those who came to Ireland from Scotland were not Celtic Scotch, but people of English stock who had been living for many generations in Scotland. . . . They were more thrifty and intelligent than the native Irish."

ä Glasgow, The Scotch-Irish in Northern Ireland and the American Colonies, 1936:  Glasgow does not have anything unique to contribute to the definition of Scotch-Irish, but her book is a curiosity in that it is so blatantly racist.  She devotes much space - pages 166 to 173 - to explaining how and why the old-Irish are inferior to the Scotch-Irish.

ä Klett, The Scotch-Irish in Pennsylvania", 1948:  "The term 'Scotch-Irish' came into use gradually, and was a name common only in America. . . . The Scotch-Irish were first of all Scots, who, by force of circumstance, had made their way to the North of Ireland and then to America.  Intermarriage with the native Irish was the exception rather than the rule.  Hence, the term distinguishes them from the native Irish, and indicates the temporary settlement of these Scots in Ireland."

ä Dunaway, The Scotch-Irish of Colonial Pennsylvania", 1944:  "If, then, the question be asked, 'Who are the Scotch-Irish?,' the answer is that they are a people who were originally Lowland Scots; that they emigrated on a large scale to Ulster about three centuries ago; and that their descendants, being oppressed there, emigrated in large numbers to America, particularly to Pennsylvania, where they have long been known as Scotch-Irish to distinguish them from the Celtic, Catholic Irish, who were a different race-stock.  This is the sense in which the term Scotch-Irish is used by the writer, who, in describing the Scotch-Irish of Pennsylvania, does not include the Scots coming to Pennsylvania directly from Scotland.  Though the latter are, of course, of the same race as the Ulster Scots, they cannot properly be called Scotch-Irish."

ä Leyburn, The Scotch-Irish: A Social History, 1962:  This book should be read from beginning to end by all persons claiming to have Scotch-Irish ancestry.  Although Leyburn is obviously pro-Scotch-Irish, he generally does not let this bias stand in the way of presenting a truly objective, non-racist, warts-and-all picture of the Scotch-Irish.  Quoting Leyburn:  "The name 'Scotch-Irish' is unknown in Ulster, the northern province of Ulster from which the Scotch-Irish came.  Although Presbyterians of this region had not the long history of humiliation at the hands of the English that the Irish Catholics of the south had endured, nothing in the Scottish background of the Ulstermen gave them any love for the long-time enemy of Scotland; and in Ulster itself, the Church of England laid exactions, while the English Parliament crippled industry.  By the time of the first migration to America, many of the people from the Scottish Lowlands had lived in Ireland for four generations or more.  They had become quite a different people from their Scottish forebears, and every year separated them more from the country across the Channel.  Surrounded by native Irish, they inevitably took on certain aspects of Irish culture.  The great distinction between Ulstermen and other Irishmen was religion:  Presbyterianism and Catholicism were never congenial.  Despite this very important disagreement, the Presbyterian Ulstermen, subordinate as they were in church and state to the English, were in no position to domineer, in any official capacity, over the southern Catholics and thus exacerbate feelings.  In their own minds, the Ulstermen were, by 1717 and thereafter, Irish of the North."

ä Shirk, "The 'Scots-Irish of Donegal Township, 1716-1815" in the Journal of the Lancaster County Historical Society, Winter 1999:  "The people we today define as Scots-Irish who emigrated to Donegal Township during the 18^th century were in reality of a confusingly mixed ethnic background that probably included Celts, Danes, Normans, Norwegians, Flemings, Frieslanders, Northumbrian Angles, and Roman Britons.  Most had emigrated to Ulster in northern Ireland under the 'plantation scheme,' though some emigrated to America directly from Scotland or from northern England."