 8. 26), and the Holy Spirit is “the Spirit of truth” (John 16.13), and “Ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall set you free” (John 8.32)”.
“And so, if God is
the Tri-Hypostatic Truth, Who is
so called in
accordance with one
of His main properties, just as
He is: “Tri-Hypostatic Love”, then is
not every word of truth revealed by God to
men the verbal action of the Tri-Hypostatic Truth?”[59]
Now the words of the Gospel, being God-inspired truth, are venerated by the faithful on a par with the holy icons and the holy cross. For they are filled with the grace of God. But just as the cross is not Christ, and the icons are not the persons, Divine, human or angelic, that are depicted on them (we shall discuss this in more detail below), so the words of the Gospel are not God Himself. True, they are not lifeless, abstract words, but are filled with life, the life of God. And true again: God is Life and Truth and Spirit. But God as Life is not the same as those words of men which His life-creating Spirit enlivens, and God as Truth is not the same as those statements of men which His Spirit of truth informs and infuses with truth.
God as Truth transcends creation, and
cannot be twisted, perverted or defiled by His creatures. But true words can be
perverted and defiled by evil men, who, like the witches in Macbeth,
“lie like truth”. Is God in the mouth of heretics or sinners when they quote
Scripture in order to justify their own heresy or sin? No – for “they have set
their mouth against heaven” (Psalm 72.9), and “unto the sinner God hath
said: Why declarest thou My statutes and takest up My covenant in thy mouth?” (Psalm
49.17). Is God in the mind of a demon when He confesses the existence of God –
and trembles because he sincerely believes in the truth of his words? No – for
the Lord forbade the demons to speak, even when they spoke the truth about Him.
The Apostle Paul acted in the same way when the demon-possessed woman said of him and those with him: “These men are servants of the Most High God, who proclaim to you the way of salvation” (16.17). But Paul replied: “I charge you in the name of Jesus Christ to come out of her” (16.18). For the truth that this woman declared here was not inspired in her heart by the Spirit of truth, but by the father of lies. Can the Name forbid the Name, or God forbid God? No, no more than demons can really cast out demons.
In the final analysis, all truth and goodness and beauty come from the Uncreated God. But, if we are not speaking about the Incarnation of God the Word Himself, then after this truth is incarnate, as it were, in the created realm, it acquires a certain autonomous existence, which can then be manipulated by the enemies of God. But in this manipulation of the truth the Spirit of truth plays no part.
Conclusion: 6. Just as names are distinct from the
objects or persons which they name, so name-ideas are distinct from those
objective facts which they affirm. Contrary to the theory of the
name-worshippers, a true affirmation about God is not the same as
God-the-Truth, “Jesus is the Saviour” is not the same as Jesus the Saviour. The
source of all truths, in the final analysis, is God-the-Truth; but the true
affirmation of a created man or angel participates in God-the-Truth only to a
greater or lesser degree, depending on the relationship of the man or angel to
the Creator. In general, uncreated grace is to be distinguished from the
consequences of this grace in the created world. Otherwise we fall into
pantheism.
Bulatovich places particular
emphasis on the role of the name of God in the sacraments, claiming to see in
them proof that the name is “the verbal action of God” Himself: “And so the
denial by the fighters of the name [i.e. the Orthodox] that there is a Divine
power in the Name of the Lord [which, however, the Orthodox in no way deny]
must logically and necessarily lead only to a wavering in faith in the
unfailing accomplishment of the holy sacraments. And in actual fact will it be
possible for us to retain in ourselves faith in the unfailing accomplishment of
any of the sacraments if we do not believe that the Name of God and the prayer
by which the sacrament is consecrated is God? If we place the accomplishment of
the sacrament in dependence on the faith of those who accomplish it, then is it
possible to be certain that every baptised person is in fact baptised, or every
person who has received communion or been chrismated has in fact been communed
and chrismated? If we recognise the main effective and Divine force in the
sacraments to be the force of the priest’s faith, then there will turn out to
be a vast number of cases when the priest has not carried out the sacrament
completely worthily or, for example, absent-mindedly, and during the invocation
of the Name of the Lord his mind has suddenly been distracted by some other
thought. And so if the very Name of God and the name of the Lord Jesus Christ
is not God, but a mediating power between the priest and God, then of course if
the priest has called on the Name of the Lord without faith, then it must
remain inactive, the sacrament cannot be accomplished; but if the Name
of God is… God, then even if It is unworthily invoked It accomplishes the
sacrament through the Divine power inherent in it. – To this day
the Holy Orthodox Church has believed that the Name of God invoked in the sacrament and the very words of
the sacraments by the power of the Holy Spirit which is inherent in them and
inseparable from them, as the Word is inseparable from the Father, and the Holy
Spirit from the Word, accomplish the sacrament. Let us recall the
description in the Prologue for January 8 of how some children thought
of serving the liturgy as a joke, and having placed the bread of consecration
on a stone and read all the appointed prayers, which they evidently knew by
heart, there descended fire from heaven and burned up both the bread and the
stone, while they fell unconscious. Let us recall one bishop from the
Lives of the Saints, who, when he was a child, as a joke baptised some pagan
children on the sea-shore, and the local hierarch, on hearing this, recognised
them all as truly baptised and ordered the newly-baptised to be chrismated with
the holy chrism. Let us remember, finally that at the present time the
sacrament of baptism is recognised as valid even if performed by a midwife, for
the sake of the Name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit that is invoked
on the baptised. But if we recognise the Name of God to be only a mediating
power, then everything that has been said will turn out to be impossible, for
the Name of God will turn out to be only a mediating power between the priest
and the Holy Spirit, and the priest does not baptise by the Name of God, but
only calls on the Holy Spirit. And so, of course, the Holy Spirit will
not listen to him who calls on Him in a not altogether worthy manner, and the
sacrament will not be accomplished, for the Name of God is not God, but a mediating
power between God and man, as the name-fighters teach. But we
cannot accept this new teaching. We recognise the effectiveness of every
invocation of the Name of God – whether for salvation, or for condemnation, for
we believe that the Name of God is God Himself. Therefore we believe that the
sacraments, even if not accomplished altogether worthily, are nevertheless
unfailingly accomplished, being consecrated by the very Name of God and by
prayer and by the sign of the cross formed in the shape of the name, forming
the Name Jesus Christ. Since we also believe that both the Name of God and
the words of prayer, and the Name Jesus Christ are God Himself, as the
verbal action of the Divinity, we suppose that the priest who does not have
this faith cannot even carry out his priestly service with a pure conscience.
We think that it is also impossible for Christians to approach any of the
Sacraments peacefully and with assurance if he does not believe that the words
of the Name of God and of the prayer accomplish the Sacrament independently of
the worthiness of the priest”.[60]
This passage contains a reductio ad absurdum of name-worshipping. Thus let us note that a distinction is made between the Name of God in the sacraments and the power of the Holy Spirit that is said to be “inherent” in it. And this distinction is crucial to Bulatovich’s argument. For he affirms that if a priest simply calls on the Holy Spirit, the Spirit “will not listen to him who calls on Him in a not altogether worthy manner, and the sacrament will not be accomplished”, whereas by calling on the Name of God he is guaranteed the validity of the sacrament. But what is this if not a recognition that the Name of God is not God, since it works in a different way (and more reliably!) than God Himself?!
Bulatovich places great emphasis on the words (names) of the rite, independently of who pronounces them, with what kind of faith, and in what Church the sacrament is accomplished. But this is very reminiscent of the magical nature of the Latins’ attitude to the sacraments. According to the Latins, even a heretic or schismatic can perform the sacrament provided he pronounces the correct words (and has apostolic succession from a Catholic bishop). However, according to the teaching of the Orthodox Church, no sacraments are accomplished in the conventicles of the heretics and schismatics, even if they have exactly the same words and rites and intentions (Apostolic Canons 46, 47; First Canonical Epistle of St. Basil the Great). It is true, as Bulatovich says, that even a midwife may carry out the sacrament of baptism – but that sacrament and no other, and only if she is Orthodox. Again, only an Orthodox priest can carry out the sacrament of the Eucharist - and only if he is given authority to do so by an Orthodox bishop. Exceptions to the rule, like that quoted by Bulatovich from the Prologue, prove only that God is absolutely free and sovereign and can make exceptions to His own rules, not that He is a slave to words and rites. As a rule, the correct words and rites are insufficient in themselves to accomplish the sacraments, but only in the context of the faith and prayer of the True Church, the Orthodox Church, to which God has promised His grace (and God never breaks His promises). To believe otherwise, and to maintain that God can be guaranteed to accomplish the sacrament, not by virtue of His promise to fulfil the prayer of His true servants, but by virtue of the utterance of a certain name or set of words, is to adopt a magical view of the sacraments, as if God is forced to submit to the actions and invocations of mortal men provided that certain words and rites are carried out correctly.
The сontemporary name-worshippers
have attempted to come to Bulatovich’s rescue here by an attack on the Russian
Holy Synod’s Definition against name-worshipping. Thus Fr. Gregory (Lurye) writes: «In the [1913] Definition of
the [Russian Holy] Synod it
says that the
Name of God ‘can also work miracles, but not
in and of
itself, but in
consequence of a
certain… Divine
power that is always as it were sealed in it’, and that ‘the holy sacraments
are accomplished not according to the faith of him who accomplishes them, and
not according to the faith of him who partakes of them, and not also by virtue
of the Name of God that is pronounced or depicted, but in accordance with the
prayer and faith of the holy Church, in whose name they are accomplished, and
by virture of the promise given by the Lord’
«This is also something
unheard of for the Orthodox teaching of the faith. This is what, for example,
St. John of Damascus says: «The
bread itself and the wine are changed into God’s body and blood. But if you
enquire how this happens, it is enough for you to learn that it was through the
Holy Spirit… And we know nothing further save that the Word of God is true and
energises and is omnipotent, but the manner of this cannot be searched out… The bread of the table and the wine and the water are supernaturally changed by the invocation and
presence of the Holy Spirit into the body and blood of Christ”[61]”.[62]
But was it
really necessary for the holy father to say everything simultaneously in one
place? Did he not say in another place with complete clarity that heretics and
schismatics do not have the grace of sacraments, because they do not have ‘the
faith of the Church’? And has not this been the position of the Church at all
times? But if we take this argument to its logical conclusion, we are led to
suppose that heretics and schismatics also have the grace of sacraments, which
is one of the main affirmations of the ecumenist heretics. Moreover, such a
point of view presuppses a magical understanding of the sacraments which is completely
unacceptable for the Orthodox. If the invocation of the name of God were
sufficient for the accomplishment of the sacraments, without it having to take
place in the bosom of the True Church and in accordance with the faith of the
True Church, then God would be compelled to accomplish the sacrament even if
the name of God were pronounced by satanists. Such a perception of God is the
extreme of impiety.
It should also be pointed out that
Bulatovich here, as so often, exploits the ambiguity in the name-worshippers’
definition of the phrase “name of God”, as “the verbal action of God”, slipping
almost imperceptibly from one part of the definition to the other, from the
name as a “verbal” creation to the name as an uncreated “action of God”. The
name-worshippers love to insist that the names of God are the uncreated
Energies of God, and that created written characters or pronounced words are
nothing more than the “external husk” of the Name, and not the Name Itself.
However, if Bulatovich writes that “the Holy Orthodox Church believed that the
Name of God invoked in the sacrament and the very words of the prayers of the
Sacraments… accomplish the sacrament”, and cites a case in which certain
children “read the words of transubstantiation, and fire fell down from
heaven”, and denies that God guarantees the accomplishment of the sacrament
(for the Holy Spirit “will not listen to him who calls on Him in a not
altogether worthy manner, and the sacrament will not be accomplished”), then it is evident that he is
laying the emphasis, not on the uncreated, but on the created name, the
created, human element of the rite....
However, there is no doubt that the sacrament is accomplished, not through the created name, but through the
uncreated grace of the Holy Spirit, Who descends “in accordance with the prayer
and faith of the holy Church”, as the Most Holy Synod completely correctly puts
it.[63] The pronunciation of certain created words and
names plays an important – indeed, an essential – role in the sacrament, but it
does not accomplish the sacrament. The sacrament is accomplished by the
Lord God alone, in response to the prayer and faith of the Church expressed in
the words of the rite.
Bulatovich also opines that already during the time of the proskomedia, “from the moment” of the piercing of the lamb, “the lamb and the wine in the chalice are a most holy thing, sanctified by the confession of the Name of Jesus, and is Jesus Himself by grace, but not yet in essence”.[64] There can be no doubt that the bread and wine are holy already during the time of the proskomedia. But it does not follow from this that Bulatovich “completely correctly wrote that this is ‘Jesus Himself by grace’, as Fr. Gregory affirms.[65] Such an expression is unacceptable in relation to the unsanctified gifts. As we shall see below, the Holy Church does not use the phrase “god by grace” in relation to inanimate objects, even very holy objects, but only to holy people. Fr. Gregory also affirms that according to the teaching of the Synod, “this bread is not a holy thing, and one must not make full prostrations before it as before an icon (the practice of making a full prostration during the Cherubic hymn proves the opposite).” But the Holy Synod does not say this, and in general does not deny the iconic character of the bread, but only Bulatovich’s claim that the bread is “Jesus Himself by grace”.[66]
The name-worshippers also like to
quote Mark 9.38-40 as an example of a miracle worked through the name of
Jesus but without faith: “John said to Him, ‘Teacher, we saw a man casting out
demons in Thy name, and we forbade him, because he was not following us’. But
Jesus said: ‘Do not forbid him; for no one who doeth a mighty work in My name
will lighly speak evil of Me’”.
But this example does not confirm
the name-worshippers’ thesis, for the person who accomplished the miracle most
probably did have faith – he simply did not belong to the number of the
apostles. In any case, Orthodoxy does not assert that every miracle can only be
accomplished in accordance with the faith of Christians. God is free and can
accomplish miracles with or without the faith of man. The rule is
heartfelt prayer to God filled with faith, but God is higher than all rules,
even His own. He can make exceptions to every rule. However, the point of view
of the name-worshippers’ presumes that He is bound to accomplish a miracle at
the invocation of His name insofar as He is His name – which, as
indicated above, is nothing other than magic.
Let
us see how the Lord punishes those who pronounce His name in vain, without true faith, in
furtherance of the aims of impious magic: “Some of the itinerant Jewish exorcists undertook to pronounce
the name of the Lord Jesus over those who had evil spirits, saying, ‘I adjure
you by the Jesus Whom Paul preaches’. Seven sons of a Jewish high priest called
Sceva were doing this. But the evil spirit answered them, ‘Jesus I know, and
Paul I know; but who are you?’ And the man in whom the evil spirit was leapt on
them” (Acts 19.13-16).
The
sounds of the name of Jesus were incapable in themselves of acting on the evil spirit, which, of course, would not have happened if Divine grace were “inherent” in the very sounds or idea of the name, as
Bulatovich asserts (“we believe
that even in these sounds the grace of the Divine pronounced by them is
inherent”)[67]. The evil spirit paid attention not only to the name
invoked, but also to the person who invoked it: he knew Jesus and Paul, but he
did not know the sons of Sceva. If the name had been pronounced by Jesus or
Paul, the demon would have had to depart from the people possessed by him, but
insofar as the sons of Sceva were not Christians, and did not believe in Jesus,
the name in their mouth was powerless. And so the effectiveness of the name as
a rule presupposes faith, the faith of the person who pronounces it in the
Person to Whom it refers.
The
Lord said: “Many
will say unto Me in that day: ‘Lord, Lord, in Thy name did we not prophesy? And in Thy
name cast out demons? And in Thy name work many miracles?’
And then
I will declare to them: ‘I never knew you; depart from Me, ye workers of iniquity’ (Matt.
7.23). These
“workers of iniquity” have
the name of God on their lips,
but their hearts are far from Him. And insofar as He is far
from them, the
Lord does not
even know them. Even if we suppose, following Blessed Theophylact, that God,
and not the devil, worked these miracles in His name, He worked them not
because He was forced to it by their pronunciation of His name, but because
these miracles were the fulfilment of His holy will, in spite of the evil will
of those who pronounced His name in vain.
Bulatovich’s idea that every idea about God is God Himself is so revolutionary, so redolent of pantheism, that even those who sympathised with him were compelled to reject it. Thus Bulatovich once wrote: “I do not agree with Troitsky, who calls the human thought a human action. The human thought is not the product of the human minds, insofar as that which the human eye sees is not the product of human sight… Forcing the mind to think about God is a human action, but any true thought about God is already the vision of God in some God-revealed property of His and is God Himself”.[68] To this the Church writer and future catacomb bishop, M.A. Novoselov, who sympathised with the name-worshippers, replied: «My thought and its object are not one and the same thing. … Мan’s thought about God remains a human thought… The power of God penetrating the mind elicits in it a thought about God, which is nevertheless a human thought, a condition of my mind».[69]
Conclusion: 7. The name-worshippers affirm that it is not God, but the
names of God pronounced in the rites, that guarantee the validity of the
sacraments. But the words of the sacraments, including the names of God, do not
accomplish the sacraments by themselves, although they are necessary elements.
The sacraments are accomplished by God alone, and only in the context of the
prayer and faith of the True Church. The basis of faith in the validity of the sacraments is not the
pronunciation of certain words or names, but the faithfulness of God to His
promises.
If we identify the uncreated God with the created words of the
rite, we fall into pantheism.
We noted above that, according to Bulatovich, the sign of the cross in a sense is the name of God: “The sacraments, even if not accomplished altogether worthily, are nevertheless unfailingly accomplished, being consecrated by the very Name of God and by prayer and by the sign of the cross formed in the shape of the name, forming the Name Jesus Christ.” This view finds some support among the Holy Fathers. Thus St. Theodore the Studite writes that the image of Christ, “like the image of the Cross”, is “just as” worthy of one and the same veneration with its Archetype”.[70] And again: “The righteous, the victors over sin, over the Devil and over the world will have as their boast, as their trophy, the sign of the Cross! ‘And His name shall be on their foreheads’ (Revelation 22.1), meaning ‘the sign of the Lord’ (Abba Isaiah, Evergetinos, vol. II, p. 466). The Cross!”[71]
However, it is not clear whether “the Name of God”, in Bulatovich’s lips, means the Uncreated Name or the created name. On the one hand, the whole context of the passage (quoted in full above) would appear to indicate that the Uncreated Name, “the verbal Action of God”, is being spoken of. On the other hand, “the sign of the cross” and “the shape of the name, forming the Name” would appear to indicate a physical formation, and so the created name. Certainly, Abba Isaiah and the words quoted from Revelation are speaking about a physical formation.
This same ambiguity, which plagues the writings of Bulatovich, is found in the following passage: “That the Name of the Lord according to Divine power can by no means be equated with the holy icons is evident from the fact that the holy icons, according to the definition of the 6th Ecumenical Council (cf. the Greek Rudder) are not subject to sanctification, but the sanctification for any icon is the inscription of the Name of the saint that is depicted on it, or of the Lord, or of the Mother of God. In the same way on each cross it is the inscription on it of the Name “Jesus Christ” which serves as its sanctification, making it holy and distinguishing it from the crosses of the robbers.”[72]
It is not in fact true that it is the inscription of the Name of Jesus Christ on a cross that makes it holy: the shape of the cross alone, made with reverence by a believer, has the power to drive away demons. However, leaving that aside, this passage is in any case ambiguous. The phrase: “that the Name of the Lord according to Divine power can by no means be equated to the holy icons” would seem to indicate that the Uncreated Name is in question – the grace of God, which is indeed higher than the “honourable matter” of the icons. But then Bulatovich goes on to talk about “the inscription of the Name”, which would seem to indicate the created name – the letters as written in paint on the icon. And this is confirmed by the reference to “the inscription on it of the Name “Jesus Christ”” in the last sentence.
A third example of almost the identical ambiguity is to be found in the following words of Fr. Gregory Lurye: “The Name of God, although it cannot be God according to its sounds or letters, is God according to the energies (by analogy with the presence of God in the holy icons; cf. … on the sanctification of the icon by the inscription of the name on it). The name of God is the most primary type of icon. If the teaching on this by St.Dionysius the Areopagite (especially in his tract On the Divine Names) and St. Maximus the Confessor (especially in his Mystagogy) had been taken account of, then the task of the Russian name-worshippers in the quarrels of the years 1913-1918 would probably have been substantially simplified”.[73]
Here there seems to be no doubt that the created name is being talked about. For only something created could be called “the most primary type of icon”. But then why mention St. Dionysius’ On the Divine Names, which, as Fr. Gregory points out with great insistence in other places, speaks about the Uncreated names?
However, lest we think that the name-worshippers are always ambiguous in this context, we shall quote the following honourable exception from the writings of one of Fr. Gregory Lurye’s pupils, Tatiana Senina: “We venerate the Theotokos and the saints, the icons and the relics, and bow down to them because God is present in them according to the energies, and the saints themselves, from their union with God, are called gods – not by essence, but by grace. But the name is one and the same. But the Name according to its inner essence is greater than the icon, insofar as it is the energy of God (this is evident from the fact that the icon is sanctified by the Name), whereas the inscription of the Name is truly equal to the icon, since in it, as in the icon, God is present by His energies.”[74]
This at last is clear. The Uncreated Name is clearly distinguished from the created name, and it is clearly stated that it is the Uncreated Name (in the name-worshippers’ terminology) that sanctifies the icon, not the created name inscribed on it. Can we agree with this?
We can
certainly agree that it is the grace of God, and not the physical inscription
that sanctifies the icon. At the same time, the physical inscription is
necessary, because it is through that inscription, as through a channel, that
the grace of God sanctifies the icon. This is confirmed by St. John of
Damascus, who writes: “In obedience to Church tradition, allow the paying of
reverence to icons that are sanctified by the name of God and the friends of
God and for this reason are overshadowed by the grace of the Divine Spirit”.[75]And again: “Divine grace is
communicate to objects consisting of matter, since they bear the
names of those who are represented on them”.[76]As
the Seventh Ecumenical Council says: “The visible icon has communion with the
archetype only according to its name, and not according to its essence”. And again: “The icon has communion
with the archetype only according to its name, and not according to its very
essence… The icon receives the very name of the Lord; through it alone is it in
communion with Him; and for that very reason it is holy and worthy of honour”.
Of course, the presence of
the inscription alone does not guarantee the sanctification of the icon.
Otherwise, completely inaccurate or even blasphemous representations of God and
the saints would be icons so long as they contained their names. Icons are
accepted as true and holy representations of their holy archetypes insofar as
they are more or less accurate likenesses of these archetypes, where by
“likeness” we mean the composition of the icon as a whole. The presence
of the correct name is only a part of the representation - albeit a very
important part.[77]
That is why St. Tarasius, president of the Seventh Ecumenical Council, writes: “It is fitting to accept the holy icons of Jesus Christ… so long as these icons are painted with historical accuracy, in agreement with the Gospel story”. [78] One cannot say that this is a simple question: icons can be more or less similar to their archetypes and yet remain icons. But as a minimum there must be a visible link between the icon and the archetype. That is why St. Theodore the Studite writes: “Even if we allow that the icon does not look the same as the archetype because of the lack of skill of the artist, nevertheless our arguments do not lose their force. For the veneration is given to the icon not because it is unlike the archetype, but because it is like it.” [79] In other words, for St. Theodore, the relationship of the icon to the archetype is not established by the name in itself, but by their general correspondence (resemblance) to each other.
So
why is the name necessary? Because it is part of the likeness, part of the
historical picture, part of the Gospel story. But not the whole of it.
And
of course, this written name, being a physical object, cannot be considered to
be an Energy of God, and cannot sanctify the icon. The name itself is
sanctified by the Energies, and is then a channel, as it were, for
the Energies of God that sanctify the icon.
The matter becomes clearer when we consider the names of the saints. It is obvious that the icon of the Apostle Peter is not sanctified only by the created name “Peter”, and also not by any uncreated name “Peter” (for none exists), but by the grace of God, which issues from the archetype, the Apostle Peter himself, to the icon because of the general resemblance between the icon and the archetype.
And now let
us return to Senina’s article, in which it is said that God and the saints have
“one and the same name”. What is Senina’s aim in insisting that God and the
saints have “one and the same name”? And what relation does it have to the nature of names and icons?
It appears that the following
argument is being adduced: “Just as the saints are gods, insofar as God abides
in them, and also in their clothes and names, in the same way the Name of God
is God, insofar as God abides in it.”
Now the saints are indeed called “gods” in the Holy Scriptures (“Ye are gods, and all of you the sons of the Most High” (Psalm 81.6)), so we can agree that God and the saints have one and the same name – if we pay no heed to the not insignificant fact that the saints are called “gods” with a small letter “g”, and never with a big letter “G”. But it is important to note that this conclusion contradicts the name-worshippers’ arguments on the nature of names. For, as was noted above, they insist that “Jesus” as applied to Jesus the son of Nun is not the same name as “Jesus” as applied to Jesus, the Son of God. Тhus according to their own principles, “God” in relation to God Himself, and “god” in relation to the Mother of God, and “god” in relation to St. Nicholas, etc. are all different names.
But
what
kind
of
name
are
we
talking
about in this context? Created or uncreated? Created,
it
would
seem, since
God “abides” in
His creatures, and “names” here are placed on the same level as “clothes” – and
clothes, it goes without saying, are created things. But created names cannot
be called the uncreated God. Even the saints cannot be called that. We
say
that
they
are “gods
by
grace”, and
grace, of
course, is
uncreated. But that does not mean that they are uncreated Gods (or gods).
Once
again we see with what amazing skill and cunning the name-worshippers mix up
two different senses of the word “name”: “name” as a created word (the normal,
everyday, and at the same time patristically sanctified sense), and “name” as
the uncreated Energy or Grace of God (the unusual, strictly specialized,
“Dionysian” sense). We see an artfully created confusion. Its aim: to
demonstrate that the created name is in fact uncreated, that both the uncreated God
Himself, and those created beings in which He abides, are one and the same...
In
order to gain complete clarity here, we need carefully to distinguish between
the many different ways in which God may be said to
be present in a thing. First, there is the sense in which God is in all places
and fills all things. Without this universal presence of God sustaining all
things, the whole universe would disappear into nothingness. But does that mean
that God is all things? Certainly not; for this would be pantheism, and
would imply that God is even the devil! Secondly, there is the sense in which
God is present in holy but inanimate things such as icons, holy water, holy
oil, the cross, the Holy Scriptures. Because of this special presence of God in these things, they are holy
and we pay them honour – not the honour and worship that is due God alone
(Greek: latreia), but the honour and veneration
(Greek: proskunhsiV) that is due to that which
God has sanctified. Thirdly, there is the sense in which God is present in men
by virtue of the fact that men are created in the image and likeness of God.
Even evil men who have lost the likeness of God retain his image; and that
image is due veneration. Saints are worthy, of course, of far greater
veneration, so great that we call them gods by grace; for they are not only
made in the image of God – they have recovered His likeness.
There is an important difference
between the holiness of the saints and the holiness of “honourable matter”. The
energies of God can enter and sanctify a vast variety of material objects – for
example, wood in the holy cross, water in holy baptism, oil in the sacrament of
anointing. But we do not call these objects gods by grace. The saints fall into
a different category because, unlike physical objects such as wood, water and
oil, they are made in the image and likeness of God; and it was by virtue of
this likeness that God became man without ceasing to be God. But God cannot
become wood or water or oil. For God can only become that which is akin to Him,
which already, in its originally created state, bears the imprint of that
freedom, rationality and eternity which belongs to God alone.
God took on matter, made it part of
Himself, only in and through His natural likeness, that is, man.[80] But matter can be said to become
divine only by being “enhypostasised” in Him, in the man who is also God, the
God-Man Jesus Christ. Thus there is a cardinal difference between the wood of
the holy cross, the water of holy baptism, and the oil of the sacrament of
anointing, on the one hand, and the bread and the wine of the holy Eucharist
after they have been sanctified and transformed into the Body and Blood of
Christ, on the other. The grace of God works on all these material objects; but
in the case of the wood, the water and the oil, it works to sanctify, but
not deify in the sense of make part of God hypostatically; whereas in the
case of the bread and the wine it works to incorporate that matter into God by
making it into the Body and Blood of the God-Man.
When we say that the saints are gods by grace, we mean that they are filled with grace, that they are deified by participation in the God-Man, but not that they are God, or the grace of God. If the saints were the grace of God, then they would be uncreated, since the grace of God is uncreated. Thus to say that the saints are the grace of God is heresy; for it removes the boundary between created and uncreated being. The greatest of the saints, the Mother of God, is called by St. Gregory Palamas “the boundary of created and uncreated nature”[81]; and she attains this supremely exalted position, “more honourable than the Cherubim and more glorious beyond compare than the Seraphim” through the action of the uncreated grace of God working in her, penetrating her completely and making her “all-holy” and “full of grace” (the Greek word kecaritoumenh could perhaps better be translated: “engraced”). But she remains a created being. To confuse the created being of the saints with the uncreated grace that deifies them is an anthropological variant of the Monophysite heresy.
If it is a heresy to
say that the images and likenesses of God that are the saints are the
grace of God, then a fortiori it is heresy to say that the names of God are
the grace of God, or “the verbal action of God”, as Bulatovich would put it.
The
contemporary name-worshipper Eugene
Pavlenko has constructed a similar argument to Senina’s and coming to the same
conclusion. First he cites St. John of Damascus: “If a certain person painted
Christ crucified on an icon and someone asks him: “Who is this?”, he would
reply: “Christ our God, who became man for our sakes”.[82]
Then he cites the similar thought of St. Theodore the
Studite:
“If people study the imprint of the portrayed person, they call the icon
‘Christ’ or ‘an image of Christ’ – ‘Christ’ by reason of the identity of name,
‘an image of Christ’ by reason of the relationship”.[83] “And so”, writes
Pavlenko,
“they call the
icon an
image of Christ by reason of the similarity of representation, and Christ by
reason of its inscription. So much the more can and must the very Name of
Christ be called God by reason of the presence in it of the Divine energies.”[84]
Let
us note the insistence: the Name of Christ “can and must be called God”
(“God” with a capital “G”!). “Can” maybe; “must” – certainly not. It is not the
normal way of speaking about icons.
It
is not the normal way because it engenders confusion, confusion between the
icon and its archetype. Is that to say that St. John and St. Theodore were
engendering confusion? By no means! They were making a special point in a
special context. They would no doubt be very surprised to learn how their words
would be used by the name-worshippers to make a quite different point in a
quite different context.
The two defenders of Orthodoxy against iconoclasm are here emphasising the undividedness of an icon and its archetype, by virtue of which, in praying in front of an icon of Christ, one can say that one is praying in front of Christ, which undividedness is reflected in the identity of names. For the honour rendered in prayer to the icon ascends to the archetype, as St. Basil the Great says. But undividedness is not the same as identification. And so St. Theodore says in another place: “The archetype and its representation are not at all the same thing, since one is the truth, and the other a shadow”.[85] For obviously a piece of wood, even a piece of wood sanctified by the energies of God, is not the same thing as the Lord Jesus Christ. And the same with icons to the Mother of God and the saints.
For, as Archbishop Nicon quite correctly says: “It is accepted by the Church that there are wonder-working icons [of the Mother of God]” in which “a certain power of God is inherent”. “But nobody calls them the Mother of God”.[86] Or if they do, it is perfectly understood by everybody that the icon and its archetype are different in nature, even if they share the same name. In the same way, we may point to a photograph of Peter and say “That’s Peter!”, but it is perfectly understood by everybody that the photograph is only an image of Peter and not Peter himself.
St. Theodore the Studite confirms that the
name “Christ” is given to the icon of Christ and Christ Himself in different
senses. Thus he writes: "In the proper sense the icon of Christ is
called His icon, and not in the proper sense is it called
Christ".[87] And again: "The icon of Christ is called
Christ, not in the proper sense, but in a figurative sense".[88]
What is said here about
images must also be said about names: they and their bearers are undivided, but
at the same time unconfused, being of different natures. In prayer it is the
undividedness that is felt, so that a person who is praying to Christ in front
of an icon of Christ and using the name of Christ feels no difference between
the name and the icon of Christ, on the one hand, and Christ Himself, on the
other. Only when he stops praying, reflects, looks at the icon in isolation
from its archetype, or thinks of the Name in isolation from the Person named,
does the unconfusedness of icon and archetype, name and person named, come to
the foreground of consciousness. But the psychological fusion of icon,
name and person prayed to in prayer – a fusion which is at the same time spiritual,
since it is formed by the grace of God – is not the same as ontological
identity or equivalence.
Schema-monk Epiphany (Chernov) confirms this thought: “The holy and God-bearing Fathers teach us to venerate the name of God as an image of God that is holy and worthy of honour. This is precisely the teaching of St. Theodore the Studite: ‘The name is a certain natural image of the object’.[89] An image of the object, and not the object itself! For the object itself for the image is the archetype. God is the archetype for every representation (pictorial in the icon and verbal in the name). An there can never be equality or identity between the image and the archetype. ‘For always,’ teaches the holy confessor, ‘the archetype will be the archetype, just as the representation will be the representation, and the one will never turn into the other’.[90] That is, God, as the Archetype, will always remain the Archetype, and the name of God, as a representation, will always remain a representation. And God will never become a name, and the name of God will never become God, although God is present in the name of God as the archetype is present in the image. But this presence is not according to essence.”[91]
Conclusion:
8. It is the grace of God that sanctifies the holy icons, which grace is
communicated from the archetype to the icon if the icon bears a general
resemblance to its archetype. This resemblance must include the inscribed,
created name of the archetype. But the inscribed, created name is not the
sanctifying element, the grace of God, but only the means, the channel, as it
were, through which the grace of God is communicated to the icon.
Fr. Hilarion, writes: “The Name ‘Jesus’ is as eternal as the Divinity itself… The Name ‘Jesus’, being eternal, as God is eternal, appeared on earth in the Person of the Saviour of the world.”[92] Fr. Hilarion’s thesis was supported by Bulatovich, who wrote that the name “Jesus” is in actual fact “God Himself and the Lord Jesus Christ”.[93] But this contradicts another, central thesis of the name-worshippers, that the names of God are Divine Energies. For Jesus, as we saw above, is not a Divine Energy, but a Divine Hypostasis.
Leaving
aside this contradiction, we should note that the names “Jesus” and “Christ”
refer to Christ after His Incarnation, as incarnate in space and
time. Therefore it is wrong to assert that they existed before space
and time. Otherwise we would have the absurd idea of a name pre-existing that
to which it refers, an idea that recalls the heretical Origenistic idea of the
pre-existence of souls!
Egor Kholmogorov tries to rescue Fr. Hilarion at this point by interpreting him to mean that the name of Jesus was in the Divine Counsel before all eternity, a logos or idea in the mind of God, but not an Energy of God. However, as Kholmogorov himself goes on to point out, if «he is simply speaking about the pre-eternal counsel”, “then it is not an argument in favour of the special Divinity of the name of Jesus.[94] Why? Because in fact everything was in the Divine Counsel before all eternity. Therefore the fact that the name of Jesus was predetermined from all eternity to be the name of God does not make it eternal in itself.[95]
But
Kholmogorov believes he can rescue the name-worshipping position in another
way. Abandoning the thesis the name of Jesus is a Divine Energy or simply
identical with Jesus Christ as a
whole, he identifies it with a part of the Divine-human Hypostasis of
Christ according to His human nature: “The name of the Lord Jesus Christ
attached solely to the incarnate Son of God constitutes a hypostatic
characteristic of His Divine Hypostasis according to the humanity, and for that
reason inseparably belongs to Him, as does His flesh and His features… In this and
only in this sense we say that ‘the name of Jesus Christ is God Himself’,
not deifying the created words and sounds or ideas, but witnessing to the fact
that in Jesus Christ the true Humanity is wholly united with the true Divinity
in the one Hypostasis of the incarnate Son of God and completely deified.”[96]
However, there are several problems with this definition.
First, if
the name “Jesus” is part of the human nature of Christ on a par with His Flesh,
then the question arises: when did it become so? And the answer must be:
on the eighth day after his birth; for the Angel said to Mary at the time of
the Incarnation: “you shall call His name Jesus” (Luke 1.31),
making it clear that His name was not yet Jesus, but that He was to
receive that name (from His Mother) at a later time. Тhat is, the name “Jesus” cannot have
been a part of the human nature of Jesus from the very beginning, at
conception.
The same conclusion follows from St. Demetrius’ Homily on the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ, in which the angel is represented as addressing Joseph thus: “Fear not, ‘for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit. She shall bring forth a Son,’ and as His father, you shall name Him, though you had no part in His conception. It is the custom that fathers name their children, like Abraham did Isaac. You are only the supposed father of Mary’s son; nonetheless, you shall fulfil the paternal duty of giving Him His name.” And he quotes Saint Theophylact, who has the angel tell Joseph: “It is true that you had nothing to do with the conception, but I still give you the title ‘father’, that you may name the Child.”[97]
So the human nature of Christ was created by God at the Incarnation; but the name of Jesus was given by men on the eighth day after His birth. Evidently, therefore, the name Jesus was not part of His human nature as created by God in the beginning, at conception. And this is only to be expected; for names point to that which they name, and so are given after that which they name has come into existence: they are not part of that which they name.
Secondly: if the name of Jesus is part of His Divine-human Hypostasis according to His human nature, what part of His human nature are we talking about? His soul or His body? Both alternatives present difficulties. It is certainly difficult to speak of my name as being part of my body. More promising, and more consistent with the name-worshippers’ own description of the name as an idea, is the identification of the name with a part of my soul. If my soul can be said to include all my learned experiences, and every aspect of my self-image, then having a particular name can be said to be part of my self-image, insofar as my self-image would change, however slightly, if I abandoned this name and acquired a new one.
But the
idea that one’s name is an essential part of one’s soul is difficult to
accept, still more the idea that this comparatively unimportant part or
attribute of oneself (if it is that) can be identified with oneself, as
in the sentence: “The name ‘Peter’ is an attribute of Peter, therefore the name
‘Peter’ is Peter.” This sounds strange, and for the same reason as
indicated before: because, namely, we are not accustomed to identify names with
their bearers. Names refer to their bearers, they point to them,
but they are not identical with them. There is always a certain
conceptual distance between a name and its bearer: once we identify a name with
its bearer it ceases to be a name in the ordinary sense of the word “name”.
For, as St. Gregory of Nyssa writes: «One thing is the object which is subject by its nature to the
name, and another is the name which signifies the object”.[98]
Thirdly, if the name of Jesus is part of Him just as His Flesh is, then to have the name of Jesus on one’s lips or in one’s mind is equivalent to receiving the Holy Sacrament. But none of the Holy Fathers has ever said this. And not surprisingly; for insofar as one does not have to be Orthodox in order to pray the Jesus prayer, it would mean that salvation through partaking of the human nature of Christ is possible outside the True Body of Christ, which is the Orthodox Church
A tendency to see the
name of Jesus as equivalent to the Eucharist can be seen also in the early
name-worshippers. Thus Fr. Hilarion
writes: “The Son of God… is unchangingly in the whole fullness of His Divine
Essence in the Holy Eucharist, in the Christian churches: and He is wholly and
completely in His holy Name with all His perfections and with the whole
fullness of His Divinity”.[99] And yet there is a difference between
the presence of Christ in the Eucharist and in the Christian churches: the
Eucharist is Christ (His Body and Blood, together with His
all-holy Soul and “the whole fullness of His Divinity”), whereas Christ cannot
be identified with the churches in which He dwells by His grace. And the name
of God is closer in this respect to the Christian churches than to the Eucharist.
For
all these reasons, then, we may reject the name-worshippers’ thesis that the
name of Jesus is one of the Energies of God, on the one hand, or a part of the
Divine-human Hypostasis of Christ, on the other.
Does this mean that the Name is necessarily insignificant and unholy? Not at all. The name in itself, be it a word or a sound or a thought, is insignificant; but through the grace of God it becomes of enormous significance. For grace creates the naming relationship between the name and the Person named, making the former to partake of the greatness of the latter. However, to say that grace creates the naming relationship is by no means the same as saying that the name is grace...
From the time that the name of Jesus was applied to the Son of God, it acquired - in this application alone – a status and grace and power that it did not have before. It became a Divine name, since it became the name of the Second Person of the Holy Trinity, Jesus Christ. Moreover, this name as applied to Christ was no longer changeable; it belonged and belongs to the Son of God for all eternity.[100] Others since Christ may have taken the name of Jesus - or even Emmanuel (“God with us”) – and dropped it again. But Jesus the Son of God will never abandon this name; and it is precisely to this name as applied to this Man that every knee will bow (Philippians 2.10)…
Insofar as it was now the name of God, the name “Jesus” received the grace of God, just as its “forerunner” in the Old Testament, “Jehovah”, received the grace of God, becoming so holy and terrible that in the last centuries of the Old Testament Church it was considered impious even to pronounce it outside the Divine services of the Temple for fear of using the name of God in vain.
In the same way, in the New Testament the name “Jesus” received the grace of God and became holy and awesome – but also most sweet. Not only “Jesus”, but also all the other names that refer to the Divine Hypostases, such as “Father”, Son” and “Holy Spirit”, receive grace and holiness through their association with God. Similarly, the names of Divine Properties or Energies, such as “Wisdom”, “Power”, “Spirit”, “Truth”, “Goodness”, “Beauty” and “Peace”.
All these names, as we have seen, are human inventions originally referring to created beings or properties, which become Divine and grace-bearing when they refer to Divine Persons and Properties. In this respect the Divine names become a special case of the general truth stated by Fr. George Florovsky as follows: “When divine truth is expressed in human language, the words themselves are transformed. And the fact that the truths of the faith are veiled in logical images and concepts testifies to the transformation of word and thought – words become sanctified through this usage. The words of dogmatic definitions are not ‘simple words’, they are not ‘accidental’ words which one can replace by other words. They are eternal words, incapable of being replaced. This means that certain words – certain concepts – are eternalized by the very fact that they express divine truth .”[101]
Having said that, it is
important to realise that the transformation undergone by human names when they
refer to the Divine is not a change of nature. For, as St. Anastasius of Sinai
writes, “Deification is an exaltation to what is better, but not an enlarging
or change of nature… and not a change of its own nature”.[102]
Let us now examine this question in
the context of
the Jesus prayer, which was the starting-point of the whole name-worshipping controversy at the beginning of
the 20th century.
The Jesus prayer, like all prayer, has both a
Divine and a human element. On the human side it is a psycho-physical action,
involving the pronunciation of the name of Jesus with the lips (although this
physical aspect is optional) and the calling on the name of Jesus in the mind.
If no words are pronounced, and no name called on, there is no prayer (I am not
here talking about the highest, wordless forms of prayer). Both the physical
action of pronouncing the name and the psychological action of calling on the
name are the actions of created people: they are not the actions of God.
However, that does not mean that God is inactive in the Jesus prayer. On the
contrary: without God there can be no true and effective prayer. The Energy or
Grace of God inspires, strengthens, purifies and perfects prayer. Both elements
– the human (created) and the Divine (Uncreated) – are necessary.
The
name-worshippers argued
against this Orthodox position by distorting certain isolated statements of the
Holy Fathers. As an example, let us cite a patristic passage discussed by the
warring sides: the words of St. Gregory of Sinai so beloved of the
name-worshippers that “prayer is God, Who accomplishes everything in everyone”.[103] The context of this statement is as
follows: “Prayer is the preaching of the Apostles, an action of faith, or,
rather, faith itself, ‘that makes real for us the things for which we hope’ (Heb.
11.1), active love, angelic impulse, the power of the bodiless spirits, their
work and delight, the Gospel of God, the heart’s assurance, hope of salvation,
a sign of purity, a token of holiness, knowledge of God, baptism made manifest,
purification in the water of regeneration, a pledge of the Holy Spirit, the
exultation of Jesus, the soul’s delight, God’s mercy, a sign of reconciliation,
the seal of Christ, a ray of the noetic sun, the heart’s dawn-star, the
confirmation of the Christian faith, the disclosure of reconciliation with God,
God’s grace, God’s wisdom or, rather, the origin of true and absolute Wisdom;
the revelation of God, the work of monks, the life of hesychasts, the source of
stillness, and expression of the angelic state. Why say more? Prayer is God, Who
accomplishes everything in everyone (cf. I Cor. 12.6), for there is a
single action of Father, Son and Holy Spirit, activating all things through
Christ Jesus.”
Now all of these descriptions of prayer adduced by the
holy father are true and relevant to an understanding of prayer in the round.
But whereas some quite clearly point to the Divine element in prayer (“God’s
grace, God’s wisdom”), others equally clearly point to the activity of men
(“the work of monks, the life of hesychasts”). By virtue of the
interpenetration of the Divine and the human in Christ and Christians, no sharp
distinction between these elements is made. But that is not to say that no
distinction exists; for while the Divine and human in prayer, and in the
spiritual life generally, are inseparable, they are nevertheless unconfused. Properly
understood, the saint is saying that the grace of God is the most important
element in prayer, without which it would not be prayer at all; that God is the
initiator, sustainer and fulfiller of all true prayer. This is perfectly true,
and may be seen as an elaboration on the words of St. Paul: “not I, but Christ
working in me” (Galatians 2.20). But neither the words of St. Gregory
nor those of St. Paul can be understood to mean that prayer is God in the
literal sense: without the human element, without the synergy of man’s will
with the will of God, prayer would not be prayer. This synergetic essence of
prayer is expressed by Metropolitan Theoliptus of Philadelphia, who writes:
“Prayer is the mind’s dialogue with God, in which words of petition are uttered
with the intellect riveted wholly on God.”[104]
As
another example of how the name-worshippers distort the holy fathers, let us
consider their oft-repeated claim that St. John of Kronstadt believed that the
Name of God was God. Now it is quite true that St. John sometimes employed
expressions which, taken out of context, might lead one to believe that he was
a name-worshipper. But the context was always prayer; and the point St. John
was always trying to make was that in true, heartfelt prayer, no distinction is
felt between God and the Name of God. And this, as we have seen, is perfectly
true. But that St. John did not confuse the subjective identification of
“Jesus” and Jesus in prayer with their objective identification in
reality is evident from the following: «Let not the
heart weak in faith think that the cross or the name of Christ act of
themselves, or that this cross and this name of Christ produces miracles when I
do not look with the eyes of my heart or with the faith of Christ”.[105] These words of St. John contradict one of the main theses
of name-worshipping, namely, that the name of God, being God Himself, works of
itself . His words were echoed by one of the leading theologians of the
time, Archbishop Theopan of Poltava, who was later to head the subcommission on
name-worshipping at the 1917-18 Council of the Russian Church (whose
proceedings were cut short by the revolution): “Let not the heart weak in faith
think that the cross or the name of Christ work miracles of themselves, and not
through Christ, or that this cross of name of Christ produce miracles when I do
not look with the eyes of my heart or with the faith of Christ the Lord, and do
not believe from my heart in everything that He accomplished for our
salvation”.[106]
Let us look
at another passage. During the practice of the Jesus prayer, writes Hilarion,
“the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, if one may put it in this way, as it were becomes
incarnate, the person clearly feels the Lord Himself in the Name of God through
an inner feeling of his soul. This feeling of
the Lord Himself and His name merges into identity in such a
way that it
is impossible to
distinguish the one from the other. And this in its turn becomes comprehensible
if we remember that if the Lord Jesus Christ received our nature into His
Divine person and is called by the one name of the God-man, because in His
flesh ‘there dwelt the whole fullness of the Divinity’ (Col. 1.19), then
undoubtedly this fullness of His Divine perfections dwells also in his all-holy
name, Jesus Christ. One could put it this way: if it dwelt visibly and bodily
in the flesh, then it dwelt invisibly in His Holy name, but spiritually it is
felt only in the heart or in one’s spirit. And so, introducing this name into
our heart, in It, according to the word of St. Macarius the Great, we touch as
it were the very nature of Christ, His theanthropic nature, and in this inner,
most profound and heartfelt union or as it were merging of our spirit with the
Spirit of Christ, we become with Him, according to the witness of the Holy
Apostle, ‘one spirit’ (I Cor. 6.17). Where by reason of the extremely close and
intimate union or as it were merging, we already of necessity partake of the
characteristics of Christ: His goodness, love, peace, blessedness, etc. – we
perceptibly taste that the Lord is good. And from this we undoubtedly ourselves
become, in accordance with the image of Him Who formed us, good, meek,
unspiteful and humble; we bear in our hearts ineffable love for everyone and
feel eternal life in ourselves. And only such a person, for the sake of his
union in heart with the Lord distinctly feels in his spirit His Divine presence
(Him Himself) in the name Jesus Christ, and without hesitation can witness
before the whole world that the name of the Lord Jesus Christ is He Himself,
the Lord God; that His name is inseparable from His most holy essence, and one
with Him, basing himself in this not on rational considerations, but on the
feeling of his heart, which is penetrated by the Lord Spirit.”[107]
Most of
this is perfectly acceptable from an Orthodox point of view; and even if the
conclusion that “the name of the Lord Jesus Christ is He Himself, the Lord God”
strikes one with its boldness, one is inclined to overlook it as simply a loose
way of expressing the undoubted fact of the inseparability of the Lord and His
name in prayer. However, it must be emphasised that inseparability is not
the same as identity. It is one thing to say that in prayer the name of the
Lord is felt as being inseparable from the Lord Himself. It is quite another to
say that they are in fact one and the same thing. When I call Peter by name, I
am thinking about Peter himself, not about his name, and I am waiting for the
arrival of Peter himself, not his name. But this does not mean that the name
“Peter” and the man Peter are one and the same.
S.V. Troitsky developed this
point in his report on name-worshipping to the Russian Holy Synod in 1913: “If
those places in it [Fr. Hilarion’s book] which later aroused such controversy
are examined in themselves without reference to the arguments that were later
put forward in their favour, then one will find nothing offensive here except
for some unsuccessful and inaccurate expressions. As the author declares, ‘our
concern, in composing this book, was to express the need, importance and
necessity of practising the Jesus prayer in the matter of everyone’s eternal
salvation’ (X). ‘While making as detailed an explanation of the Jesus prayer as
possible,’ he ‘encountered the inevitable need’ to touch on the significance of
the name ‘Jesus’. He explained this significance both in the foreword and in three chapters: the 3rd – ‘giving an explanation of the fact that God Himself is present in the name of God’, in the 4th
– presenting ‘proofs of why a Divine status is ascribed to the name ‘Jesus’ and
why for the person who believes in and loves the Lord Jesus it is as it were
the Lord and Saviour Himself’, and in the 26th – ‘On the incarnation
of the Son of God and on the fact that in His name He Himself abides for the
believer in His Divine Essence’: texts from the Holy Scriptures (see also
chapter 27). For every faithful servant of Christ… the name is… as He Himself
(p. 11), writes the author, and goes on to explain: ‘When a person calls with
his mind or lips on the name of God through the sacred prayer of Jesus: “Lord
Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me, a sinner,” the name of the
Lord Jesus Christ, if one may put it in this way, as it were becomes incarnate,
the person clearly feels the Lord Himself in the Name of God through an inner
feeling of his soul. This feeling of
the Lord Himself and His name merges into identity in such a
way that it
is impossible to
distinguish the one from the other’. (p. 12).
“This description of the inner experiences of the person who prays must be recognised as being completely correct. Logic and psychology tell us about the law of the objectivisation of thought, whereby
during the process of thought we identify our thoughts and words with those
objects and persons to which they refer. We deal with the former as we would with the latter, and distinguish thoughts and names only when we direct our
theoretical reason towards this distinction. But since prayer is not a practical and not
a theoretical activity of our spirit, it is impossible to make such a
distinction during it; for once our consciousness is occupied with the purely
theoretical thought that the name of the Lord and the Lord Himself are not one
and the same, prayer will no longer exist, but there will be abstract,
theoretical reasoning. Always inherent in prayer, together with this
identification of the name of the Lord with the Lord, is an unfailing certainty
that the Lord is present and attending to the one who prays; and the name of
the Lord does not refer to, and is not identified with, the theoretical concept
of God, but with the living representation of Him, as of an Essence close to
and inherent in the man who prays.”[108]
Conclusion: 9. The name “Jesus” is neither an Energy of God nor
Jesus Himself nor a part of the Divine-human Hypostasis of Jesus, as the
name-worshippers claim. It is filled with the Energies of God and bound with
Jesus Himself, but is distinct from Him. In the very act of the Jesus Prayer,
which is composed of both Divine (Uncreated) and human (created) elements, of
which the psycho-physical action of calling on the name is the human element,
the name of Jesus is fused in the consciousness of the believer with Jesus
Himself. But the name-worshippers err when they assert that objectively Jesus
and His name are one and the same. This is pantheism.
1.
The
first act of the first-created man was the naming of the animals. He thereby
demonstrated his knowledge of their nature. The act of naming with correct
names and classifications, and the knowledge of created natures is a combined
activity of God and man.
2.
According to His Essence, God cannot be named,
He is unknowable. For He simply is. Therefore His Essence can be named or
defined only by means of a tautology – “I am Who I am” or “I am the Existing
One”.
3.
Although
God is unnameable in His Essence, He is nameable in His Energies, which are God’s
actions, or, in the words of one of the Holy Fathers, “the movements of the
Essence”. The names of God sometimes refer to His Uncreated Energies, and
sometimes to His Divine Hypostases.
4.
«Jesus»
is the name of the compound Divine-human Hypostasis of the Son of God. It is
created, and before the Incarnation of the Son of God it was the name, not of
God, but of created people. But after the Incarnation it has become holy and
worthy of veneration and indissolubly bound with our Lord Jesus Christ Himself.
5.
Following
the heretic Eunomius, the name-woshippers identify names with that which is
named. But names are distinct from the objects and persons to which they point,
just as a shadow is distinct from the body that casts it. We can distinguish
nine possible meanings of the word “name” in the context of the
name-worshipping controversy. Out of these nine only one corresponds to the
name-worshippers’ use of the word, that is, “name” in the sense of the
uncreated Energy of God. But this “energetic” meaning of the word is the most
unusual and the most unnatural, since in ordinary language “name” never
signifies “energy”. Moreover, if we ask the question: «What or who is named by
these uncreated Name-Energies?», then only reply is possible: the Essence of
God. But the theory that the Essence of God is nameable is the heresy of
Eunomius.
6.
Just
as names are distinct from the objects or persons which they name, so
name-ideas are distinct from those objective facts which they affirm. Contrary
to the theory of the name-worshippers, a true affirmation about God is not the
same as God-the-Truth, “Jesus is the Saviour” is not the same as Jesus the
Saviour. The source of all truths, in the final analysis, is God-the-Truth; but
the true affirmation of a created man or angel participates in God-the-Truth
only to a greater or lesser degree, depending on the relationship of the man or
angel to the Creator. In general, uncreated grace is to be distinguished from
the consequences of this grace in the created world. Otherwise we fall into
pantheism.
7.
The name-worshippers affirm that it is not God, but the names of God
pronounced in the rites, that guarantee the validity of the sacraments. But the
words of the sacraments, including the names of God, do not accomplish the
sacraments by themselves, although they are necessary elements. The sacraments
are accomplished by God alone, and only in the context of the prayer and faith
of the True Church. The basis of faith in the validity of the sacraments is not
the pronunciation of certain words or names, but the faithfulness of God to His
promises. If we identify the uncreated God with the created words of the rite,
we fall into pantheism.
8.
It
is the grace of God that sanctifies the holy icons, which grace is communicated
from the archetype to the icon if the icon bears a general resemblance to its
archetype. This resemblance must include the inscribed, created name of the
archetype. But the inscribed, created name is not the sanctifying element, the
grace of God, but only the means, the channel, as it were, through which the
grace of God is communicated to the icon.
9.
The
name “Jesus” is neither an Energy of God nor Jesus Himself nor a part of the
Divine-human Hypostasis of Jesus, as the name-worshippers claim. It is filled
with the Energies of God and bound with Jesus Himself, but is distinct from
Him. In the very act of the Jesus Prayer, which is composed of both Divine
(Uncreated) and human (created) elements, of which the psycho-physical action
of calling on the name is the human element, the name of Jesus is fused in the
consciousness of the believer with Jesus Himself. But the name-worshippers err
when they assert that objectively Jesus and His name are one and the same. This
is pantheism.
It is tempting to think, on a first reading of Fr. Hilarion, that the heresy is based on no more than a misunderstanding, or a careless use of language. Thus he writes at one point: “In the name of Jesus Christ the almighty power of God is present, and therefore (italics mine – V.M.) this name is God Himself”.[109] The premise of this statement is Orthodox, and if the name-worshippers had confined themselves to it, there would have been no quarrel: but the conclusion does not follow from it, and is false. Again, in another place Fr. Hilarion says that the name of God is “as it were the Lord Jesus Christ (italics mine – V.M.)”[110]. But there is a big difference between “as it were Jesus” and “Jesus”!
If this view of the conflict were
true, then careful analysis of the different uses of words employed by the two
sides would reveal an identity of faith underlying the differences in usage,
and agreement would be attainable through a kind of translation process.
However, no such agreement has been reached, either in the earlier phase of the
conflict (in the years 1912-18), or in its recent resurgence. The Church
authorities, not only in Russia, but also in Constantinople, came to the firm
conclusion that they were dealing here, not with a simple misunderstanding, but
with a real heresy. And justly: like
the heretics of all ages, the name-worshippers use deception and violence (see
the works of New Hieromartyr Archbishop Nicon (Rozhdestvensky) and the
autobiography of another witness of the events on Athos, New Hieroconfessor
Schema-Bishop Peter (Ladygin)[111]). And, again like the heretics of all ages,
they accuse the Orthodox of various terrible heresies, as, for example,
“Barlaamism”, “iconoclasm” and, of course, “name-fighting” Fr. Gregory Lurye
even writes of the Russian Holy Synod in 1914 that “perhaps, most likely, it
was from the father of lies, and not from God”![112] After such judgements, it comes as no surprise
to learn that the leading name-worshippers have not departed into the desert,
but prefer to remain in those Churches which recognise the Synod of 1914 as
Orthodox – in which another trait of the heretics of all ages is revealed,
their inconsistency...
Of
course, if the name-worshippers, on the basis of one or two quotations from the
Fathers, wish to use words in an unusual way, contrary to the normal way of
speaking that has been accepted in the Orthodox Church for centuries, they are
entitled to do so – so long as they make their meaning clear and unambiguous,
and do not insist on others adopting their use of language. The problem is that
they do not make their meaning clear and unambiguous, and they do insist
on others adopting their own eccentric use of language – under threat of being
labeled “Barlaamites” or “iconoclasts” or “fighters of the name”.
Another
major problem is that the name-worshippers
give very different meanings to the phrase: “The Name of God is God”. Not all
the name-worshippers (we are not talking here about the sophianist
name-worshippers, who have still other definitions) accept that the names of
God are Energies of God, which is the position of Bulatovich and Lurye. But
Lurye also likes a quite different definition: “the name is a primary type of
icon”. And Bulatovich, following Hilarion, considers that the name “Jesus” is
Jesus Himself (Who, of course, is not
an Energy of God). Pavlenko professes a variant of the “energetic”
position: “The first meaning which patristic ontology attaches to the concept
of “name” is the logos-thoughts of God about creation”.[113] And Kholmogorov professes a variant on the
“Name of Jesus is Jesus” position: “The name of God is a part of the
Hypostasis of Jesus”...
In view of this
confusion, it is not in vain that Pavlenko writes: «Quarrels over
name-worshipping have illustrated one very important problem – what we are
going to call a “name” – which only at first sight appears to be
terminological. In fact it is far from unimportant what content is attached to
the understanding of this or that term. We can see this clearly from the history
of the Councils. Behind non-Orthodox understandings of this or that term there
is often hidden another picture of the world, another ontology. That is why it
is all the more important to conform the concept of the name with patristic
ontology».[114]
Exactly! And so let us
see what are the main meanings of the term “name”, emphasising, however, that
which is the primary and central definition as opposed to the secondary,
minor or even metaphorical definitions:
1.
The
name as word-indicator of some person or thing. This is the primary and central definition of
the word. It is important to note here that the name as indicator is not
necessarily sounds or letter, since a name is not necessarily pronounced or
written, but is simply thought. But both that which is pronounced or
written, and that which is thought, are equally created. For, as St.
Maximus the Confessor writes, “we create names for God”[115] – and that which men create cannot be the uncreated God. It is also
important to not that the name as indicator is always and necessarily
distinct from the named person or thing. Therefore if, in the phrase “the name
of God is God”, the word “name” is an indicator, then the statement is false,
for the name in this sense cannot be God. There is only one
exception to this rule:
2.
The
name as a Divine Person, the Word-Indicator of God the Father, that is, the
Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God and God. This definition especially applies to certain
expressions in the Psalms and to the words of the Lord’s Prayer: “Hallowed be
Thy Name”, for, as St. Maximus the Confessor writes in his interpretation of
the Prayer: «The Name of God the Father is… the Only Begotten Son». This use of
the word is often found in Jewish-Christian literature of the first two
centuries of Christianity.[116] Bulatovich writes: “In its highest sense the
Name of God is the Word of God”[117], and we can agree with this judgement. But it
is important to note that the Name as the Word of God, the Second Person of the
Holy Trinity, is not the Name as “verbal action of God”, because a Person is
not an action or energy.
3. The Name as a Divine Energy or all the Divine
Energies as a whole.
«Name» in this sense is found among the Fathers (Saints Dionysius, Simeon the
New Theologian, Tikhon of Zadonsk), but this meaning must be considered metaphorical,
because “name” in this sense is not an indicator and does not name
anything. For what does the Name-Energy name? Not the Essence of God,
because the Essence is unnameable. And so the Energies of God in a certain
ineffable sense reveal God, and God is revealed in them, but in the direct,
central means of the word They do not name Him and are not names.
The
name-worshippers’ main stratagem consists in systematic confusing the first
(main) and third (metaphorical) senses of the word “name”. For example, in the Sacraments names in both
the first sense (the words of the rite) and the third (the Energies of God) are
present. Every Orthodox Christian knows that the Sacrament is accomplished by
the Energies of God, not by human words. Human words are necessary, because
they declare and demonstrate the faith of the Church, in response to which God
acts. But the Actor Himself is not man, and not human words, but the Holy
Spirit. However, Bulatovich insists that the validity of the sacraments is guaranteed,
not by the Holy Spirit, but by the names of the rite. This is magism or
pantheism.
Again, in the icons
names in both the first sense (the inscription of the name of God or an angel
or a saint or a sacred event) and the third (the Energies of God). Every
Orthodox Christian knows that an icon is sanctified, not by the inscription,
but by the Energies of God. The inscription is necessary, because it is a part
of the likeness of the icon to its archetype, and without the likeness the
grace of God is not attracted and the archetype is not present in the icon. But
it is not the inscription which makes a holy icon out of simple wood and paint,
but the grace of God. The name-worshippers, however, insist that the name creates
the icon. But “name” in what sense? If we are to believe Fr. Gregory Lurye,
then it is “name” in the first sense, because, as he writes, “the name is a
primary type of icon”, and an icon is not a name in the third sense, that is,
an Energy of God. But on the other hand the name-worshippers love to repeat
that they do not mean by “name” created sounds and letters. Which means
that they have in mind “name” in the third sense, the sense of uncreated grace.
But if so, why speak about the name as “a primary type of icon”? For a sacred
icon is not the same as the grace that sanctifies it. Are we not witnessing
here a most dangerous ambiguity, a mixing of the categories of the created and
the uncreated – that is, magism or pantheism?
Again, in the prayer of
Jesus names in all three senses are present. There is “Jesus” (a name in
the first sense). There is Jesus Himself (“the Name” in the second sense). And
there is the Energy of God (“Name” in the third sense). In real prayer a man
invoking the “name” (in the first sense) becomes “one spirit” with “the Name”
(in the second sense) through the “Name” (in the third sense). The
name-worshippers, however, mix up all three meanings in a terrible confusion.
And if the Orthodox try to make some distinctions, they accuse them of
“subjectivism”, “psychologism”, “nominalism”, “positivism”, etc.... But it is
evident that the distinction between “Jesus” and Jesus, between the name and He
that is named, is not subjective, but logical and ontological.
There remains for the name-worshippers only one
important argument that is not based on the mixing up of various meanings of
one and the same word. We can know about God, the argument goes, only from God
Himself. We really pray to God only in God. Without Him we can do nothing, for
“in Him we live and move and have our being” (Acts 17.28). So it is God Who
gives names, gives knowledge, gives prayer. God, and not man. Generally
speaking, all true knowledge, all real naming of the uncreated God and the
created world is possible only thanks to the fact that God by His grace so
directs our minds that our human conceptions and names should correspond to the
real order of things. But in what does this real order consist? In the
logos-thoughts of God concerning Himself and His creation, which are uncreated
– that is, God Himself.[112] Therefore, they say, the name of God is God
Himself.
This is a serious argument containing much truth. But the
conclusion is nevertheless false. Everything created and all our knowledge
about the created and uncreated depends completely on the uncreated God. But
the distinction between the created and the uncreated nevertheless remains and
is not annihilated by God. Let us recall the first act of naming in the history
of the world: “And God led them to the man to see what he [that is, the man,
not God] should call them” (Genesis 2.19). There is no question that this act
of naming was inspired by God, and constituted true knowledge of the animal
world only thanks to God. But God Himself wanted man to use his mind and his
creativity, created in the image of God the Creator, to understand the essences
of things. And it is no different with the knowledge of God Himself. As we saw
above, the holy Fathers write about the names of God as inventions of men (St.
Gregory of Nyssa), «сreated by man» (St. Maximus), «taken from created things» (St.
Dionysius), which explain the Energies of God (St. John of Damascus) – and are
not identified with Them.[113] However highly we place the participation of God
and the Energies of God in the processes of our knowledge of the Truth and
union with Him, the boundary between the created and the uncreated remains to
the ages. People can by deification become gods by grace. But they will still
remain people...
It remains only to summarise the teaching of the Orthodox Church
on the Names of God and related issues discussed in this article.
At the summit of the hierarchy of Being are the three Hypostases
of the Holy Trinity: the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, containing the
unnameable Essence, and the nameable Energies. Apart from this one God –
Hypostases, Essence and Energies – there is no God. The Names of God are
created words which are applied by men, under the inspiration of God, to the
three Divine Hypostases and to their Uncreated Energies. There is no Name of
God which is God in the strict ontological sense. The truth of this is not
affected by the fact that the Second Person of the Holy Trinity is called “the
Name” in some patristic texts, nor by the fact that the Energies of God are called
“the Names of God” in some patristic texts.
Descending from the summit of the hierarchy of Being, we come to
the rational creation, angels and men. Men are called “gods”, not by nature,
but by grace. For they are made in the image of God, reflecting God’s own
rationality, freedom and eternity, and when adopted by grace, they become sons
of God and gods in the Son of God and God, Jesus Christ.
Descending still further down the hierarchy, we come to the holy
icons, the holy Gospels, the Divine services, the holy churches, the honoured
cross and the names of God. These objects and ideas are filled with the grace
of God and can therefore be said to be images of God and holy.[114] But none of
them share with men the honour of being called gods, for none of them is
rational and free as man is, and none of them has been grafted into the Son of
God through His Body and Blood, the only avenue by which created nature can
ascend to participation in God, the avenue opened,” as the apostle says, “in
Christ, when He raised Him from the dead and made Him sit at His right hand in
the heavenly places, far above all rule and authority and power and dominion,
and above every name that is named, not only in this age, but also in that
which is to come” (Ephesians 1.20-21).
March 25 / April
7, 2002
The Sunday of the
Holy Cross.
The Annunciation
of the Most Holy Theotokos.
St. Tikhon, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.
On October 5/18, 2002 Hieromonk
Gregory (Lourie) supposedly expressed “repentance” for his name-worshipping
views before the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church. In fact,
however, Lourie’s “repentance” read more like a self-justification than a
statement of repentance. He expressed “regret”, not about his belief in the
Bulatovich’s heresy, but only about the fact that his public statements on the
subject had “become a reason for discord within our Church” – in other words,
that he had been indiscreet in his public proclamation of the heresy. There was
no mention of Bulatovich, no condemnation of any specific heresy, and no
admittance that he had ever confessed any heresy at any time. Instead he
actually DENIED that he confessed heresy: “I hold to the teaching of the Holy
Fathers and confess no heresy about the names of God, which would have been
condemned by previous Fathers and Councils”. He could say this with sincerity
(and cunning) because he considers that the teaching of Bulatovich is “the teaching of the Holy Fathers” and
is in fact not a heresy. Moreover, no Council has yet condemned
Bulatovich’s teaching, only several Synodal decisions of both the
Russian and the Greek Churches. So in saying that no Council has
condemned the teaching, he is not lying according to the letter of the law. But
there is a direct lie in is his assertion that no previous Fathers ever
condemned that teaching. For several Fathers did, including Patriarch Tikhon,
Hieromartyr Vladimir of Kiev, Hieromartyr Agathangel of Yaroslavl, Hieromartyr
Basil of Priluki, St. Barsonuphius of Optina, etc. And he lies again when he
says: “I also hold to the resolutions of the All-Russian Local Council of
1917-1918, which were confirmed by two resolutions of the Synod of our Church,
in accordance with which the decision on the essence of the question of
name-worshipping belongs exclusively within the competence of a Local Council
of the Church of Russia”. For there were in fact no resolutions of the
1917-18 Council on name-worshipping, as Lourie (who has gone on record as
calling the 1917-18 Council “a tragicomedy”) well knows. In any case, if it
were true, as Lourie is here implying, that the decision on Bulatovich and his
teaching has not yet been decided, then why should he repent? Why repent of a
heresy which may not in fact be a heresy, since the Church has - supposedly -
not decided the matter? It follows, therefore, that Lourie’s whole statement is
not a statement of repentance, but a succinct presentation of why he does not
need to repent.
A few weeks later, following a
presentation by the Parish of the Holy Archangel Michael, Guildford, England of
twelve questions relating to the heresies of Fr. Gregory to the Holy Synod
(which questions have not been answered to this day because Metropolitan Valentine
considers that the parish does not have the right to pose them, thus placing in
question his whole function as a teacher of the faith), Fr. Gregory wrote a
further “report”, dated November 11, 2002, in which he states that he “submits
to Church authority and rejects the errors listed by the holy patriarch Tikhon”
in a Nativity Epistle written on February 19, 1921. On the internet Bishop
Gregory of Denver immediately expressed delight at this “report”, considering
that, although it contained even fewer expressions of penitential feeling than
the previous “repentance”, it was nevertheless more precise than the previous
“repentance”, in that Lourie had now “anathematized even the more deceptive
version of name-worshipping… Even though he has not anathematized Bulatovich,
he has succinctly anathematized his heretical teachings”.
Let us examine what the patriarch
supposedly said in this previously completely unknown Nativity epistle[118]: “In these high days, when the
Church is celebrating the Nativity of the God-Man, Who brought the peace and
goodwill of God the Father to earth, I consider it appropriate to remind you in
brief of the Athonite imyaslavtsi and give you certain instructions on how to
treat these monks. It can be seen, that the Holy Synod in its definition of
April 22-25 1914, number 3479, was indulgent to the spiritual mood and to the
way of thinking of the Athonite monks, who have a poor knowledge of theology as
expounded in books and of the forms of paper work, and allowed them, instead of
the previously required signing by the imyabozhniki of a denial of their false
teaching, to substitute for this a written testimony (a promise on oath) of
their Orthodox faith, with the kissing of the Holy Cross and the Gospel. They
promised exactly to follow the Orthodox Church and obey the God-established
hierarchy, believing exactly as the Holy Church teaches, neither adding
anything from themselves, nor taking anything away. In particular in regard to
the glorification of the name of God, they promised not to consider His name
the essence of God, nor to separate it from God, not to venerate it as a
separate Deity, nor to worship the letters and sounds and occasional thoughts
about God. The Holy Synod decided to admit into Church those who believed in this
way and declared their willingness to obey the Church authorities, and to allow
their priests to serve. But, in rendering its indulgence, the Holy Synod did
not change its former opinion of the very error contained in the writings of
Anthony Bulatovich and his followers, whom the Synod decided to pass over for
the consideration of the All-Russian Holy Council, upon which depends the
resolution of the whole issue in essence”.
Now the teaching of Bulatovich can
be summarized in two propositions: that the names of God are energies of God,
and that the name of Jesus is Jesus Himself. Neither of these teachings is in
the list of errors listed by the patriarch. “To consider His name the essence
of God” was not one of Bulatovich’s teachings (although it may have been
that of some of his more ignorant followers). For, as St. Gregory Palamas
teaches, the essence of God is not to be identified with the energies of God.
“To venerate it as a separate Deity” is, again, not one of Bulatovich’s
teachings. “To worship the letters and sounds” is, again, not one of
Bulatovich’s teachings. “To worship… occasional thoughts about God” is one
of Bulatovich’s teachings, and the only one, therefore, which Lourie may be
said to have renounced (although it is doubtful, judging from his dialogue with
Vladimir Moss on the subject, that he would accept such a phrase as
representing Bulatovich’s real view). In any case, the most important point is
that the two propositions that summarise Bulatovich’s main views are not in
this list, nor can they be reinterpreted to come within this list.
So why was the patriarch’s
characterization of Bulatovich’s errors inaccurate? In order to answer this
question, we need to investigate a little further. Let us begin by posing the
question: In what other document of the time can we find this same list?
The answer is: in the judgement issued by the Moscow Diocesan Court with regard to the name-worshippers on May 8, 1914: “… The Synodal Office has found that in the confessions of faith in God and in the Name of God coming from the named monks, in the words, ‘I repeat that in naming the Name of God and the Name of Jesus as God and God Himself, I reject both the veneration of the Name of God as His Essence, and the veneration of the Name of God separately from God Himself as some kind of special Divinity, as well as any deification of the very letters and sounds and any chance thoughts about God’ – there is contained information allowing us to conclude that in them there is no basis for leaving the Orthodox Church for the sake of the teaching on the Names of God.’ (decree № 1443)”. The coincidence of wording is striking. It is obvious that the list of errors referred to by the patriarch in the document quoted by Lourie is in fact the list drawn up, not by the Holy Synod in its Resolution № 3479 of April 22-25, 1914, which does not contain a list of errors[119], but by the Moscow Diocesan Court on May 8, 1914.
However, it
is essential to realise that the decision of the Moscow Diocesan Court of May
8, 1914 was
overturned by
the Holy Synod in its decree № 4136
of May 10-24, 1914, which set aside decree № 1443
of the Moscow Synodal Office, and confirmed the sentences against the
name-worshippers. This confirmation of the sentences against the name-worshippers
was again confirmed by decree № 2670 of March 10,
1916. And yet again by Patriarch Tikhon and his Synod on October 8/21,
1918. And yet again by the Nativity Epistle of 1921.
Lourie tries to get round this by
claiming that there was yet another decree of the Holy Synod that was
supposedly passed in 1921, just before the patriarch’s Nativity epistle, and
which supposedly formed the basis for the patriarch’s Nativity epistle.
“Unfortunately,” Lourie writes, “the true text of the decree of 1921 on
removing all the bans from those name-worshippers who remained alive has not
reached us”. Unfortunate indeed! And devastatingly destructive for his whole
case. For since this mysterious decree “has not reached us”, I think we are
fully entitled to conclude that IT DOES NOT EXIST. After all, if it did exist,
why should the patriarch not refer to it?
Again, Lourie says that that
mysterious “disappearing” decision “removed all the bans from those
name-worshippers who remained alive”. But Bulatovich was dead in
1921 (he was killed by robbers in 1919)!
It should be pointed out that the patriarch’s desire to refer the whole question of the name-worshipping heresy to review by a future All-Russian Council in no way changes the canonical force of the bans placed on Bulatovich and his followers. It is of course highly desirable that this question should be reviewed in depth at a future Council, when precise anathematisations of the heresies and the heretics can be formulated and proclaimed by the highest organ of administration of the Russian Church. But until the convening of that Council the unrepealed decisions of the Holy Synod remain in force, and it is completely improper for the name-worshippers and their protectors to argue: “Well, the future Council may reverse the decisions against Bulatovich and his teaching, so we can assume that the question is open and that it is permitted to consider him a saint and his teaching true”. To speculate that a future Council will and should overturn the decisions of the holy patriarch and many of his fellow hieromartyrs is already to separate oneself in spirit from the Church of that same holy patriarch, which is the Church of the Holy New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia.
[1] Quoted in Priest Paul Florensky, Correspondence with M.A. Novoselov, Tomsk, 1998, p. 206. (in Russian).
[2] Quoted by Vladimir Lossky, letter of January 6/19, 1937, in Polischuk, E.S. (ed.), Imiaslavie. Antologia, Moscow, 2002, p. 518 (in Russian).
[3] Gubanov, Tsar Nicholas II and the New Martyrs, St. Petersburg, 2000, p. 770 (in Russian).
[4] St. Ephraim, Commentary on Genesis, 2. Quoted in Fr. Seraphim Rose, Genesis, Creation and Early Man, Platina: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 2000, p. 177.
[5] St. Ambrose, On Paradise, ch. 11; Rose, op. cit., p. 180.
[6] St. John Chrysostom, Homilies on Genesis, 14.5.
[7] Metropolitan Philaret, Notes of Guidance for a Basic Understanding of the Book of Genesis, Moscow, 1867, p. 47 (in Russian).
[8] St. Ephraim,
Commentary on Genesis, 2; Rose, op. cit., p. 187.
[9] Metropolitan Philaret, op. cit., p. 48.
[10] St. Gregory the Theologian, “Second Oration on Pascha”, 8; Rose, op. cit., p. 173.
[11] Metropolitan Philaret, op. cit., p. 71.
[12] Metropolitan Philaret, op. cit., p. 100.
[13] Sunday of the Holy Fathers, Mattins, Canon, Ode 3, verse.
[14] Archimandrite Theophan (Bystrov), The Tetragram, St. Petersburg, 1905, p. 159 (in Russian).
[15] Rose, op. cit., pp. 233-234.
[16]
Archimandrite Theophan, op. cit., pp. 166-167.
[17] Philo, Life of Moses, 1.14.75.
[18] St. Gregory of Nyssa, Life of Moses, II.24-25.
[19] Archimandrite Theophan, op. cit., p. 63.
[20] See Alan Cole, Exodus, London: Inter-Varsity Press, 1973, pp. 69-70.
[21] St. John of Damascus, Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, I, 12.
[22] Archimandrite Theophan, op. cit., p. 73.
[23] Archimandrite Theophan, op. cit., p. 214.
[24] St. John of Damascus, Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, I, 12.
[25] St. Basil
the Great, “On Faith”, part V; quoted in Schema-Monk Epiphany (Chernov), Against
Hilarion.
[26] St. Gregory the Theologian, Fourth Theological Oration.
[27] St. Gregory
of Nyssa, “To Ablabius, on ‘not three Gods’”, P.G. 45, 121B; Schema-Monk Epiphany (Chernov), op.
cit..
[28] St. Basil the Great, Letter to Amphilochius, P.G. 32, col. 869.
[29] St. Amphilochius, “Concerning the Newly-Illumined and on the Resurrection of our Savior Jesus Christ”, 5; Amphilochii Iconiensis Opera, ed. C. Datema (Corpus Christianorum Series Graeca [Turnhout: Brepols, 1978]), vol. III, pp. 155-162; translated in Orthodox Tradition, vol. XIX, no. 1, 2002, p. 4.
[30] St.
Dionysius, The Divine Names, I, 6; quoted by E. Kholmogorov, Notes on
Name-worshipping.
.
[31] St.
Maximus, Scholia on the Divine Names, II; quoted by Kholmogorov, op.
cit.
[32] St. Gregory Palamas, Triads, II, 7.
[33] St. Gregory Palamas, Triads, III, 1, 9.
[34] St. John of Damascus, Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, III, 3.
[35] St. Gregory of Nyssa, Against
Eunomius, VII, 4.
[36] «Оn the false teaching of the name-worshippers”, Church
Gazette (Tserkovnie Vedomosti), № 20,
1913 (in Russian).
[37] Archbishop
Nicon, “A great trial surrounding the most holy name of God”, Church News, № 20, 1913, pp. 853-869
Even Florensky, whose attitude
to Bishop Nicon’s article is highly critical, says that here “he expressed
himself well”. See Florensky, in Nicon, op. cit., footnote 77.
[38] St. Gregory of Nyssa, Against Eunomius, quoted from the Russian edition, Moscow, 1864, book 12, p. 373.
[39] On the Mountains of the Caucasus, foreword (in Russian).
[40] On the Mountains of the Caucasus, p. 889 in the fourth edition, St. Petersburg, 1998; quoted in S.V. Troitsky, “Afonskaya Smuta”, Church Gazette, N 20, 1913, pp. 882-909.
[41] Dialogue on name-worshipping between Fr. Gregory (Lurye) and Vladimir Moss, 2b (http://imiaslav.narod.ru/sovr/sovr.htm).
[42] Lurye, op.
cit.
[43] Lurye, op. cit.
[44] Lurye, op. cit.
[45] Lurye, op. cit.
[46] Lurye, op. cit.
[47] St. Theodore, Collected Works, St.
Petersburg Theological Academy, 1907-08, vol. 2, p. 100 (in Russian).
[48] Quoted by St. Gregory of Nyssa, Against Eunomius, from the Russian edition, Moscow, 1864, book 12, p. 329.
[49] See
Hieromonk Theophan (Areskin), “Sketch of the history of the life and activity
of the Athonite name-worshippers in Russia after the Athonite rout”, http://imiaslav.narod.ru/istoire/xronik_feof.htm.
Bulatovich tried to avoid this
accusation, writing: “To this day I have not simply used ‘God’ when speaking
about the Name of God, but ‘God Himself’, precisely in order to weaken the force
of the naming and so as to eliminate the idea that in the Name of God some
special God apart from the One God Himself was understood” (Letter to P.
Florensky of 8 April, 1913, in Florensky, op. cit., pp. 91-92).
[50] See
Metropolitan Philaret of Moscow, Opinions,
Comments and Letters, Moscow, 1998, p. 364 (in Russian).
[51] On the Mountains of the Caucasus,
foreword.
[52] On the Mountains of the Caucasus,
foreword.
[53] Bulatovich, My struggle with the fighters
of the name on the Holy Mountain, Petrograd, 1917, p. 117 (In Russian).
[54] Lurye, Dialogue,
op. cit., 2b.
[55] Bulatovich, letter to a bishop, in
Apology of the Faith, editorial introduction.
[56] Troitsky, “The Athonite Disturbances”, Church Gazette, № 20, 1913, pp. 882-909 (in Russian).
[57] Bulatovich, Apology, op. cit., ch. 1.
[58] Blessed Augustine, De Genesi ad Litteram, VII, 2, 3.
[59] Bulatovich,
Apology, op. cit., ch. 2.
[60] Bulatovich,
Apology, op. cit., ch. 1.
[61] St. Damascene, Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, IV, 13.
[62] Lurye, Dialogue, op. cit., 1b.
[63] Bulatovich, quoted in the Epistle of
the Holy Synod, “On the false-teaching of the name-worshippers”, op. cit.
[64] «Оn the false-teaching of the
name-worshippers” op. cit.
[65] Lurye, Dialogue, op. cit., 2b.
[66] Моss, Dialogue,
op. cit., 3а.
[67] Bulatovich, Apology, p. 89; quoted in Troitsky, “The Athonite
Disturbances”, Church Gazette, № 20, 1913, pp. 882-909 (in
Russian).
[68] Bulatovich and Novoselov, in
Florensky, op. cit., p.
101.
[69] Ibid., p. 190.
[70] St. Theodore,
Collected Works, vol. 2, p. 97 (in Russian). Quoted from Fedchenko, op.
cit.
[71] Archimandrite Vasilios Bakogiannis, After Death, Katerini: Tertios, 1995, pp. 117-118.
[72] Bulatovich, Apology, ch. 3.
[73] Lurye, commentary on the Russian
translation of Protopresbyter John Meyendorff, A Study of St. Gregory
Palamas, London, 1964, St. Petersburg: Vizantinorossika, 1997, pp.
393-394.
[74] Senina, “Name-glorifiers or name-worshippers”,
Religion in Russian (Religia v Rossii), http://religion.russ.ru/discussions/20011221-senina.html, p. 7.
[75] St. Damascene, First Sermon against those who deny the holy icons, 16.
[76] St. Damascene, First Sermon against those who deny the holy icons, 36.
[77] And for the purely practical reason that without the name we in many cases would not be able to determine whom the given icon represents!
[78] Mansi, XIII, 404D; quoted in Leonid
Ouspensky, The Theology of Icons, Crestwood,
N.Y.: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1992, p. 167.
[79] St. Theodore, Antirrheticus
III, 5; in Ouspensky, op. cit., p. 167. Even Fr. Gregory
admits that for St. Theodore the Studite “the most important line of defence of
icon-veneration passes via the establishment of a correspondence between the
icon and its archetype” (Меyendorff, op. cit.,
p. 381).
[80] That is why the monastic saints are called “like” (osioV in Greek, prepodobnij in Slavonic). See Ouspensky, op. cit., p. 158, note 10.
[81] St. Gregory Palamas, “On the Dormition”, PG 151, 472B.
[82] St. Damascene, First Sermon against those who deny the holy icons, 67.
[83] St. Theodore, P.G. 99, 34 1BC.
[84] Pavlenko, “Name-worshipping and the Byzantine theory of the image”, Bogoslovskij Sbornik, VIII, Moscow, 2001, pp. 56-69; http://imiaslav.narod.ru/sovr/sovr2eugen.htm (in Russian).
[85] St. Theodore, First refutation of iconoclasm, 12.
[86] Archbishop Nicon, op. cit., p. 860.
[87] St. Theodore,
Letter 147, to Diogenes. Quoted in Metropolitan Benjamin (Fedchenko), The
Teaching of St. Theodore the Studite on the veneration of the Cross of the Lord
and the Holy Icons, http://st-jhouse.narod.ru/biblio/Name/letters/let3.htm (in Russian).
[88] St. Theodore,
Letter 161, to Niketas Spatharios. Quoted in Fedchenko, op. cit.
[89] A fuller quotation: “The name is the name of that which is named by it, and a certain, as it were, natural image of the object which bears this name: in it the unity of veneration is indivisible” (Antirrheticus, 1, 14).
[90] St. Theodore, Third refutation of iconoclasm, 4
[91] Schema-monk Epiphany, Against Hilarion, Conversation 3, 7 (in Russian)..
[92] Fr. Hilarion, On the Mountains of the Caucasus.
[93] Bulatovich, Аpology, ch. 1.
[94] Kholmogorov, Notes on
name-worshipping.
[95] What, then,
is a logos, or idea in the mind of God? It is a kind of icon. For, as St. John
of Damascus writes: “The second kind of image is God’s foreknowledge of things
which have yet to happen. His changeless purpose from before all ages. The
divine nature is immutable, and His purpose is without beginning. His plans are
made before all ages, and they come to pass at the time which has been
predetermined for them by Him. Image and figures of things He has yet to do,
and the purpose of each of them, were called predeterminations by the holy
Dionysius. In God’s providence, those things predetermined by Him were
characterized, depicted, and unalterably fixed before they even came to pass.”
(St. John of Damascus, Third Word against Those who attack the Divine Images,
19; translated by David Andersen, St. John of Damascus: on the Divine Images,
Crestwood, N.Y.: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1997, pp. 75-76) At the same
time, as Fr. George Florovsky writes, “the Divine idea of creation is not
creation itself; it is not the substance of creation” (Florovsky, “Creation and
Creaturehood”, in Creation and Redemption, vol. 3 of the Collected
Works, Belmont, Mass.: Nordland, 1976, p. 61.
[96] “Letter of the layman of the ROAC Egor Kholmogorov to the editors of the journal ‘Vertograd’, 10 theses”, http://vertograd.ru/doc/011113001.html (in Russian)
[97] St. Demetrius of Rostov, The Great Collection of the Lives of the Saints, December 25.
[98] St. Gregory of Nyssa, Against
Eunomius, quoted from the Russian edition, Moscow, 1864, book 12, p. 373.
[99] On the Mountains of the
Caucasus, ch. 4.
[100] Those who will be saved will also receive a new an unchanging name in the age to come: “To him who conquers I will give… him a white stone, with a new name written on the stone which no one knows except him who receives it” (Revelation 2.17).
[101] Florovsky, “Revelation, Philosophy and Theology”, in Creation and Redemption, vol. 3 of the Collected Works, Belmont, Mass.: Nordland, 1976, p. 33.
[102]
St. Anastasius, Viae dux, chapter 2, P.G. 89, 77; quoted in the
Russian edition of Florovsky’s “Creation and Creaturehood”, p. 149, note 113.
[103] St. Gregory of Sinai, Chapters, 113; P.G. 150, 1280A.
[104]
St. Theoliptus of Philadelphia, On Inner Work in Christ.
[105] Fr. John Sergiev, My Life in Christ, 1893 edition, St. Petersburg, vol. 4, p. 30 (in Russian).
[106] Archbishop Theophan of Poltava, “On the Divine names”, The Hierarch-Hermit Theophan of Poltava, His Works, St. Petersburg, 1997, p. 714 (in Russian).
[107] On the Mountains of the Caucasus, chapter 3.
[108] Troitsky, “The Athonite Disturbances”, Church Gazette, № 20, 1913, pp. 882-909 (in Russian).
[109] On the Mountains of the Caucasus, chapter 4.
[110] On the Mountains of the Caucasus, foreword.
[111] Church Life (Tserkovnaia Zhizn’), NN 5-6, 7-8, 9-10, 11-12, 1984; NN 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8, 1985 (in
Russian). It may be not out of place here to mention that, according to
Schema-Bishop Peter, the political sympathies of Bulatovich were with the Left
Social Revolutionaries…
[112] Lurye, Dialogue, 1а.
[113] Pavlenko, «Name-worshipping in patristic
ontology. Theses of a report»,
http://webforum.land.ru/mes.php?id=3236207&fs=0&ord=0&board=12871&1st=&arhv= (26/03/02).
[114] Pavlenko, op. cit.
[115] St. Maximus, Scholia on the Divine
Names, II.
[116] См. Jean Daniélou, The Theology of Jewish Christianity, London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1964, pp. 147-162.
[117]
Bulatovich, Аpology,
ch. 2.
[118]
Its existence appears to have been discovered by V. Kapitanchuk, “Imiaslavie”, Tsar’-Kolokol,
1990. №№ 6,7;
reproduced in Polischuk, op. cit., p. 512.
[119] The text of the decree can be found in Polischuk, op. cit., p. 499.