FIRST AID IN HKCEE HISTORY

Glossary

Absolute Monarchy ( ----- the Royal family have complete power in Govt.

 

Russian Revolution

 

 

1. 1905 Revolution

2. February Revolution in 1917

3. October Revolution in 1917

 

1905 Revolution

 

Cause:

a\ Autocratic Czarist Rule  =＞ Limited Reforms of Alexender II[1]

                                              =＞ Repression of Alexender II & Nicholas II

 

b\ Discontent of Russians =＞ Farmers and Workers (∵poor living standard)

 

c\ Formation of Revolutionary Parties  =＞ SRP[2]

                                                                 =＞ SDLP =＞ Mensheviks

                                                                 =＞ Bosheviks

 

d\ Defeat in Wars =＞ Crimean War (1854-56)      

                              =＞ Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)

                              =＞ Poorer living & Shortage of material

e\ Bloody Sunday

 

Failure of 1905 Revolt:

a\ October Manifesto[3]

b\ Support from soldiers and Nobles

c\ End of Russo-Japanese War (More army power to suppress)

d\ France financial aid ( to check Germany)

 

 

 

 

February Revolution in 1917

Cause:

a\ Failure fo Reforms (Duma)

b\ Discontent of Russians (∵total failure of social and economic reforms)

c\ Evil influence of Rasputin and Czarina

d\ Defeat in WWI =＞Lost of land

                               =＞Destory of farms and factories =＞ Inflation

 

October Revolution in 1917

Cause:

 a\ Disunity of Revolutionaries =＞ Liberals Vs Soviet

b\ Failure of new govt’s reforms

c\ Renew war with Germany

d\ Lenin’s success promotion =＞Peace, Land and Bread

 

Success of Bosheviks:

 

a\ Problem of Provisional Govt. =＞Economic Problem

                         =＞Renew of war

                         =＞ Poor leadership (Disunity)                    

b\ Powerful promotion of Lenin =＞ Mass support

c\ Well-organized and well-directed Communist rule

 

Development of Representative Government

 

 

Meaning: 1) The Govt. Is elected and also dismissed by electorates.

        2) Representatives represent and act for electorates.

 

Defects of UK Govt. in mid-18th:

1) Unrepresentative => the House of Commons

                   (formed by landowners, nobles and property owners)

2) Uneven distribution => Rotten Boroughs (廢市鎮) vs New industrial towns

3) No secret ballot ~~> corruption

4) 7 years elections

 

First Reform Act (1832)

--- By Grey (Whig Party)

--- Vote right to those owned a house worth £10 per year

=> Middle class vote right

 

Chartist Movement (1838 - 48)

--- By workers

--- Fight for all male adults vote right

 

The Second Reform Act (1867)

--- By Disraeli (Conservative Party)

--- Pay an annual rent of £12

=> Urban workers vote right

 

The Ballot Act (1872)

--- Gladstone (Liberal Party)

--- Carry out secret ballot

=> Reduce corruption

=> Reduce Landlords and employers’ influence

 

The Third Reform Act (1884)

--- By Gladstone (Liberal Party)

--- Most male adults vote right

=> Rural workers vote right

 

Redistribution of Seats Act (1885)

--- By Gladstone (Liberal Party)

--- Remap the Constituencies (by population)

 

Suffragette Movement (1903-1918)

--- By Mrs Parkhurst (Woman’s Social and Political Union)

--- Woman vote right

 

Parliament Act (1911)

--- House of Lords could not reject money bill

--- 7 years reduce to 5 years

=> Reduce the power of the House of Lords

=> Increase power of Parties

 

Payment of Members Act (1911)

--- £400 allowance per year

=> Increase power of lower-class-MPs

 

Fourth Reform Act (1918)

--- By Lloyd George (Coalition Goverment 合政府)

--- Ban property restrictions

=> All men over 21 & women over 30 vote right

 

Fifth Reform Act (1928)

--- By Baldwin (Conservative Party)

=> All adults over 21 vote right

 

French Parliament Development

1814-30 => Male adults pay 300 Francs taxes

1830-48 => Male adults pay 200 Francs taxes

1848-1945 => All male adults over 21

1945-now => All adults

 

US Development

1789 => 60% of white male adults

1861 => All white male adults

1865 => Manhood suffrage

1920 => Universal suffrage

 

World War I

 

 

Causes:

1) Alliance System => Triple Alliance (G, A, I)

                                      Triple Entente (UK, F, R)

2) Armament Race => War Plan & War Parties

3) Imperialism => Economic Rivalry (Protectionism)

 

 

Opening of Japan

 

 

1) Political change (Decline of Shogunal Govt.)

 a\ Lack of able Shoguns, the real heads

 b\ Discontent among Tozama Daimyo (eg. Toza, Choshu)

 c\ SW Daimyo reform successfully

2) Economic and Social Problem

 a\ Farming --> Trade and Industry

 b\ Rise of the Riches

 c\ Decline of Samurai, the most supporter of Shogun

 d\ Inflation and Heavy tax => Discontent farmers

3) Intellectual change

 a\ Rise of Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism

 b\ Rebirth of Shintoism

 => Both are Emperor worship

4) US expansion

 => Open Asia for trade

 => Perry Comission => Open Ports

 

The Collapse of Shogunate Rule

1) Social and Economic Problem

 a\ Treaties hit Japan’s economy

 b\ Inflation and Unemployment

2) Political Unstable

 a\ unable Shogunate

 b\ Daimyo => Sonno and Joi (王夷)

3) Anti-foreign Idea

 a\ 1863 Bomb Kagoshima (鹿兒島)

 b\ 1864 Western capture Shimonoseki Straits (馬關)

 c\ Carry out of Mititary reforms

4) Relax of Sankin Kotai (朝)

  => support Sonno and Joi

5) Satsuma-Choshu Alliance in 1866

Meiji